HuagongsheHuagongshe Chemistry Print Report · For research reference only
Potassium Iodide
KI · IODIDE · 5470/11/1 · IODINE SOLUTION · LUGOL · Potassium iodide solution · Potassium iodide (KI) · Pima
Identifiers & Physical Properties
| CAS No. | 7681-11-0 |
|---|---|
| Molecular formula | IK |
| Average molar mass | 166.0028 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic mass | 165.86817968 g/mol |
| SMILES | [I-].[K+] |
| InChIKey | NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| PubChem CID | 4875 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1141 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:8346 |
| EC No. | 231-659-4 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID7034836 |
Chemical & Physical Properties
| Topological polar surface area | 0 |
|---|---|
| Hydrogen bond donors | 0 |
| Hydrogen bond acceptors | 1 |
| Rotatable bonds | 0 |
| Heavy atoms | 2 |
| Formal charge | 0 |
| Complexity | 2 |
| Chemical classes | Other Classes -> Halogens, Inorganic Compounds |
| Polymers | Plastics -> N.a.Plastics -> Other stabilisers |
| Cosmetics | Antimicrobial |
| pH | Aqueous solution in neutral or usually alkaline, pH 7-96.0-9.0 (25℃, 1M in H2O) |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | pseudobinary system |
| Pesticides | FungicidesActive substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved |
| Taste | STRONG BITTER SALINE |
| Food additives | NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENT, TRACER -> FDA Substance added to food |
| Density | 3.13 at 59 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than waterwill sink3.12 g/cu cm3.13 @25 °C1.7 g/cm3 |
| Color/Form | Colorless or white, cubical crystals, white granules, or powderHEXAHEDRAL CRYSTALS, EITHER TRANSPARENT OR SOMEWHAT OPAQUE |
| Solubility | Slightly soluble in ethanol148 g/100 g water at 25 °C127.5 g sol in 100 cc water at 0 °C1.88 g sol in 100 cc alcohol at 25 °C1.31 g sol in 100 cc acetone at 25 °Csol in ether, ammonia1 gram dissolves in 0.7 mL water, 0.5 mL boiling water51 mL absolute ethanol22 mL alcohol8 mL methanol75 mL acetone2 mL glycerolabout 2.5 mL glycolH2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless1.43 kg/L |
| Human Drugs | FDA approved drugs -> Active ingredientAntifungal medicines |
| Melting point | 681 °C (lit.) |
| Boiling point | 184 °C(lit.) |
| Bulk density | 1500kg/m3 |
| Vapor density | 9 (vs air) |
| Vapor pressure | 0.31 mm Hg ( 25 °C) |
| Refractive index | 1.677 |
| Flash point | 1330°C |
| Storage conditions | 2-8°C |
| Physical state | particles (round) |
| pKa (acidity coefficient) | 0.06[at 20 ℃] |
| Specific gravity | 3.13 |
| Color | Yellow |
| Flame Color | Violet or light purple |
| Odor | odorless |
| Biological source | rabbit |
| Thermal conductivity | 2.887 W/(m·K) |
| Specific heat capacity | Cp(crystal): 0.32 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Sensitivity | Hygroscopic |
| Merck | 14,7643 |
| Dielectric constant | 5.1200000000000001 |
| BCS Class | 1 |
| Stability | Stable. Protect from light and moisture. Incompatible with strong reducing agents, strong acids, steel, aluminium, alkali metals, brass, magnesium, zinc, cadmium, copper, tin, nickel and their alloys. |
| Cosmetics Ingredients Functions | ANTIMICROBIAL |
| InChI | 1S/HI.K/h1H/q+1/p-1 |
| InChIKey | NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| SMILES | [K+].[I-] |
| LogP (partition coefficient) | -0.958 at 25℃ |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 7681-11-0(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| SCOGS (Select Committee on GRAS Substances) | Potassium iodide |
| Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS) | POTASSIUM IODIDE |
| FDA 21 CFR | 178.1010 |
| EWG's Food Scores | 2 |
| FDA UNII | 1C4QK22F9J |
| ATC code | R05CA02,S01XA04,V03AB21 |
| NIST Chemistry Reference | Potassium iodide(7681-11-0) |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Potassium iodide (7681-11-0) |
| Absorption | cut-off at 273nm in H2O at 1M |
| UNSPSC Code | 41116107 |
| NACRES | NB.21 |
| GHS pictogram | GHS07 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| GHS hazard statements | H315-H319 |
| GHS precautionary statements | P305+P351+P338 |
| Target organs | Thyroid |
| Hazard symbols | Xn |
| Risk statements (R) | 26 |
| Safety statements (S) | 22-36/38 |
| Water hazard class (WGK) | 1 |
| RTECS number | TT2975000 |
| F | 10 |
| TSCA inventory status | TSCA listed |
| Customs code | 28276000 |
| Storage class | 6.1D - Non-combustible acute toxic Cat.3toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects |
| Hazard class | STOT RE 1 Oral |
| Hazardous substances data | 7681-11-0(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Toxicity | Approx LD i.v. in rats: 285 mg/kg (Hildebrandt) |
| REACH registrations | Active |
Safety & Regulations
| GHS classification | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 13% (94 of 721) of reports.DangerH302 (16.2%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P391, P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 721 reports by companies from 53 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies. |
|---|---|
| Regulatory information | Chemical: Potassium iodide (KI)Commission Regulation (EU) No 188/2011Potassium iodide (KI) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Potassium iodide (KI) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)05/751/EC, Reg. (EU) No 116/2014Status: Active Update: 20-02-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13207Potassium iodide: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
| Other safety information | IMAP assessments - Potassium iodide (KI): Environment tier I assessment |
| Health hazards | May irritate eyes or open cuts. (USCG, 1999) |
| Hazards summary | A skin and eye irritant[CAMEO] Emergency treatment: IodidesAfter ingestion, hypersensitivity reactions, e.g., angioedema and urticaria, may occurChronic ingestion may cause various skin diseases, goiter, hypothyroidism, and congenital thyroid effects[HSDB] May cause sensitization by skin contact[Quick CPC] See Iodine for the TLV of Iodides. |
| FDA requirements | The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations List identifies currently marketed over-the-counter drug products, incl potassium iodide, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.Potassium iodide is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption, as long as 1) the quantity of the substance added to food does not exceed the amount reasonably required to accomplish its intended physical, nutritive, or other technical effect in food, and 2) any substance intended for use in or on food is of appropriate food grade and is prepared and handled as a food ingredient.Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).Potassium iodide used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in table salt as a source of dietary iodine in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.For more FDA Requirements (Complete) data for POTASSIUM IODIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Reactive group | Salts, Basic |
| Special Reports | FDA, Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchGuidance Document: Potassium Iodide as a Thyroid Blocking Agent in Radiation EmergenciesDecember 2001. Available at http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/4825fnl.htm as of March 12, 2006 |
| FIFRA requirements | Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. (a) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-contact surfaces in public eating places, dairy-processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (b) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Dairy processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (c) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Potassium Iodide is found on List C. Case No: 3080Pesticide type: fungicide, herbicide, antimicrobialCase Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the RED document.Active ingredient (AI): potassium iodideAI Status: The producers of the pesticide have made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner. |
| Reactivity Profile | Potassium iodide is a weak reducing agent, and may react with strong or weak oxidizing agents. |
| Air and Water Reactions | Water soluble. |
| Hazard Classes and Categories | Acute Tox. 4 (16.2%)Serious eye damage/eye irritation - Category 2B |
| State drinking water guidelines | (ME) MAINE 340 ug/L /Iodide ion/ |
| First aid | Flush all affected areas with water. (USCG, 1999) |
| Storage conditions | Store below 40 °C (104 °F), preferably between 15 and 30 °C (59 and 86 °F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer. Store in a tight container. |
| Disposal methods | SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic, and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. |
| Allowable Tolerances | Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. (a) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-contact surfaces in public eating places, dairy-processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (b) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Dairy processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (c) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine. |
| Threshold Limit Values (TLV) | 0.01 [ppm], inhalable fraction and vapor (iodides) |
| Protective Action Criteria (PAC) | 9.4 [mg/m3]100 [mg/m3]620 [mg/m3] |
| Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | Goggles or face shield. (USCG, 1999) |
| Interactions | Potassium iodide increased the toxic effect in selenium poisoning.Concurrent use of captopril, enalapril, or lisinopril with potassium iodide may result in hyperkalemiaserum potassium concentrations should be monitored , however usual doses of potassium iodide used for radiation protection (i.e. up to 130 mg) contain negligible amounts of potassium and should not constitute a problem with ACE inhibitors. |
| Adverse effects | Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.Adverse effects are unlikely when KI is used at low doses and for a short time (less than two weeks). The most common side effects are on the digestive system, predominantly gastrointestinal intolerance and its bitter (metallic) tastethus, the recommendation is to take it with juice or milk to protect against gastrointestinal irritation. However, significant side effects may occur when high doses are administered, especially for treating infectious skin disorders. |
| Milk Concentrations | Potassium iodide is distributed into /human/ breast milk ... |
| Toxicity summary | If iodide-induced hypothyroidism is detected, these changes are reversible by discontinuing the administration of KI. A study of 7 patients with iodide-induced hypothyroidism showed serum T4, T3, and TSH concentrations returned to normal within one month of iodide withdrawal. |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Iodism (chronic iodine poisoning) may follow prolonged usesymptoms include metallic taste, sore mouth, swollen eyelids sneezing, skin eruptions, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, and diarrhea. ... angioedema, laryngeal edema, and cutaneous hemorrhages may occur./SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Serum-sickness type of hypersensitivity, such as fever, arthralgia, lymph node enlargement, and eosinophilia, may appear. Thromobotic thrombocytopenic purpura and fatal periarteritis nodosa attributed to hypersensitivity to iodide ... described. /Iodide preparations//SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In a small proportion of individuals given large doses of iodide for long periods ... thyroid gland shows hyperplasia & is depleted of stores of iodine. Thyroid hormone corrects hypothyroidism and causes goiter to subside ... /Iodide preparation//SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Hypersensitivity reactions to iodides may occur and may be manifested by angioedema, cutaneous and mucosal hemorrhage, and signs and symptoms resembling serum sickness, such as fever, arthralgia, lymph node enlargement, and eosinophilia. Urticaria, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and fatal periarteritis have also been attributed to iodide hypersensitivity. Hypocomplementemic vasculitis in some patients with chronic urticaria or systemic lupus erythematosus has been associated with iodide sensitivity, and some clinicians caution that potassium iodide may precipitate severe systemic illness in such patients. Jodbasedow or iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis may occur with low doses of iodides (i.e., less than 25 mg of iodine daily)this effect is uncommon in the US but more frequent in areas with endemic iodine deficiency.For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for POTASSIUM IODIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts | /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Testing of potassium iodide on rabbit eyes by injection of 3% solution into cornea has caused only slight reaction, graded 17 on a scale of 0-100. /KI solution//LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ In female minks fed a basal diet supplemented with either 0, 10, 100, or 1000 ppm KI, gestational periods were shorter than controls. Only 2.1 kits/female mated were whelped by mink fed 100 ppm KI and none of females that received 1000 ppm KI whelped./GENOTOXICITY/ Oral administration of KI to pregnant rats produced significant chromosomal aberrations in embryonic liver cells, especially during days 7-14 of pregnancy. |
| Environmental Water Concentrations | While data specific to potassium iodide were not located(SRC, 2006), the literature suggests that some pharmaceutically active compounds originating from human and veterinary therapy are not eliminated completely in municipal sewage treatment plants and are therefore discharged into receiving waters(1). Wastewater treatment processes often were not designed to remove them from the effluent(2). Selected organic waste compounds may be degrading to new and more persistent compounds that may be released instead of or in addition to the parent compound(2). Studies have indicated that several polar pharmaceutically active compounds can leach through subsoils into aquifers(1). |
| Antidote and Emergency Treatment | Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/ |
| Non-Human Toxicity Values | LD50 Rats iv 285 mg/kg (approx.) |
| F | 10 |
| Water hazard class (WGK) | 1 |
| TSCA inventory status | TSCA listed |
| RTECS number | TT2975000 |
| Customs code | 28276000 |
| Toxicity | Approx LD i.v. in rats: 285 mg/kg (Hildebrandt) |
| Risk statements (R) | 26 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| GHS pictogram | GHS07 |
| Hazard symbols | Xn |
| Safety statements (S) | 22-36/38 |
| Storage class | 6.1D - Non-combustible acute toxic Cat.3toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects |
| Target organs | Thyroid |
| GHS hazard statements | H315-H319 |
| REACH registrations | Active |
| Hazard class | STOT RE 1 Oral |
| GHS precautionary statements | P305+P351+P338 |
| Hazardous substances data | 7681-11-0(Hazardous Substances Data) |
Applications & Uses
Occurrence
Potassium iodide is found in seaweed. Some important applications of this compound involve its use in pharmaceuticals and as a source of iodine in food,especially in animal and poultry feed. Potassium iodide is added to table salt to provide iodine in human food.Another major use is in making photographic emulsions. In analytical chemistry, potassium iodide is used in iodometric titration with starch indicator to analyze dissolved oxygen, dissolved chlorine, sulfide, and other analytes in water.
Uses
Potassium Iodide is a source of iodine and a nutrient and dietary supplement. it exists as crystals or powder and has a solubility of 1 g in 0.7 ml of water at 25°c. it is included in table salt for the preven- tion of goiter.Potassium Iodide is used primarily used in the treatment of radiation poisoning due to environmental contamination by iodine-131. It is also manufacture of photographic emulsions; in animal and poultry feeds to the extent of 10-30 parts per million; in table salt as a source of iodine and in some drinking water; also In animal chemistry. In medicine,potassium iodide is used to regulate the thyroid gland.
General Description
Potassium iodide is an odorless white solid. Sinks and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999)
Preparation & Synthesis
Preparation
Potassium iodide is made by absorption of iodine in potassium hydroxide:I2 + 6KOH → 5KI + KIO3 + 3H2OMost potassium iodate, KIO3 , is separated from the product mixture by crystallization and filtration. Remaining iodates are removed by evaporation of the solution and other processes, such as carbon reduction or thermal decompostion at 600oC to iodide:2KIO3 → 2KI + 3O2Another method of preparation that does not involve the formation of iodate is by treating iron turnings with iodine solution. The product, ferrosoferric iodide, Fe3I816H2O, is boiled with 15 wt% potassium carbonate solution: Fe3I8.16H2O + 4K2CO3 → 8 KI + 4CO2 + Fe3O4 + 16H2OA similar method is used to prepare potassium bromide, discussed earlier (see Potassium Bromide.)Potassium iodide can be prepared by reacting hydriodic acid with potassium bicarbonate:HI + KHCO3 → KI + CO2 + H2OIt is purified by melting in dry hydrogen.Potassium iodide also may be obtained by various electrolytic processes.