Riboflavin

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

SRP: Expired or waste pharmaceuticals shall carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. It is not appropriate to dispose by flushing the pharmaceutical down the toilet or discarding to trash. If possible return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged and transported by a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.

SRP: At the time of review, regulatory criteria for small quantity disposal are subject to significant revision, however, household quantities of waste pharmaceuticals may be managed as follows: Mix with wet cat litter or coffee grounds, double bag in plastic, discard in trash.

SRP: Criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Riboflavin interrelates with other B vitamins, notably niacin, which requires riboflavin for its formation from tryptophan, and vitamin B6, which also requires riboflavin for a conversion to a conenzyme form. These interrelationships are not known to affect the requirement for riboflavin.

The rate and extent of absorption of riboflavin are reportedly affected by propantheline bromide. Prior administration of propantheline bromide delayed the rate of absorption of riboflavin but increased the total amount absorbed, presumably by increasing the residence time of riboflavin at GI absorption sites.

Alcohol impairs intestinal absorption of riboflavin.

Concurrent use /with probenecid/ decreases gastrointestinal absorption of riboflavin; requirements for riboflavin may be increased in patients receiving probenecid.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for Riboflavin (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Riboflavin is relatively safe to administer as it has limited water solubility, and enterocytes do not absorb the excess. However, caution is necessary when administering large doses to pregnant women. Riboflavin may cause benign urine discoloration.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.

Vitamin B2 is readily absorbed from the upper gastrointestinal tract.

No difference in riboflavin content of human milk was found between supplemented and unsupplemented well-nourished mothers at 6 months postpartum. Previously, estimates of the riboflavin content of human milk from well-nourished, unsupplemented mothers included 0.37 +/- 0.13 (standard deviation) mg/L at 5 to 7 days postpartum, 0.49 +/- 0.12 mg/L at 43 to 45 days postpartum, 0.24 +/- 0.35 mg/L at 6 months postpartum, and 0.35 +/- 0.02 mg/L after 3 weeks postpartum. More recent studies in five subjects showed that riboflavin in milk may have been previously underestimated as a result of a lack of detection of flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD), ... On the basis of this and studies of microbiologically determined riboflavin in human milk, a riboflavin concentration of 0.35 mg/L will be used for human milk consumed by infants younger than 6 months.

No observable toxicities with intakes of riboflavin are from food sources many times the recommended daily allowance. Riboflavin has high water solubility and limited absorption. No adverse effects are from high riboflavin intakes from foods or supplements up to 400 mg daily for at least 3 months. The Food and Nutrition Board has not established the upper limit for riboflavin as it has a good safety profile. High-dose riboflavin does not cause toxicity as excess riboflavin is excreted in the urine.

Binds to riboflavin hydrogenase, riboflavin kinase, and riboflavin synthase. Riboflavin is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN, riboflavin monophosphate) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The antioxidant activity of riboflavin is principally derived from its role as a precursor of FAD and the role of this cofactor in the production of the antioxidant reduced glutathione. Reduced glutathione is the cofactor of the selenium-containing glutathione peroxidases among other things. The glutathione peroxidases are major antioxidant enzymes. Reduced glutathione is generated by the FAD-containing enzyme glutathione reductase.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, leafy vegetables. Richest natural source is yeast. Minute amounts present in all plant and animal cells. Occurs in free form only in retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; Bioactive forms occurring in tissues and cells are riboflavin monophosphate and flavine-adenine dinucleotide.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ No adverse effects associated with riboflavin consumption from food or supplements have been reported. ... The apparent lack of harm resulting from high oral doses of riboflavin may be due to its limited solubility and limited capacity for absorption in the human gastrointestinal tract; /and/ its rapid excretion in the urine.

/CASE REPORTS/ A previously healthy 15-year-old boy... /developed anaphylaxis/ ... several times after he drank one soft drink or took a single multivitamin tablet .... In an outpatient clinic with the availability of complete resuscitative procedures, ... single-blind prick skin tests and intradermal skin tests /were performed/ on the patient with various pure vitamin components of the soft drink and the multivitamin tablet. Physiologic saline and histamine were used for negative and positive controls, respectively. RESULTS: Riboflavin, a component of both the soft drink and the vitamin tablet, produced positive reactions on intradermal skin tests in the patient. Positive reactions were not present in the normal control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: ... Free-form riboflavin may potentially be associated with an anaphylactic reaction...

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ ... Associations among intake of folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and polymorphisms of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and methionine synthase (MTR) genes and breast cancer risk /were investigated/ in a Japanese population. A hospital based, case-control study was conducted in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, in 388 pairs of patients with histologically confirmed invasive breast cancer and age- and area-matched controls selected from medical checkup examinees. Energy-adjusted intakes of folate and other B vitamins were derived from a validated food frequency questionnaire. Genotyping was completed for MTHFR (C677T and A1298T) and MTR (A2756G). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by the conditional logistical regression model. Median dietary folate intake (ug/day) in the control group was 438.2 (interquartile range: 354.9-542.9). Neither dietary intake of folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, or vitamin B12 nor polymorphisms of MTHFR or MTR genes were significantly associated with breast cancer risk. Further, no significant interaction was found among nutrients, polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk. Associations of nutrients with breast cancer risk did not differ by hormone receptors status. ... Dietary intake of folate and related B vitamins and genotypes of MTHFR or MTR /had/ no overall association with breast cancer risk in Japanese women.

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ ... A case-control study /was conducted/ to investigate the association of nutrient intake involved in the one-carbon pathway of folate for DNA methylation and DNA synthesis and the related enzyme genetic polymorphisms with colorectal cancer. Cases were 107 patients newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Controls were 224 subjects matched with cases by sex, age, and residential area. Nutrient intake was assessed by a self-administered, semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Four genetic polymorphisms-MTHFR C677T and A1298C, MTRR A66G, and ALDH2 Glu487Lys-were determined using blood samples. Odds ratios were calculated using conditional logistic regression analysis adjusted for smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and dietary fiber intake. Although folate intake was inversely associated with colorectal cancer, this association was attenuated after further controlling for dietary fiber intake. Neither vitamin B6, vitamin B12, nor vitamin B2, nor any genetic polymorphism was significantly associated with colorectal cancer...

Drug-Induced Liver Injury Severity and Toxicity (DILIst)

riboflavin

DILI Negative

Oral

DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.022

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Vitamin B2 is practically non-toxic; 10 g/kg administered orally to rats resulted in no toxic effects.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ... The effects of excess thiamin or riboflavin administration on body weight gain, food intake, tissue weights, and urinary excretion of B-group vitamins /were investigated/ in weaning rats. The weaning rats were freely fed ordinary diet containing 0.0006% thiamin-HCl or the same diet with 0.006%, 0.03%, 0.18% or 1.0% thiamin-HCl for 30 days, or the diet containing 0.0006% riboflavin or the same diet with 0.1%, 0.5 or 1.0% riboflavin for 22 days. Mild diarrhea was seen only in the rats fed with 1.0% thiamin-HCl diet. Excess thiamin-HCl or riboflavin did not affect body weight gains, food intake or tissue weights. The urinary excretions of water-soluble vitamins also did not differ among the diets. These results clearly showed that feeding a diet containing up to 1.0% thiamin-HCl or 1.0% riboflavin did not induce apparent adverse effects, and the no-observed-adverse-effect-levels (NOAELs) for thiamin-HCl and riboflavin in rats might be 1.0% in diet...

/IMMUNOTOXICITY/ Inhibitory effects of highly purified vitamin B2 (riboflavin-5'-sodium phosphate, >97%) on the interleukin (IL)-6, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-induced shock mice were evaluated. Vitamin B2 at 20 mg/kg (protective effect on mice mortality induced by LPS), intravenously administered 6 hr after LPS injection, significantly decreased the plasma elevated levels of IL-6 and MIP-2 at 9 and 12 hr. In addition, vitamin B2 lowered the tissue concentration and the mRNA expression of IL-6 in lung and those of MIP-2 in liver at 9 hr. Vitamin B2 also reduced concentration of MIP-2 concentration in lung, and inhibited mRNA expression in kidney, respectively. Vitamin B2 decreased the plasma elevated NO levels in accordance with a reduction in expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) both at 21 and 24 hr. Accordingly, the reduction in elevated plasma cytokine levels and NO based on the inhibitory effect on local cytokine mRNA expression and iNOS would be responsible for the anti-septic effect of vitamin B2.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ There are no data from animal studies suggesting that uptake of riboflavin during pregnancy presents a potential hazard for the fetus or newborn.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Riboflavin (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Certification of this color additive when used as a food is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the requirements of section 706(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: riboflavin is included in weight control drug products.

Riboflavin used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

Present in minute amounts in all plant and animal cells and especially in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables; Used as a food coloring and vitamin (enzyme cofactor); [Merck Index] Used as a medication, animal feed supplement, nutritional supplement, and to inactivate pathogens and viruses; [HSDB] Used as flavoring agent, color, and nutritional supplement for foods; [FDA] Permitted for use as an inert ingredient in non-food pesticide products; [EPA]

Farming (Feed Additives) [Category: Industry]

Medicine, nutrition, animal feed supplement, enriched flours, dietary supplement

THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY: Vitamin (enzyme cofactor)

THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY (VETERINARY): Vitamin (enzyme cofactor)

Mirasol pathogen reduction technology (PRT) treatment uses riboflavin (vitamin B(2)) in combination with ultraviolet light (UV) to inactivate pathogens in platelet concentrates (PCs).

(1972) No data

(1975) No data

(1972) 7.24 X 10+7 g (Princpl Custms Dists)

(1975) 6.01 X 10+5 g (Princpl Custms Dists)

(1972) 4.59 X 10+8 g

(1973) 3.35 X 10+8 g

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#2209]

The readily available compound 3,4-xylidine is reacted with D-ribose in methanol. The resulting riboside is catalytically hydrogenated to give N-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-D-1'-ribamine without isolation, and the product is purified by crystallization. Coupling of /N-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-D-1'-ribamine/ with phenyl diazonium salt in a buffered aqueous solution yields crystalline N-(2-phenylazo-4,5-dimethylphenyl)-D-1'-ribamine. Dry / N-(2-phenylazo-4,5-dimethylphenyl)-D-1'-ribamine/ is converted to riboflavin by cyclocondensation with barbituric acid in a weakly acidic medium. Mixtures of dioxane and acetic acid or di-alpha-substituted carboxylic acids have proved suitable as solvents. Crude /riboflavin/ can be purified by reprecipitation from hydrochloric acid or dilute sodium hydroxide solution, possibly with the addition of hydrogen peroxide.

Riboflavin can be produced microbiologically. At present, the microorganisms Bacillus subtilis, the ascomycetes Eremothecium ashbyii, Ashbya gossypii, and the yeasts Candida flareri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used. The nutrient media employed are molasses or plant oils as carbon source, inorganic salts, amino acids, animal or plant peptones and proteins, as well as vitamin additives. In a sterile aerobic submerged process, yields much higher than 10 grams of riboflavin per liter of culture broth are obtained in a few days with good aeration and stirring at temperatures below 30 °C. After separation of the biomass, evaporation and drying of the concentrate, an enriched product with a vitamin B2 content of up to 80% is obtained. The majority of the riboflavin produced by fermentation is used in animal feeds.

Condensation of d-ribose with 3,4-xylidine resulting in N-d -ribityl-3,4-xylidine, which is either coupled with a diazonium salt followed by reduction and reaction with alloxan, or reacted with barbituric acid; fermentation of carbohydrate materials by bacteria, yeast, or fungi

Food additives

Food Additives -> COLOUR -> JECFA Functional Classes

Food Additives -> COLOUR -> JECFA Functional Classes

Cosmetics -> Cosmetic colorant; Skin conditioning; Hair dyeing

Riboflavin: ACTIVE

The rumen microbial flora are a rich source of vitamins to the ruminant, and that the fecal bacterial flora are a major vitamin source for coprophagic rodents. There is also good evidence that the gut bacterial flora are a significant source of a range of vitamins to the human. In this paper evidence is presented that gut bacteria are a significant source of a range of vitamins, particularly those of the B group and vitamin K.

Recommended daily dietary allowance of Food and Nutrition Board ... is 0.4 to 0.6 mg for infants, 0.8 to 1.2 mg for children up to 10 yr, 1.2 to 2.8 mg for adolescents and adults, and slightly higher for women during pregnancy and lactation.

Minimal requirement for riboflavin to prevent clinical signs of deficiency appears to be less than 0.35 mg/1000 kcal.

... Widely distributed in nature, in ... plants and animals as an essential constituent of all living cells, and is therefore widely distributed in small amounts in foods.

Commercial ... distiller's residues (indirectly from dextrose, lactose, yeast, and whey)