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HuagongsheHuagongshe Chemistry Print Report · For research reference only
HCID 5284469Generated: November 1, 2026

Toxaphene

CAMPHECHLOR · Motox · TOXAPHEN · TOXAPHANE · CHLORINATED CAMPHENE · Toxaphene camphechlor · 3956 · PChK

https://huagongshe.com/en/chemical/5284469

Toxaphene molecular structure

Identifiers & Physical Properties

CAS No.1852481-29-8
Molecular formulaC10H8Cl8
Average molar mass411.8 g/mol
Monoisotopic mass407.813422 g/mol
SMILESC=C1C(CCl)(CCl)C2(Cl)C(Cl)C(Cl)C1(Cl)C2(Cl)Cl
InChIKeyOEJNXTAZZBRGDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID5284469
ChEMBLCHEMBL1339089
EC No.232-283-3
DTXSIDDTXSID90858936

Chemical & Physical Properties

XLogP4.7
Topological polar surface area0
Hydrogen bond donors0
Hydrogen bond acceptors0
Rotatable bonds2
Heavy atoms18
Formal charge0
Complexity403
Chemical classesHazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)Carcinogens
CosmeticsCosmetics ingredient -> Fragrance
PesticidesPesticide -> EPA IRISAgrochemicals -> Pesticide active substancesActive substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approvedPesticides -> Organochlorine PesticidesPesticide (Toxaphene) -> USDA PDB
LogP (partition coefficient)The median log Kow for toxaphene is 5.90.3.35.5
OdorPleasant piney odorMild odor of chlorine and camphorMild, turpentine-like odorMild, piney, chlorine- and camphor-like odor.
Density1.65 (EPA, 1998) - Denser than waterwill sink1.65 @ 25 °CRelative density (water = 1): 1.651.65 @25 °C
Color/FormYellow waxy solid.Amber, waxy solid.
Solubilityless than 1 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)Clear, amber-colored, and viscous liquid, mild terpene odor, specific gravity: 1.519-1.567 at 25 °C/25 °Creadily sol in most commercial organic solvents and is more sol in aromatic than in aliphatic hydrocarbons /Strobane T-90/Freely sol in aromatic hydrocarbonsREADILY SOL IN ORG SOLVENTS INCL PETROLEUM OILS3 mg/l water @ room temp> 450 g/100 ml benzene120 g/L in alcohol at 25–30 °C (quoted, Meites, 1963)0.4mg/L(25 ºC)
CorrosivityNoncorrosive in the absence of moistureCorrosive to ironSolution in xylene may produce corrosive products when heated.
Flash point84 °F (EPA, 1998)135 °C, 275 °F (closed cup) /Chlorinated camphene 60%/115 °C (tag closed cup) /Toxaphene 90% soln/34-46 °C (tag closed cup) /Strobane T-90/4 °C
Boiling pointDecomposes (NTP, 1992)Decomposes near boiling point
Melting point149 to 194 °F (EPA, 1998)65-90 °C149-194 °F65-90℃
Vapor pressure15.8 at 25 °C (2,2,5-endo-6-exo-8,9,10-heptachlorobornane, toxaphene component, Hinckley etal., 1990)
Storage conditions2-8°C
Physical stateYellow waxy solid
Merck13,9633
Henry's law constant0.99 at 10 °C, 3.56 at 20 °C, 6.81 at 30 °C, 8.49 at 35 °C, 14.8 at 40 °C (gas stripping, Jantunen and Bidleman, 2000)
Exposure limitsACGIH TLV-TWA:0.5 mg/m3TLV-STEL:1 mg/m3OSHA PEL-TWA:0.5 mg/m³NIOSH IDLH:200 mg/m3
StabilityStable. Incompatible with alkali, strong oxidizers. Heat and light sensitive.
EPA Primary Drinking Water StandardMCL:0.003,MCLG:zero
Toxicology and CarcinogenesisBioassay of Toxaphene for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 8001-35-2)
EWG's Food Scores8
FDA UNII9924JQ4D5J
Proposition 65 ListToxaphene (Polychlorinated camphenes)
IARC2B (Vol. Sup 7, 79) 2001
EPA Substance Registry SystemToxaphene (8001-35-2)
Toxicological Profile|ATSDRTOXAPHENE|Toxicological Profile|ATSDR
GHS pictogramGHS02, GHS06, GHS08, GHS09
Signal wordDanger
GHS hazard statementsH225-H301+H311+H331-H370-H411
GHS precautionary statementsP210-P280-P302+P352+P312-P304+P340+P312-P370+P378-P403+P235
Hazard symbolsT,N,Xn,F,Xi
Risk statements (R)21-25-37/38-40-50/53-67-65-38-11-36/37/38-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-51/53
Safety statements (S)36/37-45-60-61-62-33-16-36-26
UN transport number2761
Water hazard class (WGK)3
RTECS numberXW5250000
Hazard class6.1(b)
Packing groupIII
Hazardous substances data8001-35-2(Hazardous Substances Data)
ToxicityLD50 in male, female rats (mg/kg): 90, 80 orally1075, 780 dermally (Gaines)
Immediately dangerous to life or health concentration200 mg/m3

Safety & Regulations

GHS classificationDangerH301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]P203, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)H301 (97.6%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]
Regulatory informationHazard Traits - BioaccumulationCarcinogenicityEnvironmental PersistenceNeurotoxicityRespiratory ToxicityRegulation (EC) No 178/2002 (amended)Substance: ToxapheneThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)
Other safety informationIMAP assessments - Toxaphene: Human health tier I assessment
DOT labelPoison
Fire hazardsContainer may explode in heat of fire. Toxic vapors are generated when heated. Releases hydrochloric acid in the presence of alkali, on prolonged exposure to sunlight, and at temperatures above 311F. Avoid strong oxidizers, corrosive to iron. (EPA, 1998)Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.
Fire potentialSolid /is/ not flammable, but /it is/ usually dissolved in combustible liquid.
Health hazardsCamphechlor is extremely toxic: the probable oral lethal dose (human) is 5-50 mg/kg or between 7 drops and 1 teaspoonful for 70 kg (150 lb.) person. (EPA, 1998)
Hazards summaryToxaphene was one of the most heavily used pesticides in the United States in the 1970s and early 1980s. It was used primarily to control insect pests on cotton and other crops in the southern United States. Other uses included controlling insect pests on livestock and killing unwanted fish in lakes. Toxaphene was banned for all registered uses by 1990. Toxaphene is made by reacting chlorine gas with a substance called camphene. The resulting product (toxaphene) is a mixture of hundreds of different chlorinated camphenes and related chemicals.

Applications & Uses

Description

Toxaphene is an organochlorine insecticide that is similar to other compounds such as endrin, dieldrin, aldrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), lindane, and chlordecone. Manufacturing of toxaphene was started in the 1940s and was highly effective on cotton and certain food crops. In addition to its use as an insecticide, toxaphene was also used to eliminate certain species of fish in aquatic environments. Toxaphene itself consists of a mixture of hundreds of different chemicals with a major identified toxic component being heptachlorobornane. The use of toxaphene peaked in 1974 after DDT was banned in 1972 with nearly 400 000 metric tons being distributed into the environment (both land and aquatic uses). This use began to subside, yet nearly 100 000 metric tons was still used in 1980 shortly before the complete ban on toxaphene usage. Large quantities of toxaphene were released into the environment. The overall chlorine content of toxaphene is nearly 70% by weight with most of the organic compounds comprising toxaphene being chlorinated. The molecular weight of the various components of toxaphene can range from 308 to 551 g mol-1. The mean formula weight is approximately 414 g mol-1. Toxaphene can be found as an yellowish-waxy substance that is relatively volatile and can be transported in the atmosphere. If inhaled, especially in larger quantities, toxaphene has been shown to cause significant damage to the lungs/respiratory tract, central nervous system, and kidneys. The use of toxaphene as an insecticide was banned in the early 1980s and completely banned in the United States in 1990. In addition to its ban in North America, toxaphene has been also banned in Europe, yet its use in developing countries still persists. Toxaphene is not readily soluble in water and tends to deposit in the soil and sediment, as well as the atmosphere. Microorganisms in the soil tend to degrade toxaphene very slowly. Toxaphene does not degrade as slowly as DDT but has been demonstrated to persist in the environment for extended and significant periods of time.

Uses

Formerly used as an insecticide

Uses

Toxaphene is an insecticide that contains over 200–700 chemicals and can exist as an yellow to amber solid or gas. Heavily used in the United States until 1982, its use was completely banned in 1990. Toxaphene was used primarily to control insects on cotton crops in the southern United States; it has also been used to control pests on livestock and to control unwanted fish in aquatic environments. Reports have indicated that fish are low metabolizers of toxaphene, whereas other aquatic life such as snails can be extensive metabolizers, thus reducing the toxicity of toxaphene to aquatic life other than fish (Isensee et al., 1979).

Toxaphene was a widely used pesticide on cotton, other crops, and in livestock and poultry. In 1982, most of its uses were cancelled and in 1990, all uses were cancelled in the United States. The major effect of toxaphene is central nervous system (CNS) stimulation, which results in convulsive seizures. No studies are available on acute (short-term) inhalation exposure to toxaphene in humans or animals. Chronic (long- term) inhalation exposure to toxaphene in humans results in reversible respiratory toxicity, while chronic, oral exposure in animals has resulted in effects on the liver, kidney, spleen, adrenal and thyroid glands, CNS, and the immune system. Animal studies have reported an increased incidence of thyroid gland tumors and liver tumors via ingestion. EPA has classified toxaphene as a Group B2, probable human carcinogen.
In the past, fatal poisoning after ingestion was reported. Only a few cases of poisoning from occupational exposure were reported. [ACGIH]
DOT ID and guide2761 151
Reactive groupHalogenated Organic Compounds
EC classificationSymbol: T, NR: 21-25-37/38-40-50/53S: (1/2)-36/37-45-60-61
UN classificationUN Hazard Class: 6.1
Special ReportsUSEPAAmbient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Toxaphene (1980) EPA 440/5-80-076TOXAPHENE: DECISION DOCUMENT AND FEDERAL REGISTER NOTICE (1982) EPA 540/9-82-027. THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS DATA ON THE CANCELLATION OF TOXAPHENE & EPA'S DETERMINATION ON REBUTTABLE PRESUMPTION AGAINST REGISTRATION PROCESS FOR TOXAPHENE-CONTAINING PESTICIDES.Eisler R, Jackson JGovt Report Ann & Index (5): 1-39 (1986) NTIS/PB86-127345. This report briefly reviews the information on the environmental fate and effects of toxaphene, with emphasis on natural resources, and provides recommendations for the protection of sensitive species of fish and wildlife from its residual effects.WHOEnviron Health Criteria: Camphechlor (1984). Aspects covered: identity, properties and analytical methodsdistribution in the environmenttoxicologyeffects on man, animals and the environment.For more Special Reports (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Fire fightingMove container from fire area if this can be done without risk. Fight fire from a maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposaldo not scatter the material. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing.Use foam, powder, carbon dioxide. NO water. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water.
First aid measuresFresh air, rest.Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Rest. Refer for medical attention .
First aidSigns and Symptoms of Camphechlor Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to camphechlor may be severe and include headache, dizziness, agitation, nervousness, tremor, seizures, and coma. Convulsive episodes may alternate with periods of severe central nervous system depression. Hypersalivation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are common. Hypertension (high blood pressure), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal heart beating) and sudden exertional dyspnea (labored breathing) may be noted. Respiratory depression may lead to respiratory arrest. Contact with the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes may result in redness and irritation. Victims often have an elevated temperature.(General first aid procedures)
Safe storageProvision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from food and feedstuffs. Keep in the dark.
Firefighting HazardsSoln in xylene may produce corrosive products when heated. /Soln/
Exposure control and personal protectionTIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].
Fire fighting proceduresIf material is involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.Wear a self contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode /when fighting a fire/./Use/ foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective. /Soln/
Storage conditions... /STORE IN/ SEALED CONTAINERS IN WELL-VENTILATED AREA.Toxaphene & emulsion concentrates of it must be kept from contact with iron or corrosive metals & lining of metal tanks & use of non-corrosive piping is required in formulating plants. Packaging materials include those normally used in the industry although containers for emulsifiable concentrates must be lined. Relatively stable chemical when stored in glass, polyolefin or polyoleofin-lined metal containers at ambient temperature.PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Cleanup methodsACTIVATED CARBON IS RECOMMENDED FOR MIXTURES INCLUDING TOXAPHENE. POLYOLEFIN OR POLYISOBUTYLENE FIBERS, OR AMBERLITE XAD RESIN ARE ALSO RECOMMENDED FOR USE IN THE CLEANUP OF TOXAPHENE.Environmental considerations--land spill: Dig a pit, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.Environmental considerations--water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom /SRP: until properly disposed/. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon at 10 times the spilled amt. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Nonfire spill responseKeep unnecessary people awayisolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwindkeep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. In case of land spill, dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain the liquid or solid material. Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or firefighting water. In case of water spill, if camphechlor is dissolved, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. (EPA, 1998)
Disposal methodsGenerators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P123 and D015, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.BY DISSOLVING CHLORINATED CAMPHENE IN FLAMMABLE SOLVENT (SUCH AS ALCOHOL) & ATOMIZING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH AFTERBURNER & SCRUBBER (ALKALI).Toxaphene (20% toxaphene dust, 80% inert ingredients) was disposed of using a multiple chamber incinerator with a temperature of 670-1030 °C with residence times of 2.4-8.3 seconds and a destruction efficiency of 99.99%. /Data from table/Toxaphene (60% emulsifiable concentrate) was disposed of using a multiple chamber incinerator with a temperature of 620-1040 °C with a residence time of 2.2-6.7 seconds and a destruction efficiency of 99.99%.For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Spillage disposalDo NOT wash away into sewer. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.
Toxicological informationCDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile
Body burdenTOXAPHENE /LEVEL/ IN HUMAN MILK HAS BEEN INSIGNIFICANT.The concn of toxaphene in Finnish human adipose tissues was estimated to be on the level of 0.01-0.1 mg/kg, based on concns of toxaphene in Finnish human milk (at concns of 1 to 10 ppb). However, this estimate was strongly dependent on diet(1). Although toxaphene was used extensively during the 1960's in Alberta, Canada, analyses of human tissue from 50 autopsies at the University Hospital in Edmonton from 1967-68 did not reveal toxaphene(n=217)(1). These negative results could be due to a lack of selectivity and sensitivity of the method used for the analysis(1).
TreatmentIf the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.
Cancer SitesHepatic[in animals: liver cancer]
InteractionsPREEXPOSURE OF RATS TO TOXAPHENE AT DIETARY LEVEL OF 100 PPM FOR 8 DAYS LED TO REDN IN METABOLISM OF (14)C-IMIPRAMINE, IN PRODUCTION OF BILE, & IN BILIARY EXCRETION OF BOTH ENDOGENOUS & EXOGENOUS METABOLITES OF IMIPRAMINE.... PRIOR ADMIN OF THIAMINE INCR THE TOXICITY OF CAMPHECHLOR.THE EFFECTS OF TOXAPHENE ON PYRETHROID RESIDUES ON COTTON FOLIAGE WERE DETERMINED. FENVALERATE RESIDUES WERE INCREASED ABOUT 2-FOLD DUE TO ENHANCED PERSISTENCE IN THE PRESENCE OF TOXAPHENE. PERMETHRIN RESIDUES WERE REDUCED BY TOXAPHENE. TOXAPHENE SYNERGIZED FENVALERATE & PERMETHRIN 2-FOLD IN SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDASUSCEPTIBILITY OF HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS WAS INCREASED 1.5-FOLD TO BOTH PYRETHROIDS.A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN BENZO(A)PYRENE INDUCED LUNG TUMORS WAS FOUND AFTER DIETARY ADMIN OF 100 PPM TOXAPHENE FOR 12 WK OR 200 PPM FOR 20 WK IN MICE.For more Interactions (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Target organsImmunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System)central nervous system, skin
Health effectsAcute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.
Ecotoxicity valuesLD50 ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS (MALLARDS) ORAL 70.7 MG/KG, 3-5 MO OLD FEMALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 37.6-133 MG/KG) /PURITY 100%= 67-69% TOTAL CHLORINE CONTENT/LD50 PHASIANUS COLCHICUS (PHEASANTS) ORAL 40.0 MG/KG, 3 MO OLD FEMALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 20.0-80.0 MG/KG) /PURITY 90%/LD50 COLINUS VIRGINIANUS (BOBWHITE QUAIL) ORAL 85.5 MG/KG, 3 MO OLD MALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 59.2-123 MG/KG) /PURITY 90%/LD50 TYMPANUCHUS PHASIANELLUS (SHARP-TAILED GROUSE) ORAL 19.9 MG/KG, 12-48 MO OLD MALES (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 14.1-28.2 MG/KG) /PURITY 90% & 100%= 67-69% TOTAL CHLORINE CONTENT/For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (43 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Environmental fateTERRESTRIAL FATE: THE STUDY OF THE MOVEMENT & DISTRIBUTION OF TOXAPHENE IN ANAEROBIC SALINE MARSH SOILS ALLOWED 4 CONCLUSIONS. TOXAPHENE ACCUMULATION IN SALINE MARSH SOILS WAS ONLY AT A SIGNIFICANT LEVEL WHERE SUBSTRATES WERE FREQUENTLY SUBJECTED TO TIDAL FLOODING BY CONTAMINATED WATER. AS THE DEPTH OF THE SOIL INCR, THE CONCN OF TOXAPHENE CONTAMINANT DECREASED. ORGANISMS LIVING IN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF THE SOIL MAY BE SUBJECTED TO VARYING CONCENTRATIONS AS 50-FOLD RANGE. TOXAPHENE DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN MARSH SOILS ARE FUNCTIONS OF BASIPETAL & ACROPETAL PLANT TRANSLOCATION, AS WELL AS LEACHING, DEGRADATION & PESTICIDE CONCN AT TIME OF DEPOSITION.TERRESTRIAL FATE: ... THE PERSISTENCE OF TOXAPHENE IN SOIL IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ALDRIN, DIELDRIN, DILAN, OR CHLORDANE. /INVESTIGATORS/ ... FOUND ... /45%/ IN SOIL 20 YR AFTER (SOIL) TREATMENT ... APPROX 22% OF TOXAPHENE WAS RECOVERED 10 YR AFTER APPLICATION ... TO SOIL90-95% OF TOXAPHENE ... RESIDUES WERE IN 30 CM LAYER. ... HALF-LIFE ... IN SOIL ... 10 YR ...AQUATIC FATE: THREE NONPOINT SOURCE RUNOFF MODELS WERE TESTED AND COMPARED FOR THEIR ABILITIES TO PREDICT MOVEMENT OF TOXAPHENE FROM 15.6-HA WATERSHED IN MISSISSIPPI DELTA (USA) REGION AND A SMALLER WATERSHED IN SOUTHERN PIEDMONT. TESTING EXCERCISES INDICATED THAT ALL THREE MODELS ACCURATELY REPRODUCED FIELD DATA.AQUATIC FATE: Seasonal variation in the degradation of pesticides, reflecting the changes in both biotic and abiotic factors, has ... been reported. Degradation of toxaphene was high during the summer temperatures, and it remained negligible during the freezing, winter conditions in Midway Lake, Saskatchewan.For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for TOXAPHENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Food survey valuesDuring a 5 study conducted from Oct 1981 to Sept 1986, 19,851 food samples were analyzed for a wide variety of pesticide residues. Toxaphene was detected in 14 food samples at an average concn level of 0.5 ppm (max 2 ppm)(1). Toxaphene was mostly detected in tomatoes at 0.1 ppm, in carrots, fresh bell peppers, potatoes, and cherry tomatoes at 0.5 ppmin tomatillos at 1 ppmin jalapeno peppers from 1 to 2 ppmand in parsley at 2 ppm(1). Toxaphene was reported to be present in the total diet study conducted by the FDA in which they analyzed 14,492 samples of domestically produced and imported food from 79 countries. Toxaphene was not detected in more than 50% of the samples and when it was detected it was usually below tolerance levels(1). Less than 1% exceeded regulatory limits.The average daily intake of toxaphene in the USA from 1971-76 was 0.003 ug/kg body weight/day(1). The percentage of composite samples testing positive for toxaphene and the daily intake in ug/kg body weight for each year was: 1971 - 0.3% (trace), 1972 - 0.2% (0.02), 1973 - not detected, 1974 - 0.8% (0.5), 1975 - 0.4% (0.5), 1976 - 0.4% (trace)(1)red meat - domestic 15200 samples, 0.2% pos, 0.007 ppm avgpoultry 11340 samples, 0.1% pos, 0 .005 ppm avgleaf and stem vegetables - domestic 5319, 11.2% pos, 0.421 ppm avgvine and ear vegetables - domestic 2954 samples, 2.2% pos, 0.012 ppm avg, imported 4117 samples, 1.3% pos, 0.004 ppm avgbeans - domestic 499 samples, 1.4% pos, 0.036 ppm avg, imported 365 samples, 1.3% pos, 0.007 ppm avgroot vegetables - domestic 3248 samples, 3.2% pos, 0.012 ppm avggrains - domestic 947 samples, 2.6% pos, 0.025 ppm avgprocessed vegetables - domestic 631 samples, 0.5% pos, 0.001 ppm avgnuts - domestic 174 samples, 22.4% pos, 0.219 ppm avgpeanuts 148 samples, 31.1% pos, 0.587 ppm avg, max 3.78 ppmsoybeans 104 samples, 8.7% pos, 0.03 ppm avg, max 1.0 ppm(1). The percentage of composite samples testing positive for toxaphene and the daily intake in ug/kg body weight from 1963-69 was: 1964-65 - not detected, 1965-66 - 1.0% (2.0), 1966-67 - not detected, 1967-68 - 1.1% (2.0), 1968-69 - 3.6% (4.0)(2). In an adult total diet study conducted in the USA from Aug 1976-Sept 1977 of 300 composite food samples: 3.3% pos at 0.026-0.597 ppm(3)Oct 1977-Sept 1978, 240 food composites, 1.7% pos, 0.173-0.469 ppm(4). Canada, total diet, 1976-78, avg dietary intake-0.012 ug/kg body weight(5).
Adverse effectsOccupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.
Exposure routesThe substance can be absorbed into the body through the skin and by ingestion.inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contactOral (L107)inhalation (L107)
RCRA requirementsD015A solid waste containing toxaphene may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.P123As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when toxaphene, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).
FIFRA requirementsAs the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Toxaphene is found on List B. Case No: 2685Pesticide type: insecticideCase Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered ... The case /is characterized/ as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.Active ingredient (AI): technical chlorinated campheneAI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."
Atmospheric standardsListed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Toxaphene is included on this list.
CERCLA reportable quantitiesPersons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1 lb or 0.454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Camphechlor is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500/10,000 lbs.
Clean Water Act requirementsToxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations.Toxaphene is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.
State drinking water guidelines(AZ) ARIZONA 0.03 ug/l(ME) MAINE 0.3 ug/l(MN) MINNESOTA 0.3 ug/l
Federal Drinking Water StandardsEPA 3 ug/l
Water hazard class (WGK)3
Immediately dangerous to life or health concentration200 mg/m3
RTECS numberXW5250000
UN transport number2761
ToxicityLD50 in male, female rats (mg/kg): 90, 80 orally1075, 780 dermally (Gaines)
Risk statements (R)21-25-37/38-40-50/53-67-65-38-11-36/37/38-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-51/53
Signal wordDanger
GHS pictogramGHS02, GHS06, GHS08, GHS09
Hazard symbolsT,N,Xn,F,Xi
Safety statements (S)36/37-45-60-61-62-33-16-36-26
Hazard class6.1(b)
Packing groupIII
GHS hazard statementsH225-H301+H311+H331-H370-H411
GHS precautionary statementsP210-P280-P302+P352+P312-P304+P340+P312-P370+P378-P403+P235
Hazardous substances data8001-35-2(Hazardous Substances Data)

Uses

Pesticide used primarily on cotton, lettuce, tomatoes, corn, peanuts, wheat and soybean.

Uses

Insecticide. Not recommended for use in dairy barns or on milking animals (Penumarthy).

General Description

Yellow, waxy solid with a pleasant piney odor. Used as an insecticide, primarily for cotton and early growth stages of vegetables. Also peas, soybeans, peanut, corn, and wheat. Not produced commercially in the U.S. since 1982. Only registered for scabies control on cattle in the U.S.