2-Acetylaminofluorene

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

(General first aid procedures)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: In cleanup of leaks or spills outside the laboratory hood, maintenance or repair operations on contaminated systems or equipment, where direct contact with this compound could result, each person entering that area should be provided with and required to wear, clean impervious garments, including gloves, boots and continuous air supplied hood-style respirator. To perform cleanup FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U005, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.[

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Ca

[1910.1014] See Appendix B

2.2 [mg/m3]

25 [mg/m3]

69 [mg/m3]

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for 2-Acetylaminofluorene:

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.]

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

NIOSH considers 2-acetylaminofluorene to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [N.D.]

CONFIRMATORY EVIDENCE FOR INVOLVEMENT OF N-SULFATE IN CARCINOGENESIS WAS DISCOVERY THAT DEPLETION OF INTRACELLULAR GLUTATHIONE LEVEL WITH ACETANILIDE REDUCES CARCINOGENICITY OF 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE.

ETHIONINE COMPLETELY INHIBITS ... HYDROXYLATION OF ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE.

... /It has been/ found that dietary intake of 500 ppm BHT following an initiating treatment with ... 2-acetylaminofluorene appeared to exert a promoting effect, which was ... not as strong as that of phenobarbital. This was subsequently confirmed /in other studies/. ... /In one study it was/ observed that BHT enhanced pulmonary carcinogenesis in mice. In a study on BHT inhibition of liver carcinogenesis ... /it was/ noted that with rats fed 2-acetylaminofluorene, liver carcinogenesis was inhibited, as ... /demonstrated in other studies/, but that, at high levels of BHT, induction of bladder cancer was seen. Probably, metabolic shifts are involved that protect the liver & yields a higher level of excretion of metabolites that could affect the bladder, but a promoting effect may also be involved. The findings ... /in some of these studies/ are consistent with a promoting effect of these antioxidants, but more work needs to be done before assignment can be confidently made.

The synergism of two carcinogenic aromatic amines with different tissue specificities was studied at the level of initiation in Wistar rats. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutathione S-transferase P were used as markers for preneoplastic foci in liver. 2-Acetylaminofluorene (AAF) is a complete rat liver carcinogen, whereas trans-4-acetylaminostilbene (AAS) produces ear duct tumors quite selectively, but also acts as a strong initiator in rat liver. When these carcinogens were administered sequentially as two doses of each or simultaneously as four doses of a mixture to neonate animals, which then were treated with phenobarbital in the drinking water for promotion, the initiating activity was additive. When these chemicals were given to young adult animals within 4 weeks in two series of four doses, followed by partial hepatectomy and phenobarbital in the drinking water, the number of preneoplastic foci was greater in groups which had received AAS in both series or in the second series after AAF than in those groups which had received only AAF or AAF in the second series. The average size of foci depended clearly on the sequence in which the two carcinogens were administered. The foci were larger when AAF was given after AAS. The results support the notion that AAS is a strong initiator in rat liver, and that AAF, which is a complete liver carcinogen, has promoting properties under certain circumstances in addition to its initiating properties. The two carcinogens seem to produce the initiating lesions independently but the extent of initiation is additive in this model situation. The simplified neonatal rat liver model appears to be particularly suitable for investigating initiating properties and is proposed for studies of synergistic effects of genotoxic chemicals on the initiation stage, independent of organotropism. It avoids a number of complicating factors related to treatment schedule, forced proliferation rate and toxicity in other models.

EC50; Species: Xenopus laevis (African Clawed Frog) embryo; Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 23 °C; Concentration: 6900 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 6500-7300 ug/L); Effect: abnormal development, malformations /100% purity formulation/

LC50; Species: Xenopus laevis (African Clawed Frog) embryo; Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 23 °C; Concentration: 87000 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 84000-89000 ug/L) /100% purity formulation/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a log Koc value of 3.14(2), corresponding to a Koc of 1380(SRC), indicates that 2-acetylaminofluorene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2-acetylaminofluorene from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.9X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). 2-Acetylaminofluorene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.9X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Utilizing activated sludge, 7-12% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 6 days(5) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a log Koc value of 3.14(2), corresponding to a Koc of 1380(SRC), indicates that 2-acetylaminofluorene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.9X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 53(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 3.12(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Utilizing activated sludge, 7-12% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 6 days(8) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-acetylaminofluorene, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.9X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-acetylaminofluorene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 2-acetylaminofluorene may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). 2-Acetylaminofluorene absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=53-96-3]

A log Koc of 3.14 has been reported for 2-acetylaminofluorene(1), corresponding to a Koc of 1380(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-acetylaminofluorene is expected to have low mobility in soil.

The mutagenicity of N-2-fluorenylacetamide (NFA) was evaluated in Salmonella tester strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 (Ames Test), both in the presence and absence of added metabolic activation by Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 fraction. Based on the results of preliminary bacterial toxicity determinations, NFA, diluted with DMSO, was tested for mutagenicity at concentrations up to 1 mg/plate using the plate incorporation assay. NFA caused a positive response in strains TA1535, TA100, and TA98 following metabolic activation.

U005; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when 2-acetylaminofluorene, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. 2-Acetylaminofluorene is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1 lb or 0.454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

2-Acetylaminofluorene is frequently used in the laboratory by biochemists and technicians as a positive control in the study of liver enzymes and the carcinogenesis and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.

Used in the study of liver enzymes and the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines as a positive control. [HSDB]

See 29CFR1910.1003 (Code of Federal Regulations pertaining to the manufacturing, processing, repackaging, releasing, handling, and storing of this chemical);

As a positive control to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.

Used in the study of liver enzymes and the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines as a positive control

Acetamide, N-9H-fluoren-2-yl-: ACTIVE

Acetylaminofluorene is distributed by several companies that deal in specialty chemicals. Information obtained from these distributors indicates that acetylaminofluorene is imported from Europe. A typical chemical distributor keeps approx 9 lb of acetylaminofluorene in stock. The chemical is usually sold in 1, 5, or 25 g quantities. Based on this information, it is estimated that the total USA usage is less than 20 lb per year.

2-Acetylaminofluorene was intended to be used as a pesticide, but it was never /used/ because this chemical was found to be carcinogenic.