Tributylstannane

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

0.1 [mg/m3], as Sn

0.2 [mg/m3], as Sn

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 mg/cu m; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 0.2 mg/cu m. Skin. /Tin, organic cmpd, as Sn/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Tin, organic cmpd, as Sn/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: If tri-n-butyltin hydride is released to soil, it will be subject to hydrolysis based upon its reported water sensitivity(1) and reactivity with proton donors such as hydrogen halides and carboxylic acids(2). The hydrolysis product, tributyltin, will be expected to strongly bind to soil(3). Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the cation is not expected to volatilize(SRC). Tributyltin is susceptible to biodegradation and is reported to have a half-life in soil of 15-20 weeks(4). Tributyltin may slowly photodegrade on the soil surface(5) but will not volatilize from near-surface soil(6,7).

AQUATIC FATE: If tri-n-butyltin hydride is released to water, it will be expected to mainly exist as the cation, tributyltin(1). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the cation is not expected to volatilize(SRC). Tributyltin is stable (as defined by lack of debutylation) in distilled, deionized water kept in the dark at 20 °C for over 63 days at pH between 2.9 and 10.3(2) and no degradation of tributyltin was observed in 11 months in KCN-poisoned water sediment mixtures(3). Tributyltin is susceptible to biodegradation in water with half-lives of between 6 days and 35 weeks reported in water and water-sediment mixtures, many of which had been previously contaminated with tributyltin species(3,4). Results from experiments in water and water sediment mixtures have indicated that abiotic degradation of tributyltin species will be limited to direct photolysis in surface water(2,3,5). The half-life for sunlight photolysis of tributyltin was determined to be >89 days both in distilled water and lake water(2). Based upon measured Koc of up to 90,800, tributyltin may strongly bind to sediment(3,6,7). According to a classification scheme(8), a BCF of >6,000 for tributyltin(9) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Radiolabeled tributyltin was added to a 13 cu m marine mesocosm with near natural water column and benthos in summer and monitored for 278 days to study the behavior of tributyltin and its degradation products(1). The removal of tributyltin from the water column was the result of biological degradation, scavenging to the sediment and presumed loss to the atmosphere with an overall removal half-life of 6-12 days(1). Tributyltin compounds in seawater are degraded in summer to give dibutyltins, hydroxylated tributyltins, hydroxylated dibutyltins, carboxylated derivatives and monobutyltin(2). Laboratory studies show that the half-life of tributyltin in sediment is in the range of years(3). Degradation is slower under anaerobic conditions than under aerobic conditions; half-lives in anaerobic sediment is in the range of 2-3 years(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), tri-n-butyltin hydride, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 0.04 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase tri-n-butyltin hydride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 9.0 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 43X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) determined using a structure estimation method(3). Tributyltin hydroxide may be susceptible to direct photolysis based upon the adsorption of UV light >290 um by tri-, di-, and monobutyltin compounds(4).

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin；Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.；Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.；ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

Organotin compounds produce neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects. Organotins may directly activate glial cells contributing to neuronal cell degeneration by local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and/or interleukins. They may also induce apoptosis by direct action on neuronal cells. Organotin compounds stimulate the neuronal release of and/or decrease of neuronal cell uptake of neurotransmitters in brain tissue, including aspartate, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, and serotonin. This may be either a contributing factor to or result of the neuronal cell loss. The immunotoxic effects of organotins are characterized by thymic atrophy caused by the suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes and apoptosis of mature thymocytes. Organotin compounds are believed to exert these effects by suppressing DNA and protein synthesis, inducing the expression of genes involved in apoptosis (such as nur77), and disrupting the regulation of intracellular calcium levels, giving rise to the uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species, release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and the proteolytic and nucleolytic cascade of apoptosis. The suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes further results in the suppression of T-cell-mediated immune responses. Organotins are also endocrine disruptors and are believed to contribute to obesity by inappropriate receptor activation, leading to adipocyte differentiation. Inorganic tin triggers eryptosis, contributing to tin-induced anemia. (L308, A182, A184)

Based upon the moisture sensitivity of the chemical(1,2), adsorption of tri-n-butyltin hydride to sediments and suspended particulate matter in natural waters and to soil is not expected to be an important process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(3), its hydrolysis product, tributyltin, is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). No leaching of tributyltin was observed in several soils (clay, sand, topsoil and silt) during periods as long as 16 weeks(4). Tributyltin binds strongly to sediment with the distribution constant for Toronto Harbor sediment and water as 2180 at 20 °C(5). Very little tributyltin or inorganic tin was released from unshaken sediment in 10 months. However, other studies have shown that tributyltin does not adsorb appreciably to suspended particulate matter and that it is primarily associated with the dissolved fraction of estuarine water(6,7). This is in line with the observation that addition of humic acids or kaolin clay material does not significantly affect the measured tributyltin BCF in mussels(8), suggesting that tributyltin species are only weakly bound to these materials(SRC). Studies on the adsorption of tributyltin to a wide variety of sorbents yield sorption coefficients ranging from 110 to 350,000 l/kg, but the majority of sorption coefficients are about 1,000 l/kg(9). Adsorption is relatively fast (hours) and reversible(9). In a 278-day marine mesocosm experiment, the transport rate from the water column to sediment was 0.045/day(10). The distribution coefficient between dissolved state and particulate matter calculated from data between days 2-19 was 60,000 (standard deviation 30,000)(10). Other investigators obtained distribution constants for adsorption of tributyltin to particulate matter and sediment of 3400-9300 l/kg and 200-55,000 l/kg, respectively; values were a function of sediment type and location(10). The Freundlich parameters, log k and 1/n, for tributyltin to sediment was 1.07 and 0.359, respectively(11).

Tri-n-butyltin hydride's production and use as a reducing agent for the conversion of alkyl halides to hydrocarbons(1) and as a synthetic intermediate for other butyltin compounds(2,3), and its formation during the analysis for other tributyltin compounds(4) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Potential sources of organotin compounds in the Rhine River in Germany are the manufacture and industrial use of organotin compounds and the effluents of municipal sewage treatment plants(5). Municipal wastewater has been shown to contain considerable quantities of tributyltin that may be released in surface water(6).

Tributyltin degraded with a half-life of 20 weeks in Toronto Harbor (Canada) water in the dark at 20 °C; dibutyltin, monobutyltin and inorganic tin was detected as products(1). The half-life of tributyltin present in sediment-water mixtures was shorter than in water alone, 16 weeks at 20 °C in the dark(1). The detection of small quantities of methyltributyltin in the experiments with non-sterile mixtures of lake water and sediment and in water alone indicates that microorganisms are present that can methylate tributyltin(1). Half-lives as low as 6 and 7 days have been reported for incubation in water from a harbor in San Diego Bay in the presence of light and absence of light, respectively; at a clean water site, the respective half-lives were 9 and 19 days(2). The experimenters ruled out direct photolysis in these experiments as a cause of the increased degradation rate(2). In a marine mesocosm experiment, the biodegradation rate calculated from the gross removal rate less adsorption and volatilization transport rates was 0.08/day (half-life 9 days) at 20 °C(2). Other reported degradation half-lives for tributyltin include: 5.5 mo (marine sediment); 4 mo (aerobic freshwater/sediment); 2 mo (seawater at 5 °F); 6-19 days (estuarine waters) 6 days (freshwater at 5 °F); 6-17 days estuarine water; 4-13 days (estuarine water)(3).

Hazard Traits - Bioaccumulation; Environmental Persistence；Authoritative List - Canada PBiTs；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Council Regulation (EEC) No 315/1993

Status: Active Update: 20-12-2021 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/23311

Tributyltin hydride: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Used as a biocide in paints for ships and fishnets; [ChemIDplus] Used as a reducing agent for the conversion of alkyl halides to hydrocarbons, a veterinary anthelmintic for poultry, and an intermediate to make other butyltin compounds; Use as a marine biocide is being phased out globally due to toxicity to aquatic organisms. [HSDB]

Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides) [Category: Paint]

Reducing agent for the conversion of alkyl halides to hydrocarbons.

As synthetic intermediate for other butyltin compounds, such as unsymmetrical tetraorganotins; and compounds with tin-tin bonds.

MEDICATION

MEDICATION (VET)

Stannane, tributyl-: ACTIVE

The use of tributyltin compounds in antifoulants are restricted because of their toxicity to aquatic organisms and EPA is cooperating in international efforts for a global phase-out.