1-Pentanol

low Kow= 1.51

1.51

1.51

CHARACTERISTIC FUSEL-LIKE ODOR

Mild odor

0.818 at 59 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.8146 @ 20 °C/4 °C

/Bulk density/ (wt/gal)= 6.9 lb at 20 °C.

Relative density (water = 1): 0.8

0.810-0.816

Warning

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H226 (100%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: 1-Pentanol

Chemical: Pentanol

Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (amended)

1-Pentanol is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of 1-Pentanol are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 14-12-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/2115

Pentanol: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

Flammable. Heating will cause rise in pressure with risk of bursting. Above 43 °C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed.

Irritation of skin, eyes, and respiratory tract; headache and vertigo; dyspnea and cough; nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Double vision, deafness, delirium, and occasionally fatal poisoning, preceded by severe nervous symptoms, have been reported. Coma, glycosuria, and methemoglobinemia can occur. (USCG, 1999)

Amyl alcohol is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

Use alcohol-resistant foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Extinguish with dry chemical, alcohol foam, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective on fire. Cool exposed containers with water.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /pentanols/

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /pentanols/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /pentanols/

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /pentanols/

Remove all ignition sources. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent and remove to safe place. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapors.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for pentanol: Activated carbon.

Amyl alcohol is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

n-Pentyl alcohol was detected in the expired air in 4 of 8 male subjects (smoking and nonsmoking) at a concn range 0.007-0.60 ug/hr(1). It was also detected in the expired air of non-smoking healthy subjects(2) and the mean concn was 0.505 ng/L in 54 subjects with a percent occurrence of 22%(3). n-Pentyl alcohol was found in 4 of 12 mother's milk collected from NJ, PA and LA(4). It was also detected in 29 of 46 adipose tissues collected during the 1982 National Human Adipose Tissue Survey(5).

LC50 Brachydanio rerio (Zebra fish) 530 mg/L/96 hr; static

LC50 Leuciscus idus (Golden orfe) 479 mg/L/48 hr; static

LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, fry <24 hr old) 606 mg/L/96 hr; flow through

LC50 Alburnus alburnus (Bleak) 470 mg/L/96 hr; static

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for N-PENTYL ALCOHOL (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 160(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.51(2)and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-pentyl alcohol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-pentyl alcohol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for volatilization of n-pentyl alcohol from dry soil surfaces may exist (SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2.2 mm Hg(5). Screening studies using sewage inoculum(6-9) suggest that n-pentyl alcohol will readily degrade in soils under aerobic and anaerobic conditions(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 160(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.51(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-pentyl alcohol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4) Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 43 hours and 23 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The rate constant for the reaction of n-pentyl alcohol with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution has a maximum value of 4.8X10+9/M-sec at a pH of 5(7,8). Based on this rate constant and a value of 10-17 M for the concentration of hydroxyl radical in eutrophic water(9), the half-life of n-pentyl alcohol due to this reaction can be estimated to be 56 days. Therefore, this reaction should not be important in water(SRC). Biodegradation tests of n-pentyl alcohol with sewage and activated sludge(10-13) indicate that aerobic biodegradation will occur in natural water. Biodegradation tests under anaerobic conditions(14,15) suggests that biodegradation of the compound should occur in anaerobic water and sediment(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-pentyl alcohol , which has a vapor pressure of 2.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-pentyl alcohol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3).

n-Pentyl alcohol has been detected in volatile components of nectarine(1), fried bacon(3) and roasted filberts(4), Chickpea (Cocer arietimum)(5), kiwi fruit flower(7), Japanese apples(8), Cassava products(10) and Dalieb (Borassus aethiopum), an edible fruit of deciduous palm grown in Sudan(9). Unspecified isomer(s) of pentyl alcohol were detected in volatile components of fried chicken(6). n-Pentyl alcohol was detected at a mean concn 0.008 mg/kg in dry beans, at 0.019 mg/kg in dry split peas and at 0.095 mg/kg in dry lentils(2). n-Pentyl alcohol was detected at concns of 454-1267 ug/kg in commercial soybean curds(11). n-Pentyl alcohol was identified, not quantified, in blue cheese(12).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ This study describes effects of selected nonpolar narcotics of varying hydrophobicity (quantified by the 1-octanol-water partition coefficient, log Kow) and molecular structure on the population growth kinetics of the freshwater ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. The response of Tetrahymena exposed to different nonpolar narcotics varied from a change in generation time to a change in lag phase with similar generation time compared to control. Two narcotics with high (>3.00), intermediate (>0.00 and <3.00), and low log Kow (<0. 00) values were tested. Growth of Tetrahymena inhibited up to 85% by the high log Kow toxicants (2-decanone and butylbenzene) grew with similar rates as the control, but exhibited increased lag time, suggesting that the protozoan became acclimated to toxicant stress. Results from growth of Tetrahymena in the low log Kow toxicants (ethanol and acetone) indicate an increased generation time with increasing concentration. Cells inhibited by the intermediate log Kow chemicals, 1-pentanol and anisole, exhibited a response that was a combination of the previously mentioned two contrary responses. Cells inhibited <35% with 1-pentanol and <50% with anisole grew with similar generation times as control flasks, whereas in cells inhibited >35% or >50%, respectively, the doubling times were longer than control growth.

Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Nausea. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain. Temporary loss of vision.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation in the throat and chest. Further see Inhalation.

n-Pentyl alcohol was detected in the effluents from advanced waste water treatment facilities from Orange county, CA and Washington, DC(1). n-Pentyl alcohol is likely to be found in effluents from the following industries: plastics, synthetic resins and some elastomers; synthetic rubber; cleaning, polishing and sanitation preparation; industrial organic chemical; and petroleum refining(2).

The Koc of n-pentyl alcohol is estimated as 160(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.51(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that n-pentyl alcohol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil.

n-Pentyl alcohol occurs naturally in animal wastes and in essential oils of vegetation(1). It also occurs naturally as a volatile component of many foods including blue cheese(2), cassava(3), nectarine(4), chickpea seed(6) and kiwi fruit flowers(5).

IN ESSENTIAL OILS OF BRAZILIAN & AMERICAN PEPPERMINT, SPANISH "ORIGANUM", THYMUS MARSHALLIANUS, ARTEMISIA HERBA-ALBA, EUCALYPTUS CANUTA, E AGGREGATA, OREGANUM, & COTTONSEED OIL. ... ALSO /IN/ ... BITTER ORANGE OIL ...

Amyl alcohol is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Amyl alcohol is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

1-Pentanol is oxidized by alcohol dehydrogenase to /the aldehyde, and the aldehyde is then oxidized by aldehyde dehydrogenase to/ valeric acid in rats, and it can undergo further oxidation or be excreted in the urine.

Pentanol has known human metabolites that include (2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-pentoxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid.

...It is absorbed by GI tract, lung, and through the skin.

When rats were exposed by inhalation to 100, 300, or 600 ppm 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 7 weeks, 1-pentanol was found in the brain at 0.2, 1.4, and 3.2 ppm, respectively. Similar but smaller values were found in rats exposed to the same concentrations for 14 weeks. 1-Pentanol is oxidized by alcohol dehydrogenase to /the aldehyde, and the aldehyde is then oxidized by aldehyde dehydrogenase to/ valeric acid in rats, and it can undergo further oxidation or be excreted in the urine.

After an oral dose of 0.5, 1, or 2 g/kg of 1-pentanol, the maximal blood levels in mice occurred at 10 min and were nonlinear. The blood levels were 7, 11, and 16 mg/dL, respectively. No 1-pentanol could be found in the blood after 4 hr.

Rats given 1g/kg of 1-pentanol (0.25 g at 15-min intervals) by intraperitoneal injection showed a peak blood concentration of about 21 mg% 1 hr after dosing started and disappearance from the blood after 3.5 hr. Only 0.88% and 0.29% were excreted in the expired air and urine, respectively. Rats given a 2-g/kg oral dose of 1-pentanol had a peak blood concentration of 20 to 25 mg% in 1 hour and essentially none after 4 hr. No alcohol was detected in the urine.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for N-PENTYL ALCOHOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Used as a solvent (resins, gums, petroleum additives, synthetic flavors, hydraulic fluids), intermediate, lubricant, ore-flotation agent, plasticizer, corrosion inhibitor, and antioxidant; [HSDB] Occurs naturally in many foods; [CHEMINFO]

Metal Extraction and Refining [Category: Industry]

In organic synthesis; as solvent.

Synthetic flavor

Solvent for resins; diluent for hydraulic fluids; intermediate for n-pentyl acetate and other esters; intermediate for dithiophosphate esters (lubricating oil additive and hydraulic fluid additive).

Solvent in the manufacturing of petroleum additives, urea-formaldehyde plastics processing, organic chemical manufacturing and raw material for pharmaceutical preparations

2023: 10,000,000 - <50,000,000 lb

1-Pentanol is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

(1962) 5.5-6.8X10+9 GRAMS (ALL AMYL ALCOHOLS)

(1984) 8.52X10+11 g /ALLYL ALCOHOL, N-PENTYL ALCOHOL, 2-METHYL-1-BUTANOL/

(1986) >10 million - 50 million pounds

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for N-PENTYL ALCOHOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

BY HYDROGENATION OF VALERIC ALDEHYDE WITH SODIUM AMALGAM; FROM AMYL CHLORIDE.

Fractional distillation of mixed alcohols resulting from the chlorination and alkaline hydrolysis of pentane

... Commercial processes for the production of amyl alcohols include separation from fusel oils, chlorination of C-5 alkanes with subsequent hydrolysis to produce a mixture of seven of the eight isomers ... and a low pressure oxo process, or hydroformylation, of C-4 olefins followed by hydrogenation of the resultant C-5 aldehydes. /Amyl Alcohols/

Grade: Technical; CP; 98%.

In commerce, however, amyl alcohol is generally a mixture of several isomers, typically 74% (by weight) 1-pentanol, 25% 2-methyl-1-butanol, and 1% 3-methyl-1-butanol.

Fragrance Ingredients

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing

1-Pentanol: ACTIVE

...Commercial amyl alcohol or fusel oil is toxic mixture of isomers of varying composition.