Anethole

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Use absorbent paper to pick up spill material. Contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent-wash contaminated surfaces with alcohol followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Anethole will have a medium to low mobility(3) in soil based on estimated Koc values ranging from 327 to 680(1,2). Insufficient data are available to predict the relative importance or rate of biodegradation in soil conditions(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Volatilization of anethole from water is not rapid but could possibly be significant based upon estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.18X10-5 atm cu m/mol(1,2,SRC). Volatilization half-lives from a model river (1 m deep flowing 1 m/sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec) and a model lake (1 meter deep) can be estimated to be about 18 hours and 9 days respectively(2). Insufficient data are available to predict the relative importance or rate of biodegradation from natural waters(SRC). Aquatic bioconcentration is not expected to be an important fate process, however, based on a Koc value of 680(3), some absorption to sediment may occur(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Based on an extrapolated vapor pressure of approximately 0.005 mm Hg at 25 °C(1), anethole will exist in the atmosphere in the vapor phase(2). It will degrade in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with estimated half-lives of 4.9 and 4.5 hrs for the cis and trans isomers, respectively(3). Anethole will also degrade in the atmosphere by reaction with atmospheric ozone with estimated half-lives of 4.03 and 2.02 hrs for the cis and trans isomers, respectively(3).

In a monitoring study of organic constituents of kraft mill aerated stabilization basins in Oregon, anethole was detected at trace quantities (detection limits were not reported)(1). Another study of kraft mill aerated lagoons also identified anethole in four samples of an unbleached kraft aerated lagoon influent and effluent in the following concentrations (ppb): 30-60, 20-10, 30-trace (detection limit not reported), and 20-10; influents and effluents respectively(2). A third study of unbleached treated kraft paper mill wastewater in Georgia found anethole at approximately 0.007 mg/l(3).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indexes, the Koc for anethole can be estimated to be about 680(1). The Koc for anethole can be estimated to be about 327 based on an experimental water solubility of 111 mg/L(3) and a regression derived equation(2). According to a suggested classification scheme(4), these estimated Koc values suggest that anethole has medium to low soil mobility.

A CASE OF STOMATITIS HAS BEEN REPORTED AFTER USE OF DENTURE CREAM CONTAINING OIL OF ANISE (80-90% ANETHOLE). APPLIED TO SKIN ANETHOLE CAUSES ERYTHEMA, SCALING & VESICULATION.

COMPARED WITH RESULTS OF TESTS WITH BALSAMS & OTHER ESSENTIAL OILS, STAR OF ANISE OIL DOES NOT GIVE CROSS-REACTION & PSEUDO CROSS-SENSITIVITY. PT POSITIVE TO THIS OIL ARE FREQUENTLY POSITIVE TO ANETHOLE.

ANETHOLE TESTED @ 2% IN PETROLATUM PRODUCED NO IRRITATION AFTER A 48-HR CLOSED PATCH TEST IN 25 HUMAN SUBJECTS. A MAXIMIZATION TEST WAS CARRIED OUT ON 25 VOLUNTEERS. MATERIAL WAS TESTED @ 2% CONCN IN PETROLATUM & PRODUCED NO REACTIONS.

ANETHOLE WAS THE MOST SENSITIZING OF APPROX 8 SENSITIZING COMPONENTS. SYNERGISM MAY HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN THE IRRITATING & SENSITIZING PROPERTIES.

Chloronitrobenzenes are produced by nitration of chlorobenzene. The crude chloronitrobenzene obtained from the nitration process contains about 34% o-chloronitrobenzene, 65% p-chloronitrobenzene, and 1% m-chloronitrobenzene. The isomers are separated by a combination of crystallization and distillation.

Drug-Induced Liver Injury Severity and Toxicity (DILIst)

Anethole

DILI Positive

DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.022

Based upon an experimental water solubility of 111 mg/l(1), the BCF of anethole can be estimated to be approximately 43.4 from a regression-derived equation(2). This estimated BCF value suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC).

Anethole used as a synthetic flavoring substance or adjuvant in food for human consumption is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice.

Anethole used as a synthetic flavoring substance or adjuvant in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. p-Anethole is found on List C. Case No: 3018; Pesticide type: Rodenticide; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered ... The case /is characterized/ as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): Anethole; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."