1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane:

(General first aid procedures)

Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do not let this chemical enter the environment.

Ventilate area of spill or leak. If in liq form, collect for reclamation or absorb in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or similar material. If ... solid, ... collect spilled material in most convenient & safe manner for reclamation.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane may be disposed: 1) If in liquid form, by absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material 2) If in the solid form, by disposing in a secured sanitary landfill.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

... In operations in which exposure to 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-Difluoroethane may occur ... local exhaust ventilation; general dilution ventilation; personal protective equipment /should be used/.

Skin that becomes contaminated with liquid 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,-2-difluoroethane washed or showered with soap or mild detergent and water to remove any 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane.

Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,1,1,2-TETRACHLORO-2,2-DIFLUOROETHANE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 200(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-1 atm-cu m/mole, derived from its vapor pressure, 60 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 100 mg/L(5). The potential for volatilization of 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane from dry soil surfaces may exist, based upon a vapor pressure of 60 mm Hg(4). Structurally similar compounds such as Freon 12 and Freon 114 have been shown to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(6), suggesting that 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane may also biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 200(SRC), determined from an estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane may moderately adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-1 atm-cu m/mole, derived from its vapor pressure, 60 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 100 mg/L(8). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.5 hours and 5.7 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 82(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 3.41(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Structurally similar compounds such as Freon 12 and Freon 114 have been shown to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(9), suggesting that 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane may also biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 60 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane is not expected to degrade in the troposphere. As a result, it will disperse and slowly diffuse to the stratosphere, a process that may take decades(3). By analogy to other chlorofluorocarbons(5), 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane will slowly photolyze in the stratosphere, releasing chlorine atoms which in turn are responsible for removing ozone(4). While some 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane may be lost from the atmosphere by being scavenged by rain, any loss will be returned to the atmosphere by volatilization(SRC). 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane does not contain any chromophores that absorb solar radiation >290 nm and, therefore, it is not susceptible to direct photolysis in the troposphere(SRC).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Sore throat. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Irregular heartbeat. Confusion. Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.

irritation eyes, skin; central nervous system depression; pulmonary edema; drowsiness; dyspnea (breathing difficulty)

The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane at potentially hazardous levels: 1)Initial Medical Screening: Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions which might place the employee at increased risk from exposure (this includes chronic respiratory disease). 2) Periodic Medical Exam: Any employee developing the above-listed conditions should be referred for further medical examination.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2,-difluoroethane can be estimated to be 200(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2,-difluoroethane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Early ... human experience indicated that high vapor concentration (eg, 20%) may cause confusion, pulmonary irritation, tremors, & rarely coma, but ... these effects were generally transient & without late sequelae.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Aerosol sprays containing fluorocarbon propellants are another source of solvent intoxication. Prolonged exposure or daily use may result in damage to several organ systems. Clinical problems include cardiac arrhythmias, bone marrow depression, cerebral degeneration, and damage to liver, kidney, & peripheral nerves. Death occasionally has been attributed to inhalant abuse, probably via the mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias, especially accompanying exercise or upper airway obstruction. /Fluorocarbon propellants/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ As with other chlorofluorocarbons, intentional concentration and inhalation of CFC-112a has the potential to induce laryngeal spasm, edema, oxygen deprivation, and possible myocardial sensititzation. Aerosol sprays containing fluorocarbon propellants such as CFC-112a are a source of solvent intoxication. Prolonged exposure or daily use may result in damage to several organ systems. Clinical problems include cardiac arrythmias, bone marrow depression, cerebral degeneration, and damage to liver, kidney, and peripheral nerves. Death occasionally has been attributed to inhalant abuse, probably via the mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias, especially accompanying exercise or upper airway obstruction.

/CASE REPORTS/ ... Cause of death /from abuse of fluorocarbons/ is in ... doubt. Freezing of airway soft tissues can probably be eliminated ... except in cases where product was sprayed directly into mouth from container or balloon containing some liq.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,1,1,2-TETRACHLORO-2,2-DIFLUOROETHANE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane's former production and use a refrigerant, solvent, corrosion inhibitor, and foam blowing agent(1) may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), such as 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane, were scheduled for production phase-out in 1989 by the Montreal Protocol(2). Although originally scheduled for 50% production phase-out by the year 1998 in developed countries, the worsening ozone depletion has forced acceleration of the CFC phase-out to total phase-out by the year 2000(1).

ANAEROBIC: Structurally similar compounds such as Freon 12 and Freon 114 have been shown to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(1), suggesting that 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane may also biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(SRC).

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), after consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is amending FDA's regulation on the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) in selfpressurized containers to remove the essential-use designations for flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil used in oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). The Clean Air Act requires FDA, in consultation with the EPA, to determine whether an FDA-regulated product that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS. FDA has concluded that there are no substantial technical barriers to formulating flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil as products that do not release ODSs, and therefore they will no longer be essential uses of ODSs as of the effective dates of this rule. MDIs for these active moieties containing an ODS may not be marketed after the relevant effective date. DATES: Removal of Part 2.125(e)(2)(iii) and 2.125(e)(4)(vii) is effective June 14, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(v) and 2.125(e)(4)(iv) is effective December 31, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(iii) is effective June 30, 2011. Removal of 2.125(e)(2)(iv) and Part 2.125(e)(4)(viii) is effective December 31, 2013. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/

Use of ozone-depleting substances in foods, drugs, devices, or cosmetics. (a) As used in this section, ozone-depleting substance (ODS) means any class I substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix A to subpart A, or class II substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix B to subpart A. (b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, any food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is not an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act. (c) A food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act if paragraph (e) of this section specifies the use of that product as essential. For drugs, including biologics and animal drugs, and for devices, an investigational application or an approved marketing application must be in effect, as applicable. ... (e) The use of ODSs in the following products is essential: ... (2) Metered-dose short-acting adrenergic bronchodilator human drugs for oral inhalation. Oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers containing the following active moieties: ... (iv) Pirbuterol. ... (4) Other essential uses. (iii) Anesthetic drugs for topical use on accessible mucous membranes of humans where a cannula is used for application. ... (vi) Metered-dose atropine sulfate aerosol human drugs administered by oral inhalation. ... (viii) Metered-dose ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate, in combination, administered by oral inhalation for human use. (ix) Sterile aerosol talc administered intrapleurally by thoracoscopy for human use. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/