Basic information
- CAS
581-64-6- Standard SMILES
Nc1ccc2nc3ccc(=[NH2+])cc-3sc2c1.[Cl-]- InChIKey
ANRHNWWPFJCPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M- Molecular formula
- C12H10ClN3S
- Average molar mass
- 263.75 g/mol
- Monoisotopic mass
- 263.0283962
Overview
Thionine is an organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS. It has a role as a fluorochrome and a histological dye. It contains a thionine cation.
Names & identifiers
- Preferred name
- 3-Imino-3H-phenothiazin-7-amine-hydrogen chloride (1:1)
- IUPAC
- (7-aminophenothiazin-3-ylidene)azanium chloride
- English name
- Thionine
- Molecular formula
- C12H10ClN3S
- Molecular weight
- 263.74
Names & synonyms
3-Imino-3H-phenothiazin-7-amine-hydrogen chloride (1:1)DTXSID60936593RefChem:1068034DTXCID001365198635-76-7ThionineThionin581-64-6Lauth's VioletKatalysin3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chlorideThionin chloride
Show more names
ThioniFIBRINOGENASElauthschesviolettapprox.90%dyecontentThionin hydrochlorideCOAGULATION FACTOR FLA
Lauthsches violett3,7-Diaminophenazathionium chlorideC.I. 52000Thionine ChlorideVTT2SAT5H0NSC-95913,7-diamino-5lambda4-phenothiazin-5-ylium chlorideNSC-56342
Database identifiers
- CAS
581-64-6- PubChem CID
- 65043
- DTXSID
DTXSID90883445- ChEMBL
CHEMBL593252- ChEBI
CHEBI:52295- UNII
- VTT2SAT5H0
Properties
Computed structural properties
- Topological polar surface area
- 89.3 Ų
- Hydrogen bond donors
- 2
- Hydrogen bond acceptors
- 4
- Rotatable bonds
- 0
- Heavy atoms
- 17
- Formal charge
- 0
- Complexity
- 388
Physicochemical properties
- storage temp.
- 20 °C · −20°C
- solubility
- 2 O: · H2O: 1 mL/vial clear to slightly hazy, colorless solution
- Colour Index
- 52000 · 52000
- form
- powder
- color
- white
- Merck
- 9346 · 9346
- Specific Activity
- 2 · ≥2,000units/mg protein
- CAS DataBase Reference
- 581 · 581-64-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
- FDA UNII
- 2 SAT5H0 · VTT2SAT5H0
- EPA Substance Registry System
- Thionin (581-64-6)
- UNSPSC Code
- 12352204 · 12352204
- NACRES
- 54 · NA.54
- Symbol(GHS)
- 7 · GHS07
- Signal word
- Warning
- Hazard statements
- 332 · H332-H302-H312
- Precautionary statements
- 264 · P264-P270-P301+P312-P330-P501-P280-P302+P352-P312-P322-P363-P501-P261-P271-P304+P340-P312
Safety & regulation
Safety information is for reference only and does not replace the supplier’s Safety Data Sheet (SDS), applicable regulations, or professional assessment.
Toxicology
Health EffectsThionins are cytotoxic to animal cells. (L1249)
Exposure RoutesInjestion or dermal contact. (L1817)
Toxicity SummaryThionins are thought to attack the cell membrane and render it permeable. This results in the inhibition of sugar uptake and allows potassium and phosphate ions, proteins, and nucleotides to leak from cells. (L1249)
Signs and SymptomsThionins are cytotoxic to animal cells. (L1249)
Carcinogen ClassificationNo indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Safety data
- wgk
- 2
- tsca
- TSCA listed
- rtecs
- XO8950000
- risk_code
- 36/37/38-42
- Signal word
- Warning
- Symbol(GHS)
- GHS07
- hazard_code
- Xn,B
- safety_code
- 22-24-26-36/37
- Storage Class
- 10 - Combustible liquids
- Hazard statements
- H332-H302-H312
- Precautionary statements
- P264-P270-P301+P312-P330-P501-P280-P302+P352-P312-P322-P363-P501-P261-P271-P304+P340-P312
Chemistry & industry
Pharmacology
Metabolism/Metabolites
Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases.
Uses & manufacturing
UsesThionins are small plant proteins that are toxic to animal cells. They are mainly found in seeds where they may act as a defence against consumption by animals. (L1249)
Applications
DescriptionThrombin is the last enzyme in the clotting cascade functioning to cleave fibrinogen to fibrin and potentiates the procoagulation process by activating factors V, VIII, XI, and XIII. Conversely, thrombin aids the anticoagulant process by activating protein C. Activated protein C inhibits activated factors V and VIII ultimately down-regulating further thrombin production. Thrombin is often used as a potent platelet activator in vitro. Platelet responses to thrombin are mediated through protease-activated receptors (PARs). Thrombin-mediated signaling regulates a diverse range of metabolic processes including activation of phospholipases in platelets, endothelial cells, and cardiac myocytes.
UsesThrombin is used for site specific cleavage of recombinant fusion proteins containing an accessible thrombin recognition site for removal of affinity tags. Thrombin has been used in a study to assess in vitro hemostatic properties of French lyophilized plasma.
UsesThionine Chloride is used in the preparation of carbon paste electrode with covalently immobilized thionine for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide
General DescriptionThrombin is the final coagulation protease in regard to hemostasis, promoting both procoagulant and anticoagulant effects. Thrombin is also known as coagulation factor IIa. It is a serine endopeptidase that hydrolyzes peptide and ester bonds specifically at the carboxylic side of arginine. This enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
Related reactions
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Compound notes
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