Perfluoroheptanoic acid

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust; Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Normal measures for preventive fire protection.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Perfluoroheptanoic acid was not detected (detection limit 0.4 ng/mL) in the serum of 31 Boston, MA office workers in samples collected winter of 2009(1). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected in the blood of 92% of California firefighters tested at 0.1-1 ng/g lipid weight(2). The concentration of perfluoroheptanoic acid in the serum of 2 of 20 Atlanta, GA residents was 1.2 and 8.5 ng/mL, samples were collected July 2003(3). Perfluoroheptanoic acid concentration was <0.050 ng/mL (1977), increased to 0.14 ng/mL (2000), and then stabilized at 0.061 to 0.14 ng/mL (2001-2006) in 24 pooled serum samples from men, age 40 to 50 years, representing 1977 to 2006(4). From 2006 to 2008, 233 human blood samples were taken from donors from the capital cities of 12 provinces or districts of China, perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected as follows - city (ng/mL): Harbin (0.399), Hohhot (0.655), Lanzhou (0.441), Taiyuan (<0.1), Shijiazhuang (0.695), Qingdao (<0.1), Ningbo (<0.1), Changsha (<0.1), Chengdu (0.694), Chongqing (0.244), Kumming (0.752) and Guizhou (0.693)(5). Human blood samples from volunteer donors from five Chinese cities (Shenyang, Beijing, Gulyang, Jintan, Nanjing) collected in 2004 had perfluoroheptanoic acid concentrations of <0.01-0.0906 ng/mL(6). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected at <0.004-2.25 ng/mL in 420 human blood samples collected from volunteer residents from Halle and Munster, Germany; samples were collected 1982 to 2009(7). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was not detected in blood samples from the population of Tarragona County, Spain(8). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was not detected (detection limit 1.0 ng/mL) in two human milk samples, collection data were not provided(3). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected at 0.007 ng/mL in pooled human milk samples collected 2003 to 2004 from women in the Kingston, Ontario, Canada region(9). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected at 0.074 ug/L in one of 48 breast milk samples collected November 2007, one month postpartum, from F

Perfluoroheptanoic acid concentrations in breast milk samples, collected 1999 to 2005, from women primarily living in major cities from seven Asian Countries were reported as follows(1):[Table#8286]

Concentration of perfluoroheptanoic acid in adult (age 19-62) human blood, 15 samples from each category, taken from citizens of Gdansk, Poland and nearby villages. Blood donations were collected July 2003(1). ;[Table#8287]

Perfluoroheptanoic acid was studied in wax technicians employed by the Swedish and US national cross-country ski teams. Whole blood samples were taken pre-season (pre) Sept 2007, during the World Cup season (during) Dec 2007 to Mar 2008 and post-season (post) April to Aug 2008. Number of years (years) working as a wax technician and occupations for the off season (April to Nov) are given, one technician is a full-time employee at Swedish Ski Association(1).[Table#8288]

EC50; Species: Geitlerinema amphibium (Blue-green Algae) Exponential Growth Phase BA-13; Conditions: saltwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.6-7.8; Concentration: 1.42 mM for 72 hr; Effect: decreased population growth /formulation/

EC50; Species: Skeletonema marinoi (Diatom) Exponential Growth Phase BA-98; Conditions: saltwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.6-7.8; Concentration: 2.4 mM for 72 hr; Effect: decreased population growth /formulation/

EC50; Species: Chlorella vulgaris (Green Algae) Exponential Growth Phase BA-02; Conditions: saltwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.6-7.8; Concentration: 5.21 mM for 72 hr; Effect: decreased population growth /formulation/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), reported log Koc values of 1.52-2.82(2), indicate that perfluoroheptanoic acid is expected to have very high to low mobility in soil depending on the soil composition(SRC). The estimated pKa of perfluoroheptanoic acid is -2.29(3), indicating that this compound will exist entirely in the anion form in the environment and, therefore, volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Perfluoroheptanoic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.133 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). The concentration of perfluoroheptanoic acid decreased 40% from day 497 to day 546 in soil containing endogenous microbes incubated at 25 °C, indicating degradation may occur(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), log Koc values of 1.52-2.82(2), indicate that perfluoroheptanoic acid is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). An estimated pKa of -2.29(3) indicates perfluoroheptanoic acid will exist entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Perfluoroheptanoic acid is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). According to a classification scheme(5), a reported BCF of 0.62 in rainbow trout(6), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Perfluoroheptanoic acid biodegraded 40% in soil containing endogenous microbes incubated at 25 °C from day 497 to day 546, indicating that degradation in water may occur(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), perfluoroheptanoic acid, which has a vapor pressure of 0.133 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase perfluoroheptanoic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 31 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Perfluoroheptanoic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected in one of three popcorn packaging paper before and after cooking at 3.2 and 4.3 ng/sq cm, respectively; popcorn was purchased at retail stores in New York, NY in 2005(1). Perfluoroheptanoic acid in was not detected in traditional aquatic (ringed seal, polar bear, beluga, narwhal, bearded seal, walrus, eider duck, black duck, Arctic char, lake trout, clams, seaweed) or terrestrial (caribou, ptarmigan, Arctic hare, snow goose) Inuit foods collected between 1997 and 1999 in Nunavut, Canada(2). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was found at 0.015 ng/g fresh weight in whole milk; all other products (vegetables, pulses, cereals, white fish, seafood, tinned fish, blue fish, pork, chicken, veal, lamb, eggs, dairy products, semi-skimmed milk, fruits, margarine oil) were listed at less than detection limit (detection limits varied); samples were collected July 2006 from local markets, large supermarkets and grocery stores from different locations of Tarragona County, Spain(3). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected in four tap water samples from Amsterdam, The Netherlands at 0.9-1.4 ng/L; mixed cola and brewed coffee made from this tap water had perfluoroheptanoic acid concentrations of <0.07-0.71 and <0.11-2.4 ng/L, respectively(4). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was not detected (detection limit 0.13 ng/g) in chicken and duck eggs; not detected (detection limit 0.67ng/g) in pork, beef, duck or goat blood cakes; not detected (detection limit 0.70 ng/g) in pork, beef, chicken, duck or goat liver; not detected (detection limit 0.22 ng/g) in pork, chicken or goat meat; but was detected at 0.15 ng/g in beef meat; food samples were collected Jan to Feb 2009 from local markets and grocery stores in Nanchang, Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjin, China(5). Seven types of seafood were purchased from local markets in Zhoushan and Guangzhou, China in 2004, perfluoroheptanoic acid was only detected in Japanese mackerel from Guangzhou at 0.41 ng/g wet weight(6).

In Nov 2009, food products of 15 food categories were randomly purchased in several Dutch retail stores; perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected as follows(1):[Table#8291]

Perfluoroheptanoic acid was sampled for in food, tea and milk purchased in grocery stores in Oslo, Norway between Oct 2008 and Jan 2009; concentrations were (pg/g fresh weight)(1):[Table#8292]

Perfluoroheptanoic acid was not detected (detection limit 0.25 ng/g) in 12 raw and 49 retail milk samples collected at locations across the US(1). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was not detected (detection limit 1.2 pg/mL) in 21 infant formula samples purchased from retail stores in Washington, DC and Boston, MA in 2007, or in 12 dairy milk samples purchased from retail stores and local farms in Albany, NY in 2008(2). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was not detected (detection limit 0.87 pg/g) in milk samples purchased at grocery stores in Oslo, Norway between Oct 2008 and Jan 2009(3). In Nov 2009, milk samples randomly purchased in several Dutch retail stores did not contain perfluoroheptanoic acid (detection limit <3 pg/g)(4). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was found at 0.015 ng/g fresh weight in whole milk but not detected in semi-skimmed milk (detection limit 0.004 ng/g fresh weight); samples were collected July 2006 from local markets, large supermarkets and grocery stores from different locations of Tarragona County, Spain(5).

Perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected at 0.074 ug/L in one of 48 breast milk samples collected November 2007, one month postpartum, from French women(1). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected at 0.007 ng/mL in pooled human milk samples collected 2003 to 2004 from women in the Kingston, Ontario, Canada region(2). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was not detected (detection limit 1.0 ng/mL) in two human milk samples, collection data were not provided(3).

Perfluoroheptanoic acid concentrations in breast milk samples, collected 1999 to 2005, from women primarily living in major cities from seven Asian Countries were reported as follows(1):[Table#8293]

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) is a beige crystalline solid. It is categorized as a long-chain perfluoroalkanecarboxylic acid. These acids and derivatives are used as wetting, dispersing, emulsifying, and foaming agents. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Researchers studied 105 men and determined that there was no difference in mean PFHpA levels between those with high testosterone and those with low testosterone. In children, a significant difference in serum levels of PFHpA between those with or without asthma was reported, although median levels were the same. No difference in mean serum levels of PFHpA were reported in women with or without endometriosis. In a study in South Korea, PFHpA was not detected in maternal sera, cord sera, or human milk. ANIMAL STUDIES: The cytotoxicity of PFHpA (among other perfluorinated carboxylic acids) towards two different types of mammalian cell lines and one marine bacteria was investigated. The results show these compounds have a very low acute biological activity. Perfluoroheptanoic acid had no effect on the potency to accumulate triglyceride and induction of peroxisomal beta-oxidation in the liver of male and female rats.

Based on drinking water concentrations, the daily intake of perfluoroheptanoic acid was calculated as 0.96 ng/person/day(1). Body weight normalized dietary exposure calculations from a market basket food study in 1999 from Sweden found the intake of perfluoroheptanoic acid from fish, fruit, potatoes and sugar/sweets to be 17, 0.3, 5.4 and 1.1 pg/kg/day, respectively(2).

Perfluoroheptanoic acid was not detected (detection limit 1 ng/g wet weight) in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) that had signs of white nose syndrome, collected from caves in eastern New York State from Feb to March 2008(1). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected in serum samples from 9 of 73 loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) at <100-358 pg/mL and in 1 of 6 Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) at 101 pg/mL; turtles were caught off the US southeastern coast(2). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected at unreported concentrations in northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) from Prince Leopold Island, Nunavut, Canada in samples collected 1993 and 2003(3). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was not detected (detection limit 0.1 ng/g wet weight) in northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) and thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) eggs sampled 1971-2011 from Prince Leopold Island, Nunavut, Canada; black guillemot (Cepphus grylle), black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) eggs sampled in 2008 did not contain perfluoroheptanoic acid(4). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was not detected (detection limit 50 pg/mL) in blood samples from 16 eider duck (Sommateria mollisima), collected from the Gulf of Gdansk in Feb 2003(5). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was not detected (detection limit ng/g) in the muscle (2.2), kidney (1.5), adult liver (4.5), chick liver (4.4) or egg (0.72) of common guillemot (Uria aalge) samples from Stora Karlso Island in the Baltic Sea collected in 1989(6). Tucuxi dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) samples from Paraiba do Sul River, Brazil had perfluoroheptanoic acid concentrations of <0.66, <1.54 and <0.90 ng/g wet weight in liver, muscle and kidney tissue, respectively(7). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected at 12 pg/mL or less in blood plasma from three Japanese black beef cattle tracked from 9 to 27 months of age(8).

Perfluoroheptanoic acid concentrations were reported in the blood of five sea turtle species collected from Core Sound, NC; Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii), loggerhead (Caretta caretta), green (Chelonia mydas) and Juno Beach, FL; hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbreicata), leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea); samples were collected June-Oct 2006, June-Aug 2006 and April-May 2007(1).[Table#8282]

Reported perfluoroheptanoic acid concentrations in fish: Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida), capelin (Mallotus villosus) and salmon (Salmo sp.), water fowl: common eider duck (Somateria mollissima sedentaria) and white winged scoters (Melanitta fusca), and beluga whales (Delphinapterus lecuas) collected from the Hudson Bay region of northeastern Canada, during the months of May to Sept between 1999 and 2003 were as follows(1):[Table#8283]

Perfluoroheptanoic acid was not detected (detection limit 0.005 ng/g wet weight) in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) collected from the Baltic Sea from 1969-1985, 1987-1993, 1996, 1998 and 2000-2006(1). Data for years that perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected in seals are summarized below(1).[Table#8284]

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of December 17, 2015: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

Perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected in 14 urban (Albany, NY) surface water runoff samples at <0.25-6.44 ng/L; samples were collected Jan to March 2007(1). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected in influent and effluent samples collected from 10 wastewater treatment facilities located throughout the US at not detected to 25 and not detected to 23 ng/L, respectively(2). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected in untreated wastewater, wastewater effluent and surface runoff samples from Tokyo Bay(3). Samples of effluent from three sewage treatment plants located in the Tsurumi River region of Japan contained 5.5-7.2 ng/L of perfluoroheptanoic acid; samples were collected Jan to March 2006(4). Samples of effluent from 13 sewage treatment plants located in the Hayabuchi River region of Japan contained 3.3-19.1 ng/L of perfluoroheptanoic acid; samples were collected Jan 9, 2007(5). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected in 94% of effluent samples collected from 90 European wastewater treatment plants at 1-2962 ng/L (average 82.9 ng/L, median 5.1 ng/L); samples were collected 2010(6). Perfluoroheptanoic acid was detected in samples from urban canals, drainage canals, influent and effluent samples from wastewater treatment plants in Shenyang, China at 2.56-4.90, 1.28-146, 3.14-17.9 and 1.60-24.2 ng/L, respectively; samples were collected July to Sept 2009(7). Influent and effluent samples from two municipal wastewater treatment plants contained 0.8-1.9 and <0.1 ng/L perfluoroheptanoic acid, respectively; the effluent from an industrial wastewater treatment plant contained 14.5 ng/L perfluoroheptanoic acid; all plants are located in Taipei, Taiwan(8).

Perfluoroheptanoic acid concentrations in the influent or effluent samples from waste water treatment plants along the Glatt Valley Watershed, Switzerland were reported; all samples were collected Feb to March 2006(1).[Table#8289]

The log Koc of perfluoroheptanoic acid was measured in three soils amended with municipal biosolids.The log Koc was 2.22 for a silty clay loam having 3 years of biosold application, log Koc of 2.82 for a fine sand with 3 years of biosolis application, and a log Koc of 1.52 for a silt loam with 1-20 years of biosolid application(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc range suggests that perfluoroheptanoic acid is expected to have very high to low mobility in soil, depending on soil composition. The log Kd in sediment samples was reported as 0.96-1.03(3). The log Koc and log Kd were reported as 2.4-4.0 and 1.1-2.9, respectively, in 26 sediment samples collected along the Haihe River, China; samples were collected April to May 2010(4).

Chemical: Heptanoic acid, tridecafluoro-

Hazard Traits - Bioaccumulation; Environmental Persistence；Authoritative List - CECBP - Priority Chemicals; EC Annex VI CMRs - Cat. 1B; EC PBTs；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Substance: Perfluoroheptanoic acid；EC: 206-798-9；Date of inclusion: >17-Jan-2023；Reason for inclusion: Toxic for reproduction (Article 57c); PBT (Article 57d); vPvB (Article 57e); Equivalent level of concern having probable serious effects to human health (Article 57(f) - human health); Equivalent level of concern having probable serious effects to the environment (Article 57(f) - environment)

Long-chain perfluoroalkanecarboxylic acids and their salts are surface-active chemicals (surfactants), which greatly reduce the surface tension (surface energy) of water, aqueous solutions, and organic liquids even at low concentrations. These acids (C6- C12) and derivatives are used as wetting, dispersing, emulsifying, and foaming agents. /Long-chain perfluoroalkanecarboxylic acids/

• Detected in treated apparel [Ref: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.001]；• Detected in food packaging materials [Ref: doi:10.1007/s11356-013-1596-y]；• Detected in impregnation sprays [Ref: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4202-7]；• Detected in sandwich and popcorn paper [Ref: Blom C, Hanssen L. Analysis of Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances in Articles (M-360).; 2015.]；• Detected in fluor polish [Ref: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.001]；• Detected in Formica, Oriented Strand Boards, Wooden Boards and Chipboards [Ref: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.112]；• Detected in dental floss [Ref: KEMI Swedish Chemical Agency. 2015b. Occurrence and Use of Highly Fluorinated Substances and Alternatives.]；• AFFF (detected) [Ref: https://doi.org/10.1021/es3034999]；• Detected in cosmetics [Ref: Schultes2018, Brinch2018]；• Detected in membranes for apparel [Ref: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.001]；• Detected in leather [Ref: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4202-7]；• Detected in ski wax [Ref: Blom C, Hanssen L. Analysis of Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances in Articles (M-360).; 2015.]；• Detected in fire-fighter textiles [Ref: Peaslee2020]

non-polymer PFAS -> Laboratory Supplies -> Impregnation spray for leather and textile；non-polymer PFAS -> Laboratory Supplies -> Impregnation of genuine leather；non-polymer PFAS -> Textile and upholstery -> Textile and upholstery；non-polymer PFAS -> Floor coverings -> Nylon carpets；non-polymer PFAS -> Coatings, Paints and Varnishes -> Coatings in general；non-polymer PFAS -> Wood processing -> Wood building materials；non-polymer PFAS -> Floor coverings -> Carpets in general；non-polymer PFAS -> Personal Care products and cosmetics -> Scrub/peeling；non-polymer PFAS -> Personal Care products and cosmetics -> Body lotion/ body cream/ body oil；non-polymer PFAS -> Medicinal Utensils -> Dental floss；non-polymer PFAS -> Sports articles -> Ski wax；non-polymer PFAS -> Sports articles -> Bicycle lubricant；non-polymer PFAS -> Building and Construction -> Greenhouse；non-polymer PFAS -> Fire-Fighting Foam -> Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF)；non-polymer PFAS -> Personal Care products and cosmetics -> Cosmetics and personal care products in general；non-polymer PFAS -> Paper and packaging -> Food-contact articles；non-polymer PFAS -> Personal Care products and cosmetics -> Concealer/corrector；non-polymer PFAS -> Floor coverings -> Laminated plastic floor covering；non-polymer PFAS -> Apparel -> Apparel；non-polymer PFAS -> Personal Care products and cosmetics -> Powder

Long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids are prepared by the Simons electrochemical fluorination of the corresponding acyl halide ... The acids are obtained by hydrolysis of the perfluoroacyl fluoride, followed by distillation. Some carbon - carbon bond scission occurs to form lower homologous acids along with inert fluorocarbons and cyclic ethers. The acid yield decreases with increasing chain length. /Long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids/

PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) -> OECD Category

PFAS -> PFcarboxylic acids (PFCA)

PFAS