Salicylaldehyde

Fragrance Ingredient (Salicylaldehyde) -> IFRA transparency List

Fragrance

log Kow = 1.81

1.81

1.62

Bitter, almond-like odor

Pungent, irritating odor similar to benzenaldehyde, acetophenone, and nitrobenzene, but with phenolic notes

Nut-like, coumarin flavor at low levels

Burning taste

1.1674 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.167 g/cu cm at 20 °C/4 °C

1.159-1.170

1.167 @25 °C

Liquid

Colorless, oily liquid or dark-red oil

Colorless to straw, oily liquid

Warning

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P203, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3872 reports by companies from 19 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

Chemical: Benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy-

Hazard Traits - Fragrance Allergen

Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 (Repealed by Com. Implementing Reg. (EU) No 872/2012)

Benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 28-04-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/5715

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

A skin and eye irritant; [CAMEO] A skin irritant; [eChemPortal: ERMA] Included in list of established contact allergens in humans; [EC: Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety: Fragrance allergens in cosmetic products (2011)] An irritant; Can be absorbed through skin; [MSDSonline]

Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants may be safely used in food in accordance with the following conditions. (a) They are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice. (b) They consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part. Salicylaldehyde is included on this list.

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date: 9/30/91; Reporting date: 11/27/91.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy- is included on this list. Effective date: 9/30/91; Sunset date: 6/30/98.

Residues of salicylaldehyde are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: Penetration aid. Limit: Not to exceed 14% by weight of pesticide formulation.

SALICYLALDEHYDE is an aldehyde. Aldehydes are frequently involved in self-condensation or polymerization reactions. These reactions are exothermic; they are often catalyzed by acid. Aldehydes are readily oxidized to give carboxylic acids. Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of aldehydes with azo, diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. Aldehydes can react with air to give first peroxo acids, and ultimately carboxylic acids. These autoxidation reactions are activated by light, catalyzed by salts of transition metals, and are autocatalytic (catalyzed by the products of the reaction). The addition of stabilizers (antioxidants) to shipments of aldehydes retards autoxidation.

0 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible materials.

2 - Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. Materials would not under normal conditions form hazardous atmospheres with air, but under high ambient temperatures or under moderate heating could release vapor in sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air.

0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

To fight fire, use alcohol foam, spray, mist, dry chemical.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition. No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Residues of salicylaldehyde are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: Penetration aid. Limit: Not to exceed 14% by weight of pesticide formulation.

1.6 [mg/m3]

17 [mg/m3]

100 [mg/m3]

Wear goggles and self-contained breathing apparatus. (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166 (EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 12000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: population, decreased biomass /formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 11000 ug/L for 72 hr; Effect: population, decreased biomass /formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 12000 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: population, decreased biomass /formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 22000 ug/L for 72 hr; Effect: decreased population /formulation/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 73(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.81(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 5.93X10-1 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1.7X10+4 mg/L(5). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has a vapor pressure close to one and exists as a liquid under environmental conditions; therefore, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde may volatilize from dry soil(SRC). Utilizing an inherent biodegradation test complete degradation was observed indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 73(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.81(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2-hydroxybenzaldehydeis not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 5.93X10-1 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 1.7X10+4 mg/L(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(7), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 and 57 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 7(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Utilizing an inherent biodegradation test complete degradation was observed indicating that biodegradation is likely an important environmental fate process in water(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 5.93X10-1 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.8X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has been reported in grapes, tomato, baked potato, parmesan cheese, butter, milk powder, roasted chicken, beer, rum, Japanese whiskey, sherry, coffee, tea, soybean, mushroom, buckwheat, Bourbon vanilla, Chinese quince, Muscat grape, and vanilla(1). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has been identified, but not quantified, as a volatile constituent of baked potatoes(2).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Salicylaldehyde is a liquid. It is used in analytical chemistry, perfumery (violet), synthesis of coumarin, as an auxiliary fumigant, and flavoring. HUMAN STUDIES: An elk researcher who had handled leaves from various trees presented with eczema of the hands, face, flexures, trunk and extremities. Patch testing showed sensitivity to salicyl alcohol, salicylaldehyde, balsam of Peru (Myroxylon pereirae resin), aspen wood dust and an extract prepared from the bark of aspen (Populus tremula). Besides salicyl alcohol, salicylaldehyde is also recommended to be used to screen for contact allergy to aspen. Both of these chemicals should be tested in forest workers in areas where aspen is growing. ANIMAL STUDIES: Salicylaldehyde fed to male rats for 10 days or more caused an increase in the number and size of hepatic and renal microbodies and caused fibrillar material to appear. The drug did not cause fibrillar material to appear in hepatic microbodies of mice or microbodies of transplantable rat hepatomas. Salicylaldehyde evoked a hypocalcemia in rats and mice. Salicylaldehyde and its acetyl derivatives are all less potent analgesics and antinflammatory agents in rodents than salicylic acid and aspirin.

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of November 16, 2017: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

The Koc of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is estimated as 73(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.81(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde is expected to have high mobility in soil.

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has been identified as a constituent in various tissues and essential oils of several plant species(1). 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde occurs in the flowers of Spirea ulmaria and in the essential oils of several plants of the genus Spirea, in the roots of Crepis foetida, in the fruits of Pinus avium, in the rind of Rauqolfia caffra, in the leaves of Ceanothus velutinus and in the essential oil of Cinnamonum cassia and tobacco leaves. 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has also been reported in pennyroyal, cinnamon bark, cassia leaf, cassia oil, pepperment oil, and mastic gum oil(2,3).

/CASE REPORTS/ Salicyl alcohol or 2-methylolphenol is a well-known allergen in phenol-formaldehyde resins and a strong sensitizer in guinea pigs. There is 1 previous report of allergic contact dermatitis from salicyl alcohol in aspen bark. We describe a second case with concomitant allergy to salicylaldehyde. An elk researcher who had handled leaves from various trees presented with eczema of the hands, face, flexures, trunk and extremities. Patch testing showed sensitivity to salicyl alcohol, salicylaldehyde, balsam of Peru (Myroxylon pereirae resin), aspen wood dust and an extract prepared from the bark of aspen (Populus tremula). Weaker reactions were observed to bark extracts of rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), tea-leaved willow (Salix phylicifolia) and goat willow (Salix caprea). We analyzed salicyl alcohol and salicylaldehyde in the bark extracts and found the 2 chemicals in equal amounts, about 0.9 ug/mg in aspen bark and in lower concentrations in rowan and the willows. We did not find either of the chemicals in the test substance of balsam of Peru (Myroxylon pereirae). Besides salicyl alcohol, salicylaldehyde is also recommended to be used to screen for contact allergy to aspen. Both of these chemicals should be tested in forest workers in areas where aspen is growing.

Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants may be safely used in food in accordance with the following conditions. (a) They are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice. (b) They consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part. Salicylaldehyde is included on this list.

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date: 9/30/91; Reporting date: 11/27/91.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy- is included on this list. Effective date: 9/30/91; Sunset date: 6/30/98.

Residues of salicylaldehyde are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: Penetration aid. Limit: Not to exceed 14% by weight of pesticide formulation.

Used in perfumes, flavoring agents, auxiliary fumigants, reagents, and gasoline additives; Used to make coumarin and chelates; [HSDB] Important derivative of benzaldehyde; Occurs naturally in cassia oil; [Ullmann]

In perfumery

Reported uses (ppm):

Analytical chemistry, perfumery (violet), synthesis of coumarin, auxiliary fumigant, flavoring.

(1972) No Data

(1975) No Data

(1972) No Data

(1975) No Data

2023: 1,764 lb

(1972) 2.03X10+9 GRAMS

(1975) 2.10X10+9 GRAMS

Non-confidential 2016 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: o-Hydroxybenzaldehyde:

One industrial process starts with phenol and forms 2-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (saligenin) by reacting triphenyl metaborate with formaldehyde. The alcohol is catalytically oxidized in air to give 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. It is more economical to react phenol with formaldehyde in the presence of alkaline catalysts and in the absence of boric acid. The yield is approximately 85%. The ratio of 2-hydroxybenzyl alcohol to 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol can be altered by varying the catalyst. The oxidation of the hydroxybenzyl alcohols is carried out in an aqueous solution with a platinum-lead-carbon catalyst and gives the corresponding hydroxybenzaldehydes in yields of more than 98%.

The best known process /for the manufacture of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde/ is based on the Reimer-Tiemann reaction, in which phenol is reacted with chloroform in the presence of an aqueous alkali. Moderate yields of 2-hydroxy- and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde are obtained in a ratio of about 85:15. The use of aqueous methanol as a reaction medium improves the yield, especially that of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. According to a modern variation of the Reimer-Tiemann reaction, the process is carried out in the absence of water. An alkali-metal phenolate reacts with chloroform and a suspension of an alkali-metal hydroxide in an inert organic solvent.

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde can also be produced by electrolytic reduction of salicylic acid on a rotating amalgam cathode and by catalytic reduction of a salicylic acid halide.

Made by heating sodium phenolate and chloroform with NaOH.

Synthesis: From phenol, chloroform, and alkali according to Reimer-Tiemman method (1876); starting material for mfr of coumarin.

Cosmetics product ingredient: o-Hydroxy-benzaldehyde (Salicylaldehyde)

Information on 1 consumer products that contain Salicylaldehyde in the following categories is provided:

Fragrance Ingredients

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing

Benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy-: ACTIVE