1-Chloronaphthalene

Other Classes -> Halowaxes

Other Classes -> Halowaxes

log Kow = 4.08

log Kow= 4.0

4.0

3.9

1.1938 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.20 @ 25 °C

1.19382 @ 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.2

1.188 @25 °C

LIQUID

Oily liquid

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

POLYCHLORONAPHTHALENES HAVE GOOD SOLUBILITY IN CHLORINATED & AROMATIC SOLVENTS, & PETROLEUM NAPHTHAS; LIMITED IN KETONES, ETHERS, ACETATES, MINERAL OILS; INSOL IN ALC, WATER. /POLYCHLORONAPHTHALENES/

Sol in benzene, petroleum ether, alcohol

In water, 17.4 mg/l @ 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.02 (poor)

250 °F (NTP, 1992)

121 °C

165 °C (OPEN CUP)

250 °F (121 °C) (closed cup)

121 °C c.c.

505 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

328 °C (initial boiling point)

259.3 °C @ 760 mm Hg

260 °C

259 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-9 to -4 °F (NTP, 1992)

-25 °C APPROX

-2.5 °C

-2.3 °C

-2.5 °C

Warning

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 52 reports by companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Warning

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

Chemical: Naphthalene, 1-chloro-

SP - indicates a substance that is identified in a proposed Significant New Use Rule.

SP - indicates a substance that is identified in a proposed Significant New Use Rule.

Substance: 1-chloronaphthalene

Naphthalene, 1-chloro-: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

This chemical is combustible. (NTP, 1992)

Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

A skin, eye, and mucous membrane irritant; May cause chloracne after prolonged contact; [HSDB] An irritant; [MSDSonline] See CHLORINATED NAPHTHALENES.

Composed of 95% monochlorinated naphthalenes and 5% dichloronaphthalenes; Total of 22% chlorine content; [HSDB] See CHLORINATED NAPHTHALENES.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Chloronaphthalene is included on this list.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. 1-Chloronaphthalene is included on this list.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Chloronaphthalene is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use dry powder, carbon dioxide, foam.

Fresh air, rest. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

Fires involving /1-chloronaphthalene/ can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher.

Water or foam may cause frothing.

1. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL. 2. COLLECT SPILLED MATERIAL IN MOST CONVENIENT & SAFE MANNER FOR RECLAMATION OR FOR DISPOSAL IN SECURED SANITARY LANDFILL. LIQUIDS CONTAINING HALOWAX 1014 SHOULD BE ABSORBED IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH, OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL.

First remove all sources of ignition. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

Absorb the spills with paper towel or the like materials. Place in hood to evaporate. Dispose by burning the towel.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer-review: Ensure plentiful supply of hydrocarbon fuel. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Dissolve in a combustible solvent. Scatter the spray of the solvent into the furnace with afterburner and alkaline scrubber.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Condenser impregnation and other operations involving melting of chloronaphthalene should be enclosed or provided with effective local exhaust ventilation. /chloronaphthalenes/

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Air, water, blood, breath, and urine were sampled during early July 1978 from nine individuals whose homes bordered the old Love Canal area of Niagra Falls, New York. Halowax 1031 was detected in human breath from one individual in trace amounts. Halowax 1031 was not detected in water, blood, or urine from the individuals tested(1).

LD50 Frog ip 900 mg/kg

LC50 Shrimp 325-440 ug/l for 4 days /Mono-Dichloronaphthalene/

LD50 Frog (Rana esculenta) oral 900 mg/kg bw

LC50 Cyprinodon variegatus 690 ug/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassy not specified/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3,900(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.08(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that Halowax 1031 is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of Halowax 1031 from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Halowax 1031 is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.4X10-2 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Monochloronaphthalenes appear to be readily degradeable by soil and water microorganisms under aerobic conditions(6). No information was found on the biodegradation of higher chlorinated congeners by microorganisms(6); however, the addition of chlorines to aromatic structures is known to decrease biodegradability(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3,900(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.08(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that Halowax 1031 is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Halowax 1031 may volatilize from water surfaces(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7.3 hours and 6 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The volatilization half-life from a model pond is about 60 days when adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 280(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Monochloronaphthalenes appear to be readily degradeable by soil and water microorganisms under aerobic conditions(8). No information was found on the biodegradation of higher chlorinated congeners by microorganisms(8); however, the addition of chlorines to aromatic structures is known to decrease biodegradability(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), Halowax 1031, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.4X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Halowax 1031 is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 25 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloronaphthalene is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-chloronaphthalene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.55X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(3). However, adsorption to soil may attenuate this process. 1-Chloronaphthalene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.029 mm Hg(4). 1-Chloronaphthalene achieved 0% of its theoretical BOD in a screening test using sewage sludge(5); however, no biodegradation data were located for soil.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloronaphthalene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.55X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 6 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 36 days if adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), measured BCF values in the range of 142-403 measured in fish(7), suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Halogenated aromatics are generally resistant to aqueous environmental hydrolysis(3); therefore, 1-chloronaphthalene is not expected to hydrolyze in water(SRC). 1-Chloronaphthalene achieved 0% of its theoretical BOD in a screening test using sewage sludge(7); however, no biodegradation data were located for water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-chloronaphthalene, which has a vapor pressure of 0.029 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloronaphthalene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1 day(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Laboratory exposure of an aqueous solution of 1-chloronaphthalene to light > 290 nm resulted in a photodegradation rate of 26% after 20 hrs of exposure(4).

Analyses of breast milk from several hundred mothers collected from 1972 to 1992 in Sweden showed a decline in average concentrations of total PCNs from 3081 to 483 ng/kg lipid. For comparison, the corresponding values for the sum of PCDFs determined in the same breast milk samples were 132 and 30 ng/kg lipid, respectively. /Polychlorinated Naphthalenes/

IDENTIFICATION: Halowax 1031 contains 95% monochlorinated naphthalenes and 5% dichloronaphthalenes. It has a 22% chlorine content. Halowax 1031 is insoluble in water. There are 75 possible congeners of chlorinated naphthalenes. Commercial products are generally mixtures of several congeners and range from thin liquids to hard waxes to high melting point solids. The higher chlorinated naphthalene products have been used as impregnants for condensers and capacitors and dipping encapsulating cmpd in electronic and automotive applications and as temporary binders in the manufacture of ceramic components, in paper coating and in precision casting of alloys, in electroplating, stop-off cmpd, as additive in gear oils and cutting cmpd, in flame proofing and insulation of electrical cable and conductors and moisture proof sealants, as separators in batteries, in refractive index testing oils, masking cmpd in electroplating and in grinding wheel lubricants. HUMAN EXPOSURE: The major sources of release of chlorinated naphthalenes into the environment are likely from waste incineration and disposal of items containing chlorinated naphthalenes to landfill. In the past, chlorinated naphthalene concn of up to 14.5 mg/cu m have been measured in the workplace, while levels of 25-2900 ng/cu m have been recorded in out door air in vicinity of manufacturing sites. More recently, monitoring studies have revealed chlorinated naphthalene concn up to 150 pg/cu m at semirural sites and 1-40 pg/cu m at remote sites. Chlorinated naphthalenes can be absorbed via oral, inhalative and dermal routes, with absorption and distribution over the whole body after oral admin. Chlorinated naphthalenes, especially the dioxin like congeners, have been detected in adipose tissue, liver, blood and breast milk samples from the general population at concn in the ng/kg lipid range. Severe skin reactions (chloracne) and liver disease have been reported after occupational exposure to chlorinated naphthalenes. Chloracne was common among workers who handling chlorinated naphthalenes in the 1930's to 1940's. A cohort study on workers exposed to chlorinated naphthalenes at a cable manufacturing plant found an excess of deaths from cirrhosis of the liver. However, individuals with chloracne did not show a higher mortality due to liver cirrhosis compared with other workers. The mortality from all cancers was slightly but significantly elevated among all exposed men (standardized mortality ratio =1.18), but was not more elevated in the subcohort with chloracne. This subcohort showed statistically significant excess mortality from cancer of the esophagus and from benign and unspecified neoplasms. Symptoms described in workers exposed to chlorinated naphthalenes included irritation of the eyes, fatigue, headache, anemia, hematuria, impotency, anorexia, vomiting and severe abdominal pain. Halowaxes containing mono-, di-chloronaphthalenes did not induce chloracne to individuals after dermal application. ANIMAL STUDIES: Chlorinated naphthalenes can be absorbed via oral, inhalative and dermal routes, with absorption and distribution over the whole body after oral admin. The main target organs are the liver and fat tissue (besides the kidney and lung) showing a high retention, especially for the higher chlorinated congeners The amount of bioaccumulation observed incr with the degree of chlorination of the chlorinated naphthalenes. 1-Monochloronaphthalene demonstrated no mutagenicity in the Salmonella Ames test. Monitoring studies with seabird eggs have revealed a decr in chlorinated naphthalene levels between 1974 and 1987. Hydroxy metabolites have been identified mostly for the lower chlorinated naphthalenes (mono- to tetra-) in experimental animals. There are also preliminary indications for the occurrence of methylthio- or methyl sulfoxide chloronaphthalene metabolites in the feces of rats. Elimination of the parent compounds and/or metabolites occurs via feces and urine. Lower chlorinated naphthalenes are less toxic than the higher chlorinated naphthalenes. Long term and carcinogenicity studies with chlorinated naphthalenes have not been performed. Like related cmpd, chlorinated naphthalenes have been demonstrated to be inducers of the cytochrome p450 (CYP) dependent microsomal enzymes. Cattle developed severe systemic disease (bovine hyperkeratosis) during a 5 to 10 day oral exposure of pentachlorinated naphthalenes. Chlorinated naphthalenes were also found to change lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in rats in a manner indicative of oxidative stress. At least some of the biological and toxic responses of chlorinated naphthalenes are believed to be mediated via the cytosolic Ah receptor, resembling those of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related cmpd. Short term exposure to higher chlorinated naphthalenes resulted in mortality, liver damage, degeneration of the kidneys etc in rats, rabbits and cattle. Inhalation of a penta/hexachloronaphthalene mixture for 143 days resulted in a slight to moderate histological liver damage in rats. All chlorinated naphthalenes tested cause skin irritations in laboratory animals. Chlorinated napthalenes appear to be of moderate to high acute toxicity to aquatic organisms. /Chlorinated naphthalenes, Halowaxes, Higher Chlorinated Naphthalenes/

IDENTIFICATION: There are 75 possible congeners of chlorinated naphthalenes. Commercial products are generally mixtures of several congeners and range from thin liquids to hard waxes to high melting point solids. Their main uses have been in cable insulation, wood preservation, engine oil additives, electroplating masking compounds, capacitors and refractive index testing oils and as a feedstock for dye production. HUMAN EXPOSURE: The major sources of release of chlorinated naphthalenes into the environment are likely from waste incineration and disposal of items containing chlorinated naphthalenes to landfill. In the past, chlorinated naphthalene concn of up to 14.5 mg/cu m have been measured in the workplace, while levels of 25-2900 ng/cu m have been recorded in out door air in vicinity of manufacturing sites. More recently, monitoring studies have revealed chlorinated naphthalene concn up to 150 pg/cu m at semirural sites and 1-40 pg/cu m at remote sites. A single study on chlorinated tap water revealed 0.44 ng monochloronaphthalene/l. Chlorinated naphthalenes can be absorbed via oral, inhalative and dermal routes, with absorption and distribution over the whole body after oral admin. Chlorinated naphthalenes, especially the dioxin-like congeners, have been detected in adipose tissue, liver, blood and breast milk samples from the general population at concn in the ng/kg lipid range. Severe skin reactions (chloracne) and liver disease have been reported after occupational exposure to chlorinated naphthalenes. Chloracne was common among workers who handling chlorinated naphthalenes in the 1930's to 1940's. A cohort study on workers exposed to chlorinated naphthalenes at a cable manufacturing plant found an excess of deaths from cirrhosis of the liver. However, individuals with chloracne did not show a higher mortality due to liver cirrhosis compared with other workers. The mortality from all cancers was slightly but significantly elevated among all exposed men (standardized mortality ratio =1.18), but was not more elevated in the subcohort with chloracne. This subcohort showed statistically significant excess mortality from cancer of the esophagus and from benign and unspecified neoplasms. Symptoms described in workers exposed to chlorinated naphthalenes included irritation of the eyes, fatigue, headache, anemia, hematuria, impotency, anorexia, vomiting and severe abdominal pain. ANIMAL STUDIES: Chlorinated naphthalenes have been shown to be highly bioaccumulative in fish, but less so in shrimp and algae. The amount of bioaccumulation observed incr with the degree of chlorination of the chlorinated naphthalenes. The most highly chlorinated naphthalenes do not appear to bioaccumulate. Monochloronaphthalenes appear to be readily degradable by soil and water microorganisms under aerobic conditions. Chlorinated naphthalene concn in fish range up to a maximum of around 300 ug/kg lipid weight. Monitoring studies with seabird eggs have revealed a decr in chlorinated naphthalene levels between 1974 and 1987. Hydroxy metabolites have been identified mostly for the lower chlorinated naphthalenes (mono- to tetra-) in experimental animals. There are also preliminary indications for the occurrence of methylthio- or methyl sulfoxide chloronaphthalene metabolites in the feces of rats. Elimination of the parent compounds and/or metabolites occurs via feces and urine. The higher chlorinated congeners appeared to be more toxic than the lower chlorinated ones. Long term and carcinogenicity studies with chlorinated naphthalenes have not been performed. 1-Monochloronaphthalene was not mutagenic in the Salmonella Ames test. Like related cmpd, chlorinated naphthalenes have been demonstrated to be inducers of the cytochrome p450 (CYP) dependent microsomal enzymes. Chlorinated naphthalenes were also found to change lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in rats in a manner indicative of oxidative stress. At least some of the biological and toxic responses of chlorinated naphthalenes are believed to be mediated via the cytosolic Ah receptor, resembling those of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related cmpd. All chlorinated naphthalenes tested cause skin irritations in laboratory animals. Chlorinated napthalenes appear to be of moderate to high acute toxicity to aquatic organisms. /Chlorinated naphthalenes, Monochloronaphthalenes/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Results from bioassays ...show that the monochloro-isomer is more acutely toxic than the octachloro-isomer for a freshwater plant, a freshwater invertebrate species, a freshwater vertebrate species, and saltwater species. /Monochloronaphthalene/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Flow through, acute (96 hr) and early life stage (28 days after hatch) toxicity tests were performed on a saltwater fish, sheepshed minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus ). Chemical effects on survival, growth and development were determined. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration was 0.39-0.79 mg/l for 1-chloronaphthalene, with an application factor of 0.68. Test results were compared with results of static, acute toxicity tests conducted previously other aquatic organisms (alga, water flea, bluegill and mysid shrimp).

PCNs have been detected in the livers of gulls from the Mediterranean at levels of up to 62.5 mg/kg wet weight. /Polychlorinated Naphthalenes/

Total PCNs have been detected in British birds of prey (Eurasian kestrel Falco tinnunculus, sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus, and common barn-owl Tyto alba) at concentrations ranging from 10 to 180 ug/kg wet weight for liver tissue, from 13 to 120 ug/kg for muscle, and from 120 to 340 ug/kg for kidney . /Polychlorinated Naphthalenes/

PCN levels of 13 and 15 ug/kg /were found/ in seal blubber and oil, respectively, from the Baltic area in archived material from the 1940s. /Polychlorinated Naphthalenes/

Cough.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Sore throat. Nausea.

Organic cmpd present at trace levels were extracted from fly ash samples collected from municipal incinerators in Japan, Canada, and the Netherlands. Chloronaphthalene, pentachloronaphthalene, and hexachloronaphthalene were found to be present in the fly ash samples. /Chloronaphthalenes/

The investigators reported the detection of a large number of polychlorinated polynuclear aromatics, incl chlorinated naphthalenes, in flue gas samples from two coal-fired boilers and one municipal incinerator. Monochloronaphthalene, dichloronaphthalene, and trichloronaphthalene were some of the major polychlorinated polynuclear aromatics cmpd emitted from the tested boilers.

Samples of leachate from a commercial coal tar were analyzed. Results showed that Halowax 1031 was identified in the coal tar leachate at concns unknown(1). Chemical species were extracted from trichloroethylene (TCE) soot generated from the combustion of TCE and methane. Halowax 1031 was detected in a 15.6 percent TCE mole fraction methane mixture at a concn of 43 ug/g soot. Halowax 1031 was detected in a 52 percent TCE mole fraction in methane mixture at a concn of 80 ng/g fuel in gas phase(2). Chlorinated organic compounds were detected during the combustion of propane in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Two components in Halowax 1031, identification and concns unknown, were detected(3). Analysis of sample extracts from modified method 5 from four different incineration test sites was conducted. Halowax 1031 was present in the forms of 1-chloronaphthalene at a concn of 10 ug/ml and 2-chloronaphthalene at a concn of 12 ug/ml. Halowax 1031 as a mixture was detected but not quantified(4). The thermolysis of chlorinated organics at different temperatures was conducted at various temperatures. Combustion of Halowax 1031 at 600 °C and 800 °C generated 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic ester, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, pentachlorophenol, alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane, and polychlorinated biphenyls(5). Total Halowax 1031 concn from the combustion of octachlorodibenzofuran in mineral oil was determined to be <5 ug(6).

Samples were taken from a municipal waste site and compounds of waste gasification and combustion were identified. Crude gas samples had an average Halowax 1031 concn of 18,750 ng/N-cu m; purified gas samples had an average Halowax 1031 concn of 190,000 ng/N-cu m; emission flue gas samples had an average Halowax 1031 concn of 6,650 ng/N-cu m(1). Flue gas samples were taken from a 700 MW power station with circulating fluid bed combustion of coal in Flensburg, Germany. Concn of Halowax 1031 after burning of German Ruhr coal was reported as 400 ng/N-cu m; concn of Halowax 1031 after burning of Poland coal was reported as 110 ng/N-cu m; Halowax 1031 was not detected after combustion of South Africa coal and Spitsbergen coal(2). Organic compounds were identified in the flue gas (from the stack of the second combustion line) of a hazardous waste incinerator in Beibsheim, Germany during September 1992. Halowax 1031 in the form of monochloronaphthalene had an average concn of 0.215 ng/N-cu m; Halowax 1031 in the form of dichloronaphthalene had a concn of 0.32 ng/N-cu m(3).

1-Chloronaphthalene was detected in the pyrolysis of polyvinylidene at concns of 10.3-47.2 ug/g(1). 1-Chloronaphthalene was identified, not quantified, in emissions from a hazardous waste incinerator(2). 1-Chloronaphthalene at concns of 22-24 ug/l were detected in wastewater effluents from two publicly owned waste treatment plants(3).

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in fish. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Chloronaphthalene is included on this list.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. 1-Chloronaphthalene is included on this list.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Chloronaphthalene is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Chlorinated Naphthalene/

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Chlorinated Naphthalene/

Most of the metabolites identified in urine and/or feces of rats, pigs, and frogs after treatment with mono- and dichloronaphthalenes were hydroxylated PCNs (phenolic and conjugated forms), with evidence for metabolism via arene oxide. /Mono- and dichloronaphthalenes/

/Investigators/ ...administered 1-chloronaphthalene (a major component of halowax 1031) 30 mg/kg in corn oil, by retrocarotid injection of 10 kg in pigs identified 2 metabolites in the urine 5 hr later, a monohydroxylated compound (4-chloro-1-naphthol) and a trace of dihydroxy compound. 2-Chloronaphthalene (also a constituent of halowax 1031), when administered similarly, led to urinary excretion of 3-chloro-2-naphthol.

Yields s-(1-naphthyl)glutathione in rats ... in rabbits ... . /from table/

1-... /Chloronaphthalene is/ metabolized by pig to 4-chloro-1-naphthol... .

Alpha-chloronaphthalene was converted by pretreated liver microsomes in vitro to active int which formed covalent complexes with (35)sulfur labeled glutathione.

Metabolic pathway: 2-chloronaphthalene to d-8-chlor-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene to 3-chlorosalicylic acid.

As with these classes of substances, the lower chlorinated PCNs are less persistent in the body than the more highly chlorinated ones. Accordingly, metabolism and the main route of elimination (via feces or urine) seem to be influenced by the degree of chlorination. /Polychlorinated Naphthalenes/

From studies on the metabolism of /polychlorinated naphthalenes/ PCNs, it can be concluded that mono- and dichloronaphthalenes (>80-90%) and tetrachloronaphthalenes (>45%) are well absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. Higher chlorinated PCNs are less well absorbed, presumably very poorly absorbed, but no quantification is possible, as data on metabolites in feces are missing. Dermal and inhalation absorption of PCNs can be concluded from systemic effects in animals and humans. A quantification is not possible.

After oral administration of mono-, di-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octachloronaphthalenes to rabbits, phenolic and conjugated urinary metabolites were measured (by means of titration and precipitation procedures; no structure determination). Results suggested a 70-90% excretion for mono- and dichloronaphthalenes and a 45% excretion for tetrachloronaphthalenes in 4 days, whereas no urinary metabolites were detected for penta-, hexa-, hepta-, or octachloronaphthalene /Polychloronaphthalenes/

From studies on the metabolism of PCNs, it can be concluded that mono and dichloronaphthalenes (>80-90%) and tetrachloronaphthalenes (>45%) are well absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. Higher chlorinated PCNs are less well absorbed, presumably very poorly absorbed ... .

In pigs 10 min after retrocarotid admin of 1-chloronaphthalene the blood concn was 5.1 ug/g & decreased with time. After admin of 2-chloronaphthalene, the concentration was similar to 1-chloronaphthalene. Its metabolite, 3-chloro-naphthol, was detected in blood. 6-hr after admin of the chlorinated naphthalenes, they were found in the brain, kidney, liver, lung, skeletal muscle, heart & fat with highest concn in brain & kidney. Fat concn of 2-chloronaphthalene was low (0.6 ug/g). Chloronaphthalenes are distributed in various organs & tissues whereas metabolites were concentrated in urine, bile, kidney & liver.

Used as an immersion liquid in the microscopic determination of the refractive index of crystals; Has also been used to make plasticizers and as a solvent for oils, fats, and DDT; Chlorinated naphthalenes have not been manufactured in the US since 1977; [HSDB]

Used as oil additive (clean sludge and deposits); with Halowax 1000 in textile dyeing; [HSDB] See CHLORINATED NAPHTHALENES.

... Except in special cases, chlorinated naphthalenes are no longer used in capacitors or electric cable coverings. Their use as lubricants has also been largely discontinued. Practice in individual countries varies, however. In the USA, for example, chlorinated naphthalenes are no longer used as wood preservatives. /Chlorinated naphthalenes/

As raw material for dye production; oil additive to clear sludge and petroleum deposits in engines.

Electrical insulation and fire-resisting materials; impregnants; sealing compounds; crankcase additive; ingredient in penetrating oils; plasticizer; protective coatings. /Halowax/

Monochloronaphthalenes and mixtures of mono- and dichloronaphthalenes have been used for chemical-resistant gauge fluids and instrument seals, as heat exchange fluids, as high boiling speciality solvents, for color dispersions, as engine crankcase additives, and as ingredients in motor tune-up compounds.

No current USA production

... Exact yearly or total production figures are obscure. In 1972, the estimated market for PCNs was less than 2300 metric tons. /Polychlorinated naphthalenes/

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) ... can be synthesized by the chlorination of naphthalene. /Polychlorinated naphthalenes/

PREPN: ... BY PASSING CHLORINE INTO BOILING NAPHTHALENE WITH OR WITHOUT SOLVENT SUCH AS CHLOROBENZENE & WITH OR WITHOUT CATALYST SUCH AS /IODINE/.

PREPN: FROM ALPHA-NAPHTHYLAMINE BY DIAZOTIZATION & SANDMEYER COPPER CHLORIDE REACTION

Naphthalene, 1-chloro-: ACTIVE

Naphthalene, chloro-: ACTIVE

PCNs are no longer produced in the USA or Western Europe ... There are no data on whether PCNs are produced in other countries. /Polychlorinated naphthalenes/

Koppers Co, Inc., the sole U.S. producer, ceased manufacturing their chloronaphthalene products (Halowax) in 1977.

The manufacturing of chlorinated naphthalenes (Halowax) has been discontinued in the USA since 1977.

1-chloronaphthalene & 2-chloronaphthalene are major components of Halowax 1031.