glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine

Prezatide in complex with copper improve skin elasticity, density, and firmness, reduces fine lines and wrinkles, reduces photodamage, increases keratinocyte proliferation. Prezatide also displays anti-oxidant and angiogenic effects and appears to modulate tissue remodeling in injury.

Prezatide in complex with copper increases the synthesis and deposition of type I collagen and glycosaminoglycan. It also increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 as well as tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 and -2, suggesting that it plays a role in the modulation of tissue remodeling. It is thought that prezatide's antioxidant activity is due to its ability to supply copper for superoxide dismutase and its anti inflammatory ability due to the blockage the of iron (Fe2+) release during injury. Prezatide also increases angiogenesis to injury sites. The precise mechanisms of these effects are unknown. It is also unknown whether prezatide's effects are due to the action of the tripeptide itself or its ability to localize and transport copper. Prezatide is known to be bound by heparin and heparin sulfate