P-Chloroacetophenone

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for acetophenone: concentration process: activated carbon. /Acetophenone/

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for acetophenone: concentration process: resin adsorption. /Acetophenone/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: If released to soil, an estimated soil adsorption coefficient for p-chloroacetophenone of 436 obtained from an experimental log octanol/water partition coefficient of 2.32(1) and an appropriate regression equation(2), indicates that it will display moderate mobility in soil(3). An estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.3X10-4 atm cu-m/mole at 25 °C(4,SRC) indicates that p-chloroacetophenone will rapidly volatilize from moist soil to the atmosphere(SRC). An estimated vapor pressure of 0.51 mm Hg at 25 °C(1-2,4,SRC) indicates that p-chloroacetophenone will only slowly volatilize from dry soil to the atmosphere(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: If released to water, p-chloroacetophenone is expected to rapidly volatilize to the atmosphere. Based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.3X10-4 atm cu-m/mole at 25 °C(1,SRC), the estimated half-life for volatilization of p-chloroacetophenone from a model river 1 m deep flowing at 1 m/sec with a wind speed of 3 m/sec is 4.8 hrs(2,SRC). A bioconcentration factor of 34 estimated from an experimental log octanol/water partition coefficient of 2.32(3) using an appropriate regression equation(2) indicates that p-chloroacetophenone will not bioconcentrate in fish and aquatic organisms(SRC). An estimated soil adsorption coefficient of 436(2-3,SRC) indicates that it may weakly adsorb to sediment and suspended organic matter(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: If released to the atmosphere, an estimated rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of p-chloroacetophenone with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals of 1.16X10-12 cu-cm/ molec sec(1,SRC) translates to an atmospheric half-life of 13.8 days using an average atmospheric hydroxyl radical concn of 5X10+5 molec/cu-cm(1,SRC).

p-Chloroacetophenone was qualitatively detected in advanced wastewater treatment effluent samples obtained from Pomona, CA, 1974(1). It was detected in the emissions of a improperly regulated kerosene space heater, but not properly adjusted ones, at a rate of 40 ng/kJ(2).

Based on an experimental log octanol/water partition coefficient of 2.32(1) a soil adsorption coefficient of 436 can be calculated for p-chloroacetophenone using an appropriate regression equation(2,SRC). This value indicates that it will display moderate mobility in soil(3).

EXPTL USE: 4'- CHLOROACETOPHENONE TESTED FOR ABILITY TO INHIBIT CYTOPATHOGENIC CHANGES IN CELL CULTURES OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC KIDNEYS INDUCED BY POLIOVIRUS TYPES 1 & 2. 4'-CHLOROACETOPHENONE WAS MOST EFFECTIVE @ REDUCING POLIOVIRUS TYPE 1.

A case of allergic contact sensitivity following a single exposure to the tear gas chloroacetophenone in a 24 year old police officer was presented. The officer accidentally discharged the tear gas from a container he kept in his right trouser pocket, and immediately washed the site of contact with water for 5 minutes. A localized erythema with a burning sensation occurred instantly on the right upper thigh and a blistering reaction developed within 2 days. After 2 weeks of treatment with a topical steroid, the center of the lesion was faint, but the borders had extended and persisted for 4 weeks. Testing with chloroacetophenone and orthochlorbenzylidine malonitrile one month after symptoms disappeared gave positive test results to chloroacetophenone but negative to orothochlorbenzylidine malonitrile. The normal exposure to this compound as a gas has not been reported to cause sensitivity reactions except in 1 in about 10,000 servicemen exposed in gas chamber drills. However, application of this compound in high concentration and in the presence of moisture indicates that it is a powerful skin irritant as evidenced not only by this report but by other earlier reports in literature. /Chloroacetophenone/

/A case of acute contact dermatitis caused by exposure to 2-chloroacetophenone tear gas in the face /is reported/. Within 3 days the contact dermatitis had dissappeared without medical treatment, but 7 days after exposure, a scaly pruritic eruption developed at the site of the original exposure although no new contact with 2-chloroacetophenone had taken place. /2-Chloroacetophenone/

Chloroacetophenone is used as a tear gas for riot control and as a kind of chemical mace against small groups or individuals. Among other side effects, choroacetophenone can evoke toxic and allergic contact dermatitis, and more rarely exanthematous or anaphylactic reactions. It is difficult to distinguish between toxic and allergic reactions both in the clinical picture of dermatitis as well as on the basis of skin test reactions. A /report of a/ patient with allergic contact dermatitis, which first appeared 5 days after exposure to choroacetophenone as a sign of primary sensitization, leading to an intense eczematous reaction in skin tests. Allergy to choroacetophenone does not appear to represent a handicap in normal daily life because it is solely used as tear gas and is of little significance with regards to "cross allergies" to substances in the environment. /Chloroacetophenone/

When the lacrimatory agent chloroacetophenone was released into 44 prisoner cells, 8 prisoners required hospitalization and 20 more received outpatient physician care for injuries. Contact with water contributed to the injuries caused by chloroacetophenone, but prolonged exposure in a confined space was probably the principal cause of morbidity. In a confined space the lacrimatory agent chloroacetophenone is relatively toxic. /Chloroacetophenone/

Based on an experimental log octanol/water partition coefficient of 2.32(1) a bioconcentration factor of 34 can be calculated for p-chloroacetophenone using an appropriate regression equation(2). This value indicates that p-chloroacetophenone will not bioconcentrate in fish and aquatic organisms(SRC).

An estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.3X10-4 atm cu-m/mole at 25 °C(1,SRC) indicates that p-chloroacetophenone will rapidly volatilize from both moist soil and water to the atmosphere(SRC). The estimated half-life for volatilization from a model river 1 m deep flowing at 1 m/sec with a wind speed of 3 m/sec is 4.8 hrs(2,SRC). An estimated vapor pressure for p-chloroacetophenone of 0.51 mm Hg at 25 °C(2,SRC) obtained in turn from its estimated Henry's Law constant and estimated water solubility, 111 mg/L at 25 °C(SRC), which was obtained from its experimental log octanol/water partition coefficient and an appropriate regression equation(3), indicates that this compound will only slowly volatilize from dry soil to the atmosphere(SRC).

A DIRECT CORRELATION WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN HYPNOTIC STRENGTH & LIPOPHILICITY OF P-CHLOROACETOPHENONE IN RANA TEMPORARIA TADPOLES.

The biochemical changes in blood samples of rats at different intervals after o-chloroacetophenone and dibenz(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine were studied. After a single subacute (1/10 LC50) exposure, both the compounds induced hyperglycemia which was abolished within 24 hr. The level of plasma urea was unaltered. o-Chloroacetophenone exposed animals did not show any significant changes in plasma SGOT, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities at different intervals. However, in dibenz(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine exposed animals, a significant elevation of the activities of SGOT, GPT, acid and alkaline phosphatase was observed at different intervals. All the parameters became normal within seven days after the exposure. Inhalation of dibenz(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine aerosols can thus lead to tissue damaging effects in rats. /o-Chloroacetophenone/

Three ketones ie p-chloroacetophenone, p-bromo-acetophenone and 2-bromo-4-nitroacetophenone were evaluated by the olfacto-gustatory method to determine their repellent properties at nine concentrations ranging from 0.0625 to 5.0 g/l. The basis of this method was total and differential feeding by bees at 30% sugar water and chemical sugar solutions. This method provided an indication to the extent and manner of response of the olfacto-gustatory system to the repellent chemicals. The lower concentrations exercised less repellency while higher concentrations worked in the opposite direction. However, the increase in repellency was limited to a certain concentration, then the increase almost stabilized. Out of all the compounds, p-bromoacetophenone showed higher repellency.

Effects of 2-chloroacetophenone on the morphology of the mouse exorbital lacrimal gland were studied using light and electron microscopic techniques. Exposure to 2-chloroacetophenone vapor causes rapid exocytosis of acinar cell granules as well as vacuolation of the secretory and ductal epithelial cells. Concomitantly, intralobular ductal epithelial cells which are normally cuboidal in shape, enlarge in size and release electron dense granules into the duct lumen. Within 15 min after exposure, acinar cells show a preponderance of cells containing only pale granules and the ductal epithelium returns to a more cuboidal shape. By 60 min after exposure, the gland is not readily distinguishable from the unexposed, control gland. /2-Chloroacetophenone/

Solutions of various concentrations of chloroacetophenone (dissolved in 1,1,1-trichloroethane) were trickled on the corneas of rabbits. The substance was either applied to the center or to the limbus, or simultaneously to the center and limbus of the cornea. After surgical removal of the cornea on day 21, the alterations were examined by a light microscope. When chloracetophenone was applied to the middle of the cornea, signs of intensified epithelial regeneration were observed, even to the point of a severe granulating and necrotic infection with ulceration. The severity of these changes depended on the concentration used and showed that repair of a corneal defect had been attempted. The same changes were observed when the same concentrations of chloracetophenone were applied to the limbus, but with greater severity. Some of these alterations led to perforation of the cornea when the substance was applied to center and limbus. These results are discussed in reference to the correlation of the changes seen in animal tests to those in the human eye. /Chloroacetophenone/

An estimated rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of p-chloroacetophenone with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals of 1.16X10-12 cu-cm/molec sec(1,SRC) translates to an atmospheric half-life of 13.8 days(SRC) using an average atmospheric hydroxyl radical concn of 5X10+5 molec/cu-cm(1).