| GHS classification | DangerH301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]P203, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)H301 (99.8%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral] |
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| Regulatory information | Chemical: Benzenamine, 4-methyl-Benzenamine, 4-methyl- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Benzenamine, 4-methyl- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 13-09-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/145814-Toluidine: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standardThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.) |
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| Other safety information | IMAP assessments - p-Toluidine and its salts: Human health tier II assessment |
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| DOT label | Poison |
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| Fire hazards | Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic and flammable vapors may form in fire. (USCG, 1999)Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Above 87 °C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed. |
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| Fire potential | Flammable when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers. |
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| Health hazards | Absorption of toxic quantities by any route causes cyanosis (blue discoloration of lips, nails, skin)nausea, vomiting, and coma may follow. Repeated inhalation of low concentrations may cause pallor, low-grade secondary anemia, fatigability, and loss of appetite. Contact with eyes causes irritation. (USCG, 1999)Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: |
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| Hazards summary | Solid form causes first degree burns on short exposure[CHRIS] In the United Kingdom between 1961 and 1980, chloroaniline, p-toluidine, nitrobenzene, and nitrochlorobenzene were the most common industrial causes of methemoglobinemia. Dermal exposure was a more frequent route of toxicity than inhalation with these compounds. [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988.] Listed in the table Examples of Industrial Chemicals for Which Methemoglobin Formation is NOT the Principal Cause of Toxicity[ACGIH] May cause methemoglobinemia and kidney injuryA potential skin sensitizer[ICSC] |
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| DOT ID and guide | 1708 153 |
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| Reactive group | Amines, Aromatic |
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| EC classification | Symbol: T, NR: 23/24/25-36-40-43-50S: (1/2)-28-36/37-45-61 |
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| UN classification | UN Hazard Class: 6.1UN Pack Group: II |
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| Special Reports | European Commission, ESISIUCLID Dataset, p-Toluidine (106-49-0) (2000 CD-ROM edition) contains information on use, toxicology, and environmental effects of this chemical as supplied to the European Union by industry.[Available from, as of May 19, 2010: http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/]Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentScreening Information Data Set for p-Toluidine, CAS #106-49-0 (October, 2005). This OECD Initial Assessment of HPV Chemicals is part of a series of OECD SIDS documents published by UNEP Chemicals to facilitate the access to information needed for health and environmental risk assessments of chemicals.[Available from, as of May 19, 2010: http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html] |
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| Fire fighting | Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. |
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| First aid measures | Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer immediately for medical attention.Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.Rinse mouth. Refer immediately for medical attention. |
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| First aid | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for p-Toluidine:Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:(General first aid procedures) |
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| Safe storage | Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor. Keep in the dark. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. |
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| Exposure control and personal protection | Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Methemoglobin in blood = 1.5% of hemoglobin during or at end of shift. [ACGIH] |
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| Fire fighting procedures | Use fine spray or fog to control fire by preventing its spread and absorbing some of its heat. Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Toluidines, liquid or solid/Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Toluidines, liquid or solid/ |
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| Storage conditions | Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Store away from heat, oxidizers, and sunlight./Store/ separated from strong oxidants, strong acids, food and feedstuffs. Cool. Dry. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor. |
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| Cleanup methods | Approach release from upwind. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place. |
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| Nonfire spill response | Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: |
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| Disposal methods | Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U353, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.Toluidine is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Controlled incineration (oxides of nitrogen are removed from the effluent gas by scrubbers and/or thermal devices. /Toluidine/The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for p-aminotoluene: concentration process: biological treatment. |
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| Spillage disposal | Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. |
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| Preventive Measures | The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 4-Aminotoluene (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
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| Cancer Sites | [in animals: liver tumors] |
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| Target organs | Eyes, skin, blood, cardiovascular system |
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| Ecotoxicity values | LD50 Quail oral 237 mg/kgLD50 Starling oral 42.2 mg/kgLC50Species: Brachydanio rerio (zebrafish)Conditions: static, 21.2-22.8 °C, pH 7.8-8.3, oxygen content 7.5-8.5 mg/L, 12 hr daily illuminationConcentration: 115 mg/L for 96 hrSpecies: Cyprinodon variegatus (sheepshead minnow)Conditions: static, guideline studyConcentration: 60 mg/L for 96 hrFor more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 4-Aminotoluene (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
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| Environmental fate | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values ranging from 79 to 508(2-4), indicate that 4-aminotoluene is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 4-aminotoluene is 5.10(5), indicating that this compound will partially exist in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(6). Volatilization of 4-aminotoluene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process for the neutral species(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.02X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(7). 4-Aminotoluene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.286 mm Hg at 25 °C(8). 4-Aminotoluene reached 97.7% degradation in activated sludge in 5 days(9) and in another test complete degradation was obtained in 4 days with a soil inoculum(10). These results suggest that 4-aminotoluene will be readily biodegradable in the terrestrial environment. Additionally, aromatic amines undergo soil- and clay-catalyzed free radical oxidations, reactions that are facilitated by electron-donating groups such as the methyl group on 4-aminotoluene(11,12). They are also readily oxidized by metal ions that may occur in soil(13).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values ranging from 79 to 508(2-4), indicate that 4-aminotoluene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization of the neutral species from water surfaces is expected(5) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.02X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(5), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 19 and 140 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), a BCF of <1.3(8) suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation results are contradictory, ranging from 0% Theoretical BOD in the Japanese MITI test(8) to 64% Theoretical BOD in activated sludge acclimated to aniline(9). 4-Aminotoluene reached 46% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days using a benzene-substituted-polluted river water inoculum(10). Aromatic amines are readily oxidized by metal ions that may occur in natural waters(11).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 4-aminotoluene, which has a vapor pressure of 0.286 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-aminotoluene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.9 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.02X10-6 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 4-Aminotoluene has UV absorption which extends beyond 290 nm(4), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). |
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| Food survey values | In a German survey of primary and secondary amines in the human environment, no 4-aminotoluene was reported in samples of preserved vegetables, maize, salad, rhubarb, and apples, pickles, fish, cheese, bread, coffee, tea, cocoa, wine, malt, hops, barley, or animal feed(1). |
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| Adverse effects | Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the bloodthe compound is classified as secondary toxic effect |
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| Exposure routes | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact |
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| Signs and Symptoms | Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Confusion. Dizziness. Headache. Shortness of breath. Weakness. Convulsions. Nausea. Unconsciousness.MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Further see Inhalation.Redness. Pain.Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Dizziness. Headache. Laboured breathing. Further see Inhalation.irritation eyes, skindermatitishematuria (blood in the urine), methemoglobinemiacyanosis, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, convulsionsanemia, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion)[potential occupational carcinogen] |
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| Effluent Concentrations | In a comprehensive survey of wastewater from 4000 industrial and publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) sponsored by the Effluent Guidelines Division of the U.S. EPA, 4-aminotoluene was identified in discharges of the following industrial category (frequency of occurrence, median concentration in ppb): organic chemicals (1230.2)(1). The highest effluent concentration was 254 ppb in this industry(1). 3- and 4-Aminotoluene (combined) were detected in oil-shale retort waste waters at 5.2 mg/L(2).4-Aminototluene may be formed during the combustion of plastics(1). Aromatic amines are emitted during the thermal degradation of polyurethane and could result from the use of polyurethane core binder materials in foundries, welding polyurethane foam insulated heat piping, producing polyurethane-coated wire, machining polyurethane materials, and fires(2). Laboratory studies show that about 3-4 and 10-20 mg of 4-aminotoluene per kg of core material are emitted from polyurethane foundry mold binders during aluminum and grey iron casting, respectively(2). |
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| ICSC Environmental Data | The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment. |
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| Soil Adsorption/Mobility | The mean Koc of 4-aminotoluene to 4 silt loam soils was 79 at a pH range of 6.1 to 7.5 where 4-aminotoluene is predominantly un-ionized(1). At lower pH, electrostatic forces should play a larger role. Three other soils had Koc values of 323, 496, and 508 where the pH was 4.0, 4.3, and 5.9, respectively(2). In this case appreciable concentrations of 4-aminotoluene would be present in both the neutral and protonated forms. The isotherms were linear and the adsorption constant was highly correlated with the clay content of the soil(2). The mean Koc of 4-aminotoluene in 3 soils (silt, silt loam, loam) was 141 over a pH range of 5.2 to 7.4(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these Koc values suggest that 4-aminotoluene is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of 4-aminotoluene is 5.10(5), indicating that this compound will partially exist in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(6). Aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(7,8), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC).The binding of 4-aminotoluene by 3 soils was studied by incubating soils amended with the aromatic amine and then sequentially extracting it with 60:40 (vol/ vol) ethylacetate:methanol, ammonium acetate and sodium hydroxide as a function of time. These extractants are increasingly more powerful extractants that initially remove weakly bound amines, then recover amines bound to soil colloids by electrostatic forces, and finally solubilize soil organic material. The procedure demonstrated the reversible nature of the interaction with montmorillonite and kaolinite clay(1). Binding to soil was shown to initially involve a rapid reversible equilibrium which may involve electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic bonding or irreversible imine linkages followed by covalent bonding of the amine to the soil organic matter through 1,4-nucleophilic addition and slow oxidation to nitrogen-substituted quinoid rings(1,3). Initially 68-73% of the amine was extractable with solvent and sodium hydroxide but this decreased to 46-52% by the end of the experiment indicating that the 4-aminotoluene was probably incorporated into the alkali-insoluble fraction of the soil(1). For 4-aminotoluene, binding is mainly to the fulvic acid fraction of the soil(1). These retention mechanisms may explain why 4-aminotoluene resist decomposition in soils(1). The oxidative coupling reaction may be enzymatically-mediated(2).Tests performed on 31 compounds /including p-toluidine/ clearly demonstrate that the molecular connectivity model accurately predicts the soils sorption coefficients for the above classes of compounds. |
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| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ 58 dermatitis patients, known to be hypersensitive to p-phenylene diamine, were patch tested with 2% p-toluidine in yellow paraffin. 63.8% (37) of the patients showed positive reactions. The study is not assignable because only patients with dermatitis and already sensitized to p-phenylene diamine were included in the test./HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ An exposure to 40 ppm (all isomers ... ) in the air for 60 min produced severe intoxication. Prolonged exposure to as little as 10 ppm was reported to cause symptoms of illness. /Toluidine//SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation: Blue lips or finger nails. Blue skin. Dizziness. Headache. Labored breathing. Shortness of breath. Weakness. Skin: May be absorbed. Redness. Blue lips or fingernails. Blue skin. Eyes: Redness. Pain. Ingestion: Blue lips or fingernails. Blue skin. Dizziness. Headache. Labored breathing ... The substance may have effects on the blood, resulting in formation of methemoglobin./SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The compound forms methemoglobin, thus causing anoxia. It also causes hematuria. Its toxicity is similar to that of aniline.For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 4-Aminotoluene (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
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| RCRA requirements | U353As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when p-toluidine, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5). |
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| TSCA requirements | Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, use, and exposure to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329.Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Benzenamine, 4-methyl- is included on this list. Effective date 3/7/86Sunset date: 3/7/96. |
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| Atmospheric standards | This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Toluidines are produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart. /Toluidines/ |
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| CERCLA reportable quantities | Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). |
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| State drinking water guidelines | (FL) FLORIDA 150 ug/l |
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| TSCA inventory status | TSCA listed |
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| UN transport number | UN 3451 6.1/PG II (TOLUIDINES, SOLID) |
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