Hydrogen Peroxide

Excerpt from ERG Guide 143 [Oxidizers (Unstable)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Wear self-contained (positive pressure if available) breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Move container from fire area if you can do it without risk. Cool containers that are exposed to flames with water from the side until well after fire is out. For massive fire in cargo area, use unamnned hose holder or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer immediately for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 143 [Oxidizers (Unstable)]:

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Hydrogen Peroxide Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to hydrogen peroxide may be severe and include irritation or burns to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract, mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Distension or rupture of the stomach and other hollow viscera may occur; vomiting is common. Corneal ulceration may develop.

General First Aid:

General First Aid:

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

0.5 [ppm]

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Hydrogen peroxide solution (>/= 30% to <50%)/

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary. /Hydrogen peroxide solution (>/= 30% to <50%)/

If material involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solutions/

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable - consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radius. /Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solutions/

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Recommended storage temperature 2 - 8 °C. /Hydrogen peroxide solution (>/= 30% to <50%)/

Store in original closed container. Be sure that the container vent is working properly. Do not add any other compound to the container. When empty, flush container thoroughly with clean water.

Keep protected from light and in a cool place.

Hydrogen peroxide topical solution should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers at 15-30 °C. To ensure greater stability, the inside surfaces of containers should be as free as possible from rough points since these promote decomposition.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal. /Hydrogen peroxide solution (>/= 30% to <50%)/

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Dilute slowly with water. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. /Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solutions/

/LABORATORY QUANTITIES/ Wear face shield and goggles, laboratory coat, and butyl rubber gloves. Cover spill with a 1:1:1 mixture by weight of sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate, clay cat litter (bentonite), and sand. Dampen with water. Using a soft plastic scoop, transfer the mix into a container. Transport to the fume hood. Slowly add to a pail of cold water. Gradually add to an excess of aqueous sodium metabisulfite solution. Decant the liquid to the drain. Treat the solid as normal refuse.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 143 [Oxidizers (Unstable)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Caution : Explosion potential is high. Hydrogen peroxide may ignite combustable materials.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product. /Hydrogen peroxide solution (>/= 30% to <50%)/

Wear butyl rubber gloves, eye protection, and laboratory coat. A body shield should be available. In the fume hood, prepare a dilute solution (5%) of peroxide by cautiously adding to a large volume of water. Gradually, while stirring, add to a 50% excess of aqueous sodium metabisulfite in a round-bottom flask equipped with a thermometer. An increase in temperature indicates that reaction is taking place. Acidify the reaction if it does not proceed spontaneously. Neutralize the reaction mixture and wash it into the drain.

Dilute and drain with abundant water. Recommended method: Discharge to sewer. Recommendable method: Discharge to sewer. Not recommendable methods: Evaporation & oxidation. Peer-review: Extreme caution - potentially explosive. Strong oxidizing agent. Handle in new glass or polished clean aluminum. Avoid inhalation. Highly unstable material. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Absorb liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. Carefully collect remainder. Store and dispose of according to local regulations.

To explore the cardiac effects of iron with or without hydrogen peroxide, the isolated perfused rat heart and enzymatically isolated ventricular cardiomyocyte were used. It was shown that treatment with cell-permeable iron (Fe-HQ) for 10 min reduced the contractile amplitude and velocity and end diastolic cell length in the cardiomyocyte and increased the contents of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) in the coronary effluent and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the myocardium. The left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), +/-dP/dtmax, and heart rate and coronary flow showed a biphasic phase, an increase at first followed by a decline. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide for 10 min following Fe-HQ augmented the effect of iron with an increase in coronary LDH and CK release and myocardial MDA content, and decrease in LVDP, +/-dP/dtmax and heart rate. Perfusion of reduced glutathione with hydrogen peroxide counteracted these effects of Fe-HQ and hydrogen peroxide while dimethyl sulfoxide had no effect on the injury induced by Fe-HQ and hydrogen peroxide in the isolated rat heart. This suggests that augmentation of myocardial injury as a result of an increase in intracellular iron by hydrogen peroxide might involve the dysfunction of sulfydryl group containing proteins but not the hydroxyl radicals.

It has been shown that the mucolytic agent erdosteine (N-carboxymethylthio-acetyl-homocysteine thiolactone) has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, and an active metabolite I (MET I) containing pharmacologically active sulphydryl group has been found to have a free radical scavenging activity. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of erdosteine metabolite I to protect A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage. When A549 cells were pre-treated with the active metabolite I (2.5-5-10 ug/mL) for 10-30 min and then exposed to H2O2 (1-4 mM) for two additional hours at 37 degrees C, 5% at CO2, the intracellular peroxide production, reflected by dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence, decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, using a comet assay as an indicator for oxidative DNA damage, it was found that the metabolite I prevented damage to cells exposed to short-term H2O2 treatment. The data suggest that this compound is effective in preventing H2O2-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in A549 cells. The underlying mechanisms involve the scavenging of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Oxidative stress reduces cell viability and contributes to disease processes. Flavonoids including anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins reportedly induce intracellular antioxidant defense systems. Thus, in this study, we examined the antioxidant effects of a commercial extract from black soybean seed coats (BE), which are rich in anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, and investigated the associated intracellular mechanisms in HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells treated with hydrogen peroxide (HPO) showed 60% viability, whereas pretreatment with BE-containing media for 2 hr ameliorated HPO-mediated cell death by up to 90%. Pretreatment with BE for 2 hr partially blocked HPO-mediated activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in HepG2 cells, and that for 1 hr led to a 20% increase in intracellular total protein phosphatase (PP) activity, which is known to deactivate protein kinases. These results indicate that BE prevents HPO-mediated cell damage by inhibiting ERK signaling, potentially via PPs.

Hydrogen peroxide (HP) or cyanide (CN) are bacteriostatic at low-millimolar concentrations for growing Escherichia coli, whereas CN+HP mixture is strongly bactericidal. We show that this synergistic toxicity is associated with ... chromosomal fragmentation. Since CN alone does not kill at any concentration, while HP alone kills at 20 mM, CN must potentiate HP poisoning. The CN+HP killing is blocked by iron chelators, suggesting Fenton's reaction. Indeed, we show that CN enhances plasmid DNA relaxation due to Fenton's reaction in vitro. However, mutants with elevated iron or HP pools are not acutely sensitive to HP-alone treatment, suggesting that, in addition, in vivo CN recruits iron from intracellular depots. We found that part of the CN-recruited iron pool is managed by ferritin and Dps: ferritin releases iron on cue from CN, while Dps sequesters it, quelling Fenton's reaction. We propose that disrupting intracellular iron trafficking is a common strategy employed by the immune system to kill microbes.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for Hydrogen peroxide (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard Duck) age 16 wk; oral via capsule 1049 mg/kg (95% confidence interval: 830-1332 mg/kg) /35% purity/

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard Duck) age 5 days; dietary >5000 ppm for 8 days /35% purity/

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 11 days; dietary >5000 ppm for 8 days /35% purity/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Hydrogen peroxide is unstable and breaks down rapidly to oxygen and water(1). Therefore, adsorption to soil, volatilization and biodegradation are not important environmental fate processes in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Hydrogen peroxide is unstable and breaks down rapidly to oxygen and water(1). Therefore, adsorption to suspended solids and sediment, volatilization, biodegradation and bioconcentration are not important environmental fate processes in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Hydrogen peroxide is unstable and breaks down rapidly to oxygen and water. It is expected to be broken down by sunlight(1).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, by ingestion and through the skin.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Hydrogen peroxide is a colorless liquid. It is an oxidizing agent which, in the presence of organic matter or if permitted to become alkaline, vigorously decomposes to oxygen and water. Hydrogen peroxide is used as a 6% solution for bleaching hair, and some disinfectant solutions for contact lenses contain a 3% hydrogen peroxide. Chlorine-free bleaches contain 6% hydrogen peroxide. Some newer fabric stain removers and bleaches contain 5% to 15% hydrogen peroxide. Industrial strengths of hydrogen peroxide are manufactured up to 90%. They are used mainly as bleaching and oxidizing agents. Solutions of 90% are used as rocket fuel. HUMAN STUDIES: The dissociation of hydrogen peroxide is a violent and exothermic reaction. Ingestion results in gastrointestinal irritation, the severity of which depends on the concentration of the solution. There is also a risk for a gas embolism. A number of deaths have been reported in the literature. In most cases the exposures were to concentrated solutions of 30% to 40%. Other reactions include vomiting (the vomitus may be frothy due to the liberation of oxygen), hematemesis, burning of the throat, and gastric distension due to the release of oxygen. Lethargy, coma, convulsions, shock and respiratory arrest have also been reported. Gastrointestinal bleeding and burns to the stomach and duodenum may occur. In severe cases ischemic ECG changes and EMD (electromechanical dissociation) may be observed because of embolization of the heart restricting blood flow. Hydrogen peroxide is an irritant to the skin with paraesthesia, blistering and whitening; solutions >10% may cause burns. Hydrogen peroxide is irritating to the eyes with a burning sensation, conjunctival hyperemia, lacrimation, and severe pain which resolves within a few hours. There are rare cases of temporary corneal injury resulting from the application of 3% solution to the eye on contact lenses including punctuate staining of the cornea, decreased vision, corneal opacity and edema. Cerebral infarction resulting from gas embolization of the cerebral vasculature has been reported in an 84-year-old man. Multiple brain embolisms occurred in a 63-year-old who ingested hydrogen peroxide. DNA strand breaks and chromosomal aberrations were studied in human cells treated with hydrogen peroxide. DNA strand breaks could be produced at dose levels of hydrogen peroxide much lower than those which induced chromosomal aberrations. ANIMAL STUDIES: After ip injection of 0.5 mL of 5% hydrogen peroxide into adult mice, a radiation-like effect was observed; pyknotic nuclei were induced in the intestine and thymus within 2 hr and persisted for up to 24 hr. In rabbits and cats that died after iv administration of hydrogen peroxide, the lungs were found to be pale and emphysematous, with considerable amounts of gas in the great veins and in the right side of the heart. Application of a drop of 10 to 30% to rabbit's eye caused superficial corneal haze, and, if there were defects in the epithelium, could cause localized swelling and opacities in the corneal stroma. Also, 5% solution caused superficial corneal haze and much conjunctival reaction, but these effects were gone in 24 hr. Hydrogen peroxide was mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA92 and TA102 and was positive in a forward mutation test in Salmonella typhimurium SV50. Single strand scissions were produced in T7 DNA upon incubation with hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution at neutral pH. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Hydrogen peroxide was not teratogenic in Xenopus developing embryos.

Sore throat. Cough. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Shortness of breath.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Skin discoloration. Swelling. Redness. Pain. Skin burns.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Corneal damage. Burns.

Aspiration hazard! Sore throat. Abdominal pain. Abdominal distension. Shock or collapse.

irritation eyes, nose, throat; corneal ulcer; erythema (skin redness), vesiculation skin; bleaching hair

Gaseous hydrogen peroxide is a key component and product of the earth's lower atmospheric photochemical reactions, in both clean and polluted atmospheres. Atmospheric hydrogen peroxide is believed to be generated exclusively by gas-phase photochemical reactions. It has been found in rain and surface water, in human and plant tissues, in foods and beverages and in bacteria(1). Hydrogen peroxide occurs in cloud water with higher values generally occurring in the vicinity of lightning activity(2).

Measurements of hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the gas-phase and in cloud water were obtained in the vicinity of the USA Carolinas coast between late Jan and early Mar 1986. Gas phase concentrations, determined by a fluorometric method, were always less than 2.4 ppb and generally less than 1 ppb. Vertical profiles of hydrogen peroxide in the clear air around clouds and storm systems were highly variable. Concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in cloud water ranged from the detection limit of 0.3 uM to 112 uM, with higher values generally occurring in the vicinity of lightning activity. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations in cloud water were well below those calculated to be in Henry's law equilibrium with gas-phase concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in the cloudy air.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Potential symptoms of overexposure are irritation of eyes, nose and throat; corneal ulceration; erythema, vesicles on skin; bleaching of hair.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Pure hydrogen peroxide, its solutions, vapors, and mists are very irritating to body tissue. This irritation can vary from mild to severe depending upon the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. For instance, solutions of hydrogen peroxide of 35 wt% and over can easily cause blistering of the skin. ... The eyes are particularly sensitive to this material.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Large doses presumably produce gastritis and esophagitis. Cases of rupture of the colon, proctitis and ulcerative colitis have been reported following hydrogen peroxide enemas.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Workers exposed to vapors from 90% hydrogen peroxide have noted primarily respiratory irritation, but splash of such high concentration is generally feared as a potential cause of severe corneal damage.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Hydrogen peroxide (33 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Hydrogen peroxide is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). In accordance with section184.1(b)(2), the ingredient is used to treat food only within the following specific limitations:[Table#1611]

Hydrogen peroxide used as a bleaching agent in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

The Generic Animal Drug and Patent Restoration act requires that each sponsor of an approved animal drug must submit to the FDA certain information regarding patents held for the animal drug or its method of use. The Act requires that this information, as well as a list of all animal drug products approved for safety and effectiveness, be made available to the public. Hydrogen peroxide is included on this list.

An exemption from the requirement of a tolerance is established for residues of hydrogen peroxide in or on all food commodities at the rate of </= 1% hydrogen peroxide per application on growing and postharvest crops.

Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. (a) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-contact surfaces in public eating places, dairy-processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Hydrogen peroxide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the end-use concentration is not to exceed 91 ppm.

Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (b) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Dairy processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Hydrogen peroxide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the end-use concentration is not to exceed 465 ppm.

Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (c) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-processing equipment and utensils. Hydrogen peroxide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the end-use concentration is not to exceed 1100 ppm.

For more FIFRA Requirements (Complete) data for Hydrogen peroxide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Hydrogen peroxide (Conc >52%) is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 1,000 lbs.

Hydrogen peroxide(concentration of at least35%)

35

400

Explosive/Improvised Explosive Device Precursor material that, if stolen or diverted, can be converted into weapons using simple chemistry, equipment, or techniques.

CIR ingredient: Hydrogen Peroxide

Used for the bleaching, disinfecting, and producing other chemicals; H2O2 is used in the textile, wood pulp, food, hairdressing, fur, and water treatment industries; [ACGIH] Used in photography (hypo eliminator); [www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/medium.html] Used in the deliming and dyeing stages of leather production; [PMID 21938525]

Semiconductor Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Applying metallic patinas [Category: Hobbies]

Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Oxidants

For hydrogen peroxide (USEPA/OPP PC Code: 000595) active products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

(1984) 2.32X10+10 g

1996: 60 million lbs (includes U.S. and Canada)

(1972) 3.84X10+9 GRAMS

(1984) 1.74X109+10 g

1996: 174 million lbs (includes U.S. and Canada)

2023: 1,000,000,000 - <2,500,000,000 lb

(1972) 6.83X10+10 GRAMS

(1984) 1.26X10+11 g

Fort Howard Corp.: 3X10+3 tons/year

3.58X10+3 tons/yr (estimated US capacity)

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for Hydrogen peroxide (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

30% IN TEXTILES; 28% IN PLASTICIZERS & OTHER CHEMS; 9% FOR GLYCERIN; 8% FOR PULP & PAPER; 4% IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT; 21% IN MISC APPLICATIONS (1974).

Pulp and paper, 25%; Chemical synthesis, 25%; Environmental, 20%; Textile, 10%; Mining and Uranium, 5%; Miscellaneous, 15% (1984).

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Hydrogen Peroxide. Chemical synthesis, 24%; pulp and paper, 23%; environmental uses (includes municipal and industrial water treatment and geothermal steam treatment), 18%; textiles, 14%; mining, 3%; electronics, 3%; miscellaneous (including food and cosmetic uses and the distribution market, 15%.

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Hydrogen peroxide. Demand: 1985: 300 million lb; 1986: 320 million lb; 1990 /projected/: 410 million lb. (Canada and US)

For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for Hydrogen peroxide (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In the AO /Antraquinone/ process, 2-alkyl-9,10-anthraquinones react with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to form the corresponding hydroquinones. After the catalyst is removed (otherwise, the hydrogen peroxide would decompose), the hydroquinones are oxidized to quinones with oxygen (usually air) with simultaneous quantitative formation of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is extracted with water, and the quinones are returned to the hydrogenator to complete the loop. The AO process, therefore, leads to the net formation of hydrogen peroxide from gaseous hydrogen and oxygen.

Prepared by treating barium peroxide with acid.

Production of anhydrous hydrogen peroxide by continuous fractional crystallization: Crewson, Ryan, United States of America patent 2724640 (1955 to Becco).

(1) Autoxidation of an alkyl anthrahydroquinone such as the 2-ethyl derivative in a cyclic continuous process in which the quinone formed in the oxidation step is reduced to the starting material by hydrogen in the presence of a supported palladium catalyst; (2) by electrolytic processes in which aqueous sulfuric acid or acidic ammonium bisulfate is converted electrolytically to the peroxydisulfate, which is then hydrolyzed to form hydrogen peroxide; by autoxidation of isopropyl alcohol. Method (1) is the most widely used.

For more Methods of Manufacturing (Complete) data for Hydrogen peroxide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The National Pesticide Information Retrieval System (NPIRS) identifies 70 companies with active labels for products containing the chemical hydrogen peroxide. To view the complete list of companies, product names and percent hydrogen peroxide in formulated products click the following url and enter the CAS Registry number in the Active Ingredient field.

Valsterane Aseptic 35 Bio (Arkema Inc.): Active ingredient: hydrogen peroxide 35.00%.

Edelweiss TBC II (Reckitt Benckiser LLC): Active ingredient: hydrogen peroxide 1.2%.

Spor-Klenz Concentrate (Steris Corporation): Active ingredient: hydrogen peroxide 22.0%; ethaneperoxoic acid 4.5%.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Hydrogen peroxide (29 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Antimicrobial Actives;Oxidants and Oxidant Stabilizers

Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern

Food Additives -> PRESERVATIVE -> JECFA Functional Classes

Cosmetics -> Oxidising; Antimicrobial

All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2): ACTIVE

... A low percentage of an inhibitor such as acetanilide or sodium stannate, is usually added to counteract the catalytic effect of traces of impurities such as iron, copper, and other heavy metals.

Marketed as a solution in water in concentrations of 3-90% by weight.

Potency of hydrogen peroxide is often described in terms of volume of active oxygen it yields. Each 1% w/w hydrogen peroxide is equivalent to 3.3% by volume; 100 volume hydrogen peroxide is approximately equivalent to 30% w/w, 30 volume to 9% w/w, and 10 volume to 3% w/w, respectively.