| GHS classification | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.4% (4 of 1042) of reports.DangerH304 (57.2%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]P264+P265, P280, P301+P316, P305+P351+P338, P331, P337+P317, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 1042 reports by companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 4.2% (36 of 853) of reports. |
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| Regulatory information | Chemical: DodecaneCommission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 (Repealed by Com. Implementing Reg. (EU) No 872/2012)Dodecane is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Dodecane are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 19-04-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13433Status: Active Update: 06-03-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/21760Dodecane: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
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| Other safety information | IMAP assessments - Dodecane: Human health tier I assessment |
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| DOT label | Combustible Liquid |
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| Fire hazards | This chemical is combustible. (NTP, 1992) |
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| Fire potential | Combustible. |
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| Health hazards | SYMPTOMS: Symptoms associated with exposure to aliphatic hydrocarbons may include nausea vomiting, dizziness, weakness, central nervous system effects such as depression, convulsions and, in extreme cases, coma. Other symptoms may include pulmonary and gastrointestinal irritation, pulmonary edema, bronchial pneumonia, anorexia, anemia, nervousness, pain in the limbs and numbness. |
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| Reactive group | Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Saturated |
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| Special Reports | U.S. EPA Risk Assessment Division OPPTSVoluntary Childrens Chemical Evaluation Program: Data Needs Assessment of n-Alkanes 23 pp. (April 2007)[Available from, as of October 20, 2008: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/vccep/pubs/finalalkanes.pdf]USEPAReport of the Peer Consultation Meeting on n-Alkanes (decane, undecane, dodecane). Submission by American Chemistry Council n-Alkane VCCEP Consortium for the Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program (VCCEP) (September 14, 2004 Cincinnati, Ohio Peer Consultation Organized by Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, January 7, 2005).[Available from, as of October 20, 2008: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/vccep/pubs/chem15.html]American Chemistry Council n-Alkane VCCEP Consortiumn-Alkane Category: decane, undecane, dodecane (CAS Nos. 124-18-5, 1120-21-4, 112-40-3) Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program (VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission Docket Number OPPTS - 00274D 195 pp. (June 17, 2004). Errata and Clarifications to n-Alkane Category: Decane, Undecane, Dodecane (CAS Nos. 124-18-5, 1120-21-4, 112-40-3) Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program (VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission Docket Number OPPTS - 00274D 10 00. (September 9, 2004)[Available from, as of October 20, 2008: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/vccep/pubs/chem15.html] |
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| Reactivity Profile | Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as N-DODECANE, may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents like nitric acid. Charring of the hydrocarbon may occur followed by ignition of unreacted hydrocarbon and other nearby combustibles. In other settings, aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons are mostly unreactive. They are not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents. When heated sufficiently or when ignited in the presence of air, oxygen or strong oxidizing agents, they burn exothermically to produce carbon dioxide and water. |
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| Flammable Limits | Lower 0.6% by vol |
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| Air and Water Reactions | Flammable. Insoluble in water. |
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| NFPA Hazard Classification | 1 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause significant irritation.2 - Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. Materials would not under normal conditions form hazardous atmospheres with air, but under high ambient temperatures or under moderate heating could release vapor in sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air.0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions. |
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| Fire fighting | Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992) |
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| First aid | EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. |
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| Firefighting Hazards | Disaster Hazard: DangerousKeep away from heat and open flame. |
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| Fire fighting procedures | Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.Use water spray to cool unopened containers.To fight fire: Foam, CO2, dry chemical. |
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| Storage conditions | Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Handle and store under inert gas. Hygroscopic. |
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| Cleanup methods | ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal. |
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| Nonfire spill response | SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. |
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| Disposal methods | SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in air, soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal companyContaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product. |
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| Preventive Measures | ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place. |
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| Isolation and Evacuation | Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]: |
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| Protective Action Criteria (PAC) | 0.12 [ppm]1.3 [ppm]7.9 [ppm] |
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| Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).Skin protection: Handle with gloves.Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU). |
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| Body burden | Dodecane was detected but not quantified in breath and personal air samples collected from 50 individuals in the Los Angeles, CA area(1). Dodecane was detected in 7 of 8 samples of mothers breast milk from the cities of Bayonne NJ, Jersey City NJ, Bridgeville PA and Baton Rouge LA(2). Dodecane was detected in expired air collected from 62 non-smoking subjects (20 controls, 14 prediabetics, and 28 diabetics), concentration unknown(3). |
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| Interactions | ... The present study is an ongoing approach to assess the dose-related percutaneous absorption of a number of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The first treatment (1X) was comprised of mixtures containing undecane (4.1%), dodecane (4.7%), tridecane (4.4%), tetradecane (3%), pentadecane (1.6%), naphthalene (1.1%), and dimethyl naphthalene (1.3% of jet fuels) in hexadecane solvent using porcine skin flow through diffusion cell. Other treatments (n=4 cells) were 2X and 5X concentrations. Perfusate samples were analyzed with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) using head space solid phase micro-extraction fiber technique. We have standardized the assay to have a good linear correlation for all the tested components in media standards. Absorption parameters including diffusivity, permeability, steady state flux, and percent dose absorbed were estimated for all the tested hydrocarbons. This approach provides a baseline to access component interactions among themselves and with the diluent (solvents). A quantitative structure permeability relationship (QSPR) model was derived to predict the permeability of unknown jet fuel hydrocarbons in this solvent system by using their physicochemical parameters. Our findings suggested a dose related increase in absorption for naphthalene and dimethyl naphthalene (DMN).Jet fuels are complex mixtures of aliphatic (ALI) and aromatic (ARO) hydrocarbons that vary significantly in individual cytotoxicity and proinflammatory activity in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). In order to delineate the toxicological interactions among individual hydrocarbons in a mixture and their contributions to cutaneous toxicity, nine ALI and five ARO hydrocarbons were each divided into five (high/medium/low cytotoxic and strong/weak IL-8 induction) groups and intra/inter-mixed to assess for their mixture effects on HEK mortality and IL-8 release. Addition of single hydrocarbon to JP-8 fuel was also evaluated for their changes in fuel dermatotoxicity. The results indicated that when hydrocarbons were mixed, HEK mortality and IL-8 release were not all predictable by their individual ability affecting these two parameters. The lowest HEK mortality (7%) and the highest IL-8 production were induced with mixtures including high cytotoxic and weak IL-8 inductive ARO hydrocarbons. Antagonistic reactions not consistently correlated with ALI carbon chain length and ARO structure were evident and carried different weight in the overall mixture toxicities. Single addition of benzene, toluene, xylene or ethylbenzene for up to tenfold in JP-8 did not increase HEK mortality while single addition of ALI hydrocarbons exhibited dose-related differential response in IL-8. In an all ALI environment, no single hydrocarbon is the dominating factor in the determination of HEK cytotoxicity while deletion of hexadecane resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in IL-8 production. Overall, decane, undecane and dodecane were the major hydrocarbons associated with high cytotoxicity while tetradecane, pentadecane and hexadecane were those which had the greatest buffering effect attenuating dermatotoxicity. The mixture effects must be considered when evaluating jet fuel toxicity to HEK.Jet fuels are complex mixtures of aliphatic (ALI) and aromatic (ARO) hydrocarbons that vary significantly in individual cytotoxicity and proinflammatory activities in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). In order to elucidate the dermatotoxicity of a complex mixture like jet fuels, structural differences, exposure time and dosage were investigated on HEK toxicity assessed by mortality and IL-8 release. ALI and ARO hydrocarbons were grouped into 4 categories: highly cytotoxic (octane, nonane, decane for aliphatics and cyclohexalbenzene, trimethylbenzene, xylene for aromatics), low cytotoxic (tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane for aliphatics and benzene for aromatics), high IL-8 release (decane, undecane, dodecane for aliphatics and dimethylnapthalene, cyclohexylbenzene, ethylbenzene for aromatics) and low IL-8 release (tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane for aliphatics and benzene, toluene, xylene for aromatics). The 4 categories of ALI hydrocarbons were mixed with each other, or cross-mixed with each of the 4 categories of ARO hydrocarbons. The resulting cytotoxicity and IL-8 production from HEK were evaluated at 24 hr. The results showed an antagonistic cytotoxic effect between ALI and ARO hydrocarbons in which ALI attenuated the degree of HEK mortality caused by the ARO hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the ARO hydrocarbons reduced the significant increase of IL-8 induced by ALI hydrocarbons. Synergistic effects between low IL-8 inductive and low cytotoxic hydrocarbons were found and the highest cytotoxic and IL-8 inductive responses did not completely correspond to the mixture of highly cytotoxic and highly IL-8 inductive hydrocarbons. This study supports the concept that the ARO dictate the degree of HEK mortality, while the ALI are the major contributor to inciting the proinflammatory response. Mixture effects must be considered when evaluating cytotoxicity to HEK./In C3H/HEJ mouse skin bioassays/ the 9-, 2-, and 3-methylbenz(a)-anthracene compounds were noncarcinogenic using toluene as the solvent. With the substitution of n-dodecane for toluene all three compounds produced significant numbers of tumors. The results indicate that ... certain noncarcinogenic methylbenz(a)anthracenes can have their carcinogenic potential altered by a change in the solvent used.For more Interactions (Complete) data for n-Dodecane (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
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| Environmental fate | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 4800(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that dodecane is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of dodecane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.2 atm-cu m/mole(3) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.135 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 3.7X10-3 mg/L(5). Dodecane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. According to the Japanese MITI test, dodecane is considered readily biodegradable based on results of analogous chemicals(6) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 4800(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that dodecane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.2 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.135 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 3.7X10-3 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hrs and 5 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 32 days if adsorption is considered(6). According to a classification scheme(7), BCF values of 53(8) to <240(9) suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high(SRC). According to the Japanese MITI test, dodecane is considered readily biodegradable based on results of analogous chemicals(10) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dodecane, which has a vapor pressure of 0.135 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dodecane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 0.8 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Dodecane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). |
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| Food survey values | Dodecane was identified as a volatile component of peanut oil (heated from 150 to 200 °C)(1), Beaufort cheese(2), fried bacon(3), roasted filberts (Corylus avellana)(4), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed(5), mutton, chicken, and beef volatiles(6), fried chicken(7), and kiwi fruit flowers (Actinidia chinensis Planch)(8), concentrations not specified. Dodecane was detected in German and French commercially manufactured frankfurters, that did not contain spices or smoke(9). |
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| Milk Concentrations | ENVIRONMENTAL: Dodecane was detected in 2 of 12 samples of mothers breast milk from the cities of Bayonne NJ, Jersey City NJ, Bridgeville PA and Baton Rouge LA(1). |
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| Toxicity summary | IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Dodecane is a colorless liquid. Dodecane is a component of gasoline and is used as solvent, in organic synthesis, in jet fuel research, as a distillation chaser, and in the rubber and paper processing industries. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Dodecane may be harmful if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin. It can be irritating to mucous membranes. ANIMAL STUDIES: Dodecane, can produce slight to severe dermal irritation and respiratory in animals. However, it produced only minimal to negligible ocular irritation. Rats exposed to inhalation to 0.2 mL dodecane died within 24 hours of progressive edema and hemorrhaging. Dodecane did not show any effects, including no central nervous system depression, when rats were exposed at the saturated vapor concentrations. Dodecane, applied topically to progeny of rats treated with benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, or benzo(b)triphenylene on gestation day 1, produced tumors in offspring. Dodecane has been shown to be a promoter of skin carcinogenesis for ultraviolet radiation. Dodecane, did not produce an increase in mutations when tested in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium assay with and without of metabolic activation. However, Dodecane was able to enhance mutagenesis induced by methylazoxymethanol acetate at the ouabain resistance locus. |
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| Plant Concentrations | Dodecane occurrence in plants(1). /Dodecane/[Table#5185]n-Dodecane occurrence in plants(1).[Table#5186] |
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| Animal Concentrations | The concentration of dodecane in tissue samples collected from 12 wolves of Northern Spain was determined to be 1.89, 3.26, 11.01, 90.44, and 6.71 mg/kg lipid weight in spleens, livers, muscle, kidney and suprarenal capsules, respectively(1). The concentration of dodecane in blubber collected from walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) in six locations of the Pacific Ocean was determined to range from 0 to 0.07 ppm wet weight(2). Dodecane was detected in the blubber of Pacific walruses at a mean concentration of 0.06 ug/g wet weight and a range of 0.01 to 0.16 ug/g wet weight. Samples were collected from 8 males and 19 females from the Bering Sea in 1991(3). |
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| Ongoing Test Status | EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPAICSS Dashboard ApplicationAvailable from, as of September 8, 2016: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/] |
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| Effluent Concentrations | An average dodecane concentration of 387 ng/uL was identified in a USA industrial wastewater survey in which samples collected between November 1, 1979 to November 1, 1981 were analyzed for organic pollutants other than Priority Pollutants(1). Dodecane was identified in the emissions of a municipal waste incineration plant in Germany at a concentration of 0.14 ug/cu m(2).Dodecane was detected in 37 filter samples of exhaust air from the ventilating system of Elbtunnel, Hamburg, Germany, as having concentrations ranging from 1.71 to 4.92 g/cu m(1). Air pollution measurements taken from the Craeybeckx highway tunnel in Antwerp, Belgium during April 1991 were found to contain dodecane concentrations ranging from 0.033 to 0.059 g/kg(2). Data from Sept 2 1979 identified dodecane as a gaseous emission of the vehicle traffic through the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel of the Pennsylvania Turnpike(3). Data from Aug 25 to Sept 7 1979 showed for a speed of 80 km/hr on straight and level highway, gasoline powered vehicles emitted dodecane at an average rate of 1.8 mg/km and diesel trucks emitted dodecane at an average of 17.1 mg/km(4). Dodecane (diesel fuel composition = 15,500 ug/g) was detected in the tail-pipe emissions of late-model medium duty diesel trucks at an emission of 503 ug/km. The study used a two-stage dilution source sampling system and the trucks were driven using the hot-start Federal Test Procedure (FTP) urban driving cycle(5). During a similar study using gasoline (dodecane composition = 136 ug/g) with automobiles and light-duty trucks, dodecane was detected in tail-pipe emissions of catalyst-equipped gas-powered vehicles at 83.9 ug/km and 1,770 ug/km in non-catalyst equipped motor vehicles(6). A dodecane emission factor of 6.2 mg/km was reported for gas-powered vehicles traveling through the Maria Maluf Tunnel (carries light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty diesel trucks) in Sao Paulo, Brazil, sampled in May 2004(7).VOC emissions from motor vehicles in the Fort McHenry Tunnel Baltimore, MD and the Tuscarora Tunnel on the PA Turnpike(1).[Table#5183] |
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| Soil Adsorption/Mobility | Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of dodecane can be estimated to be 4800(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that dodecane is expected to have slight mobility in soil. In a study conducted to mimic a spill of 1.27 L/sq m, dodecane (present in JP-4 jet fuel) was transported to a depth of 10 cmat the end of the study (134 days), it was no longer detected(3). In another study, it was determined that dodecane is slowly intercalated into well dried montmorillonite clay(4). |
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| Natural Pollution Sources | Dodecane occurs in the paraffin fraction of petroleum and is a component of petroleum oils and tars(1). |
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| Signal word | Danger |
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| GHS pictogram | GHS08 |
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| GHS hazard statements | H304 |
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| GHS precautionary statements | P301+P310-P331-P405-P501 |
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