Bromophenol Blue

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.5X10+6(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that bromophenol blue is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). The pKa of bromophenol blue is 4.0(3), indicating that this compound will almost entirely exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected because the acid exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Bromophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.7X10-17 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Bromophenol blue has been found to be biodegraded by select fungi(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.5X10+6(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that bromophenol blue is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 4.0(3) indicates bromophenol blue will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 1.4X10+4(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 6.77(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). Bromophenol blue is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(8). Bromophenol blue has been found to be biodegraded by select fungi(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bromophenol blue, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.7X10-17 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase bromophenol blue may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Bromophenol blue has a maximum absorbance wavelength of 598 nm(3) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of bromophenol blue can be estimated to be 1.5X10+6(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that bromophenol blue is expected to be immobile in soil. The pKa of bromophenol blue is 4.0(3), indicating that this compound will almost entirely exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4).

An estimated BCF of 1.4X10+4 was calculated in fish for bromophenol blue(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 6.77(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

A pKa of 4.0(1) indicates bromophenol blue will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(2). Bromophenol blue is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.7X10-17 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

/GENOTOXICITY/ Bromophenol blue and tetrabromophenol blue are two triphenylmethane dyes. ... Safety concerns on these two dyes of interest have been raised. Consequently, a battery of genetic toxicology assays, including the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay, L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma assay, mouse micronucleus test and mitotic recombination assay with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D5, has been performed on each of the two dyes. The results of the evaluations indicate that both bromophenol blue and tetrabromophenol blue were not active and can be considered non-genotoxic for the three genetic endpoints assessed (gene mutation, chromosome aberrations and primary DNA damage). Genetic activities in some structurally related compounds of these dyes have been reported but may be attributed to the presence of mutagenic impurities rather than the compound itself.

Bromophenol blue is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(1). Bromophenol blue has a maximum absorbance wavelength of 598 nm(2) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 6222 workers (1264 of these were female) were potentially exposed to bromophenol blue in the US(1). Occupational exposure to bromophenol blue may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where bromophenol blue is produced or used(SRC). Exposure to the general population may be limited to vitreoretinal surgery patients(SRC).

Bromophenol blue's production and use as a pH indicator and in vitreoretinal surgery may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 2.7X10-17 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates bromophenol blue will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase bromophenol will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Bromophenol blue has a maximum absorbance wavelength of 598 nm and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, bromophenol blue is expected to have no mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1.5X10+6. The pKa of bromophenol blue is 4.0, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected because the acid exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Bromophenol blue has been found to be biodegraded by select fungi. If released into water, bromophenol blue is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. The pKa indicates bromophenol blue will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. An estimated BCF of 1.4X10+4 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to bromophenol blue may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where bromophenol blue is produced or used. Use data indicate exposure to the general population may be limited to vitreoretinal surgery patients. (SRC)

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

Used as a dye, laboratory indicator, and biological stain; [ChemIDplus]

Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing) [Category: Industry]

As indicator, pH 3.0 yellow; pH 4.6 purple.

Vital dye for vitreoretinal surgery

Adsorption Indicators. Indicator: bromophenol blue; Titratable ions: Cl, I; Titrant (Reagent): Ag; Color change: yellow - green - greenish blue. /from table/

Vital dye for vitreoretinal surgery.