Cadusafos

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/

Do not contaminate water by cleaning equipment or disposal of waste.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Cadusafos (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A tolerance is established for the residues of the nematicide/insecticide cadusafos (O-ethyl S,S-di-sec-butyl phosphorodithioate) in or on the following raw agricultural commodity: banana, 0.01 ppm. There are no U.S. registrations as of May 10, 1994, for the nematicide/insecticide cadusafos.

LD50; Species: /Colinus virginianus/ (Bobwhite quail) oral 16 mg/kg

LD50; Species: /Anas platyrhynchos/ (Mallard duck) oral 230 mg/kg

LC50; Species: /Oncorhynchus mykiss/ (Rainbow trout); Concentration: 0.13 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: /Lepomis macrochirus/ (Bluegill sunfish); Concentration: 0.17 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Cadusafos (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 77.5 to 621.43, depending on soil type(2,3), indicate that cadusafos is expected to have high to low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of cadusafos from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 9.0X10-4 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 245 mg/L(3). Cadusafos is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Half-lives ranging from 11.4 to 42.6 days have been determined for cadusafos in soils under different environmental conditions(2,4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), reported Koc values of 77.5 to 621.43, depending on soil type(2,3), indicate that cadusafos is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 9.0X10-4 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 245 mg/L(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 45 and 340 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 175(SRC), from its log Kow of 3.90(3) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). However, bioconcentration studies on structurally similar ethoprop which had a BCF range of 4 to 17 measured in juvenile sheepshead minnow(7), suggests that bioconcentration may be lower than that indicated by the regression-derived equations. Ethoprophos, a structurally similar chemical to cadusafos, is stable in neutral and weakly acidic media and is rapidly hydrolyzed in alkaline media(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), cadusafos, which has a vapor pressure of 9.0X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase cadusafos is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.2X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). A half-life of <115 days in light has been reported, but the medium and wavelengths were not specified(2).

/FIELD STUDIES/ Pesticides used in banana production may enter watercourses and pose ecological risks for aquatic ecosystems. The occurrence and effects of pesticides in a stream draining a banana plantation was evaluated using chemical characterization, toxicity testing and macrobenthic community composition. All nematicides studied were detected in the surface waters of the banana plantation during application periods, with peak concentrations following applications. Toxicity tests were limited to the carbofuran application and no toxicity was observed with the acute tests used. However, since pesticide concentrations were generally below the lowest LC50 value for crustaceans but above calculated aquatic quality criteria, there remains a risk of chronic toxicity. Accurate ecological assessments of pesticide use in banana plantations are currently limited by the lack of local short-term chronic toxicity tests and tests using sensitive native species. Relatively constant levels of four pesticides (imazalil, thiabendazole, chlorpyrifos and propiconazole), which had toxic effects according to the 96 hr hydra and 21 days daphnia chronic test, were recorded in the effluent of the packing plant throughout the study, indicating that the solid waste trap used in this facility was not effective in eliminating toxic chemicals. Certain taxa, such as Heterelmis sp. (Elmidae), Heteragrion sp. (Megapodagrionidae, Odonata), Caenis sp. (Caenidae, Ephemerotera), and Smicridea sp. (Hidropsychidae, Trichoptera), were more abundant at reference sites than in the banana farm waters, and may be good candidates for toxicity testing. Multivariate analyses of the macroinvertebrate communities clearly showed that the banana plantation sites were significantly different from the reference sites. Moreover, following the pesticide applications, all the banana plantation sites showed significant changes in community composition, with the same genera being affected at all sites and for all pesticides (terbufos, cadusafos and carbofuran). Consequently, the results presented here show that multivariate analysis of community composition was more sensitive in distinguishing pesticide effects than the toxicity tests and richness and composition measures used. We conclude that monitoring macroinvertebrate communities can be a powerful tool in the assessment of ecological effects of banana production.

SRP: Workers should undergo an annual medical exam. Contraindications for work with organophosporous pesticides are organic diseases of the CNS, mental disorders and epilepsy, and pronounced endocrine disorders. Blood cholinesterase, both plasma and RBC, must be determined before work starts. In the event of prolonged work periods, this activity should be determined at intervals of 3-4 days. Persons exhibiting a fall in cholinesterase activity of 25% or more must be transferred to other work where they are not exposed until cholinesterase activity is restored. /Organophosphorous pesticides/

Measurement of whole blood-AChE is the most widely adopted method for monitoring the effects of occupational exposure to organophosphorus insecticides. Physiological variations in blood ChE levels occur in a healthy person and are seen among a population. It has been estimated that the coefficient of variation for AChE activity in samples from an individual is 8-11%, and that a decrease of 23% below pre-exposure level may, therefore, be considered significant. If the average of several pre-exposure values were available, then a decrease of 17% would be significant. It has been recommended that, if measured activity is reduced by 30% or more of the pre-exposure value, AChE measurements should be repeated at appropriate intervals to confirm the results. Depressions of AChE or ChE in excess of 20-25% are considered diagnostic of exposure but not, necessarily, indicative of hazard. Depressions of 30-50% or more are considered indicators for removal of an exposed individual from further contact with pesticides until levels return to normal. /Organophosphorus Pesticides/

...Organophosphorus pesticides may undergo hydrolysis in vivo to yield substituted phosphoric acids that are subsequently excreted in urine. Advances in gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) have made it possible to analyse the urine of exposed persons for the presence of appropriate metabolites. It is usually necessary to preserve the sample by the addition of chloroform, to concentrate or extract the metabolite(s), and to convert them to suitably-volatile derivatives that can be detected by GC. Obviously, access to a well-equipped analytical laboratory, capable of the quick processing of samples, is a necessary factor if monitoring by urine analysis is proposed. However, in some cases, simpler and sensitive colorimetric tests are available for screening the urine of exposed persons. Thus, 4-nitrophenol can be measured directly in the urine of workers exposed to parathion. Consideration of the concentration of metabolite(s) in the urine can be helpful in determining patterns of exposure, and these concentrations can be calibrated against the effects on AChE for a particular pesticide. However, the time-course and peak of excretion of metabolites appears to vary according to dose, so that serial sampling and analyses of urine are desirable. Levels of metabolite alone cannot be considered a guide to hazard. This is obvious when it is realized that pesticides that have very different toxicities may yield identical acidic metabolites. Thus, the level of metabolites in urine, after exposure to sufficient amounts of the very toxic parathion-methyl to depress blood-AChE to 50%, will be much lower than that of the identical metabolites, following exposure to the related fenitrothion, which is about 40 times less toxic. /Organophosphorus Pesticides/

Koc values ranging from 77.50 to 621.43 were determined for cadusafos in 6 soils from the Martinique, French West Indies and Languedoc, South of France(1). Koc values of 144 to 351 were also reported for cadusafos(2). According to a classification scheme(3), Koc values in the ranges of 50-150, 150-500, and 500-2000 indicate high, moderate and low mobility, respectively. Clay and cation exchange capacity of the soils affected adsorption-desorption parameters(1). Higher Koc values were observed for those soils with higher clay and cation exchange capacity(1).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Signs and symptoms of acute intoxication by organophosphorus insecticides include muscarinic, nicotinic, and central nervous system (CNS) manifestations. Symptoms may develop rapidly, or there may be a delay of several hours after exposure before they become evident. The delay tends to be longer in the case of more lipophilic compounds, which also require metabolic activation. Symptoms may increase in severity for more than one day and may last for several days. In severe cases, respiratory failure is a dominant effect. /Organophosphorus Pesticides/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Re-exposures. Persons who have been clinically poisoned by organophosphate pesticides should not be re-exposed to cholinesterase inhibiting chemicals until symptoms and signs have resolved completely and blood cholinesterase activities have returned to at least 80 percent of pre-poisoning levels. If blood cholinesterase was not measured prior to poisoning, blood enzyme activities should reach at least minimum normal levels before the patient is returned to a pesticide contaminated environment. /Organophosphate pesticides/

AEROBIC: Half-lives ranging from 37.3 to 42.6 days at 25 °C and 27.0 to 37.8 days at 35 °C were determined for cadusafos in 6 soils from the Martinique, French West Indies and Languedoc, South of France(1). Soil half-lives of 14 to 16 days were reported for cadusafos, summer half-life of 11.4 days and 20 days in the winter were also reported(2). Soil half-life decreased directly proportional to soil moisture and indirectly proportional to soil temperature(2).

A tolerance is established for the residues of the nematicide/insecticide cadusafos (O-ethyl S,S-di-sec-butyl phosphorodithioate) in or on the following raw agricultural commodity: banana. There are no U.S. registrations as of May 10, 1994, for the nematicide/insecticide cadusafos.

EPA has concluded, after completing its assessment of the cumulative risks associated with exposures to all of the OPs, that: (1) the pesticides covered by the IREDs that were pending the results of the OP cumulative assessment (listed in Attachment A) are indeed eligible for reregistration; and (2) the pesticide tolerances covered by the IREDs and TREDs that were pending the results of the OP cumulative assessment (listed in Attachment A) meet the safety standard under Section 408(b)(2) of the FFDCA. Thus, with regard to the OPs, EPA has fulfilled its obligations as to FFDCA tolerance reassessment and FIFRA reregistration, other than product-specific reregistration.

...The Environmental Protection Agency... has completed its review of the available data and public comments received related to the revised risk assessment for the organophosphate pesticide cadusafos. The public comment period on the revised risk assessment phase of the tolerance reassessment process is closed. The /Report of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Tolerance Reassessment Progress and Risk Management Decision/ summarizes the Agency's assessment of the dietary risk from cadusafos as part of the tolerance reassessment process for this chemical, presents a summary of the related food tolerance for this single chemical, and provides the Agencys current risk management decision based on the risk assessment. Cadusafos has no U.S. registrations and only one import tolerance on bananas, and the dietary risk analysis indicates that the risk is below the Agencys level of concern. Therefore, no mitigation is necessary at this time.

Used for broad control of parasitic plant nematodes and soil insects in fruits, vegetables, and other crops; [HSDB] Used as nematicide and soil insecticide on bananas in Central and South America; [Reference #1]

Not currently registered as a pesticide for use in the US; [HSDB] No US registrations; [Reference #1]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For cadusafos (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 128864) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Insecticide, nematicide. Control of plant parasitic nematodes and soil insects in field, vegetable, fruit crops. /Former US/

Used to control nematodes and soil insects on bananas in Ecuador, Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, Columbia, and Mexico

Granule, emulsifiable concentrate, microemulsion concentrate.

Apache

Rugby

Taredan

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies cadusafos (technical grade) as Class IB: highly hazardous; Main Use: insecticide, nematocide.

Organophosphate insecticide structurally similar to ethoprop.

USA: Not registered for use; Outside USA: for bananas, plantains, and potatoes.

One /US/ import tolerance on bananas