Nickel cation
Ni · raney ni · Raney nickel · Nickel powder · SILVER(I) NITRATE · Nickel, p.a. · Ranery Ni · Nickel 270
Identifiers & Physical Properties
| CAS No. | 14701-22-5 |
|---|---|
| Molecular formula | Ni+2 |
| Average molar mass | 58.693 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic mass | 57.93424574 g/mol |
| SMILES | [Ni+2] |
| InChIKey | VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 934 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:49786 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID60163564 |
Chemical & Physical Properties
| Topological polar surface area | 0 |
|---|---|
| Hydrogen bond donors | 0 |
| Hydrogen bond acceptors | 0 |
| Rotatable bonds | 0 |
| Heavy atoms | 1 |
| Formal charge | 2 |
| Complexity | 0 |
| Melting point | 1455 °C1453 °C (lit.) |
| Physical Description | Solid |
| Boiling point | 2732 °C (lit.) |
| Density | 8.9 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| Bulk density | 1600-2600kg/m3 |
| Vapor density | 5.8 (vs air) |
| Storage conditions | no restrictions. |
| Solubility | insoluble in H2Oslightly soluble in dilute acid solutionsIt is insoluble in water. |
| Physical state | wire |
| Color | White to gray-white |
| Specific gravity | 8.9 |
| Odor | Odorless |
| PH Range | 9 - 11 at 20 °C |
| pH | 8.5-12.0 |
| Flame Color | Colorless to silvery white |
| Resistivity | 6.97 μΩ-cm, 20°C |
| Electrical Conductivity | 1.4× 107S/m |
| Thermal conductivity | 91 W/(m·K) |
| Specific heat capacity | Cp(crystal): 0.44 J/(g·K)Cp(gas): 0.4 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Sensitivity | air sensitive |
| Merck | 14,8107 |
| Exposure limits | ACGIH:TLV-TWA 0.2 mg/m3,Inhalable nickel particulate mass— Insoluble compounds A1 — Confirmed Human CarcinogenOSHA:PEL-TWA 1 mg/m3NIOSH:REL-TWA 0.015 mg/m3 |
| Stability | Stable in massive form. Powder is pyrophoric - can ignite spontaneously. May react violently with titanium, ammonium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, hydrazoic acid. Incompatible with acids, oxidizing agents, sulfur. |
| InChI | 1S/Ni |
| InChIKey | PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [Ni] |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 207 GPa |
| Poissons Ratio | 0.31 |
| Shear Modulus | 76.0 GPa |
| SCOGS (Select Committee on GRAS Substances) | Nickel (elemental) |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 7440-02-0(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS) | NICKEL |
| REACH Annex XVII Substances List | Nickel (7440-02-0) |
| FDA 21 CFR | 176.180 |
| EWG's Food Scores | 10 |
| FDA UNII | 7OV03QG267 |
| Proposition 65 List | Nickel (Metallic) |
| NIST Chemistry Reference | Nickel(7440-02-0) |
| IARC | 2B (Vol. Sup 7, 49) 1990 |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Nickel (7440-02-0) |
| Toxicological Profile|ATSDR | Nickel|Toxicological Profile|ATSDR |
| UNSPSC Code | 41122203 |
| NACRES | NA.24 |
| GHS pictogram | GHS02,GHS08 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| GHS hazard statements | H370-H372-H317-H334-H351-H413-H228-H250 |
| GHS precautionary statements | P501-P273-P272-P222-P260-P270-P202-P240-P210-P201-P241-P264-P280-P284-P302+P352-P370+P378-P335+P334-P342+P311-P308+P311-P362+P364-P304+P340-P333+P313-P422-P405 |
| Hazard symbols | C,Xi,Xn,F,T |
| Risk statements (R) | 34-50/53-43-40-10-17-52/53-48/23 |
| Safety statements (S) | 26-45-60-61-36-22-36/37-16-15-5-36/37/39-43-28 |
| Occupational exposure band (OEB) | D |
| Occupational exposure limit (OEL) | TWA: 0.015 mg/m3 [*Note: The REL does not apply to Nickel carbonyl.] |
| UN transport number | UN 1493 5.1/PG 2 |
| Water hazard class (WGK) | 3 |
| RTECS number | VW4725000 |
| F | 8 |
| Autoignition temperature | 87 °C |
| TSCA inventory status | TSCA listed |
| Hazard class | 4.1Carc. 2Skin Sens. 1STOT RE 1 |
| Packing group | II |
| Customs code | 38151100 |
| Storage class | 6.1D - Non-combustible acute toxic Cat.3toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects |
| Hazardous substances data | 7440-02-0(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Toxicity | Occupational exposures may occur in its mining, smelting, and refining. The general population ingests nickel in food. Skin sensitization and dermatitis leading to chronic eczema, called “nickel itch,” frequently occurs, especially in wearers of pierced earrings. Nickel can also irritate the conjunctiva and respiratory tract mucous membranes. Absorption from the digestive tract is poor, so systemic poisoning is rare, but since it is an irritant it acts as an emetic. Systemic effects include hyperglycemia, capillary damage, CNS depression, myocardial weakness, and kidney damage. Nickel and its compounds are carcinogenic following inhalation, but not following ingestion or skin contact. Cancer of the lung and nasal passages results, with a latent period of about 25 yearssmokers are at greater risk. In addition to irritation and carcinogenesis, nickel carbonyl (nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)4) exerts relatively mild, tran_x0002_sientinitial symptoms including headache, giddiness, nausea, and shortness of breath. These symptoms are followed by very serious symptoms hours to days later, consisting of tightness in the chest, shortness of breath, rapid respiration, pulmonary edema, cyanosis, and extreme weaknessthis can be fatal. Heat decomposition of nickel carbonyl yields carbon monoxide. Chelating agents can be used to remove nickel from the body. |
| Immediately dangerous to life or health concentration | 10 mg Ni/m3 |
| REACH registrations | Active |
| Limited quantities | 1.0 Kg (2.2 lbs) |
| Excepted quantities | Not Permitted as Excepted Quantity |
Safety & Regulations
| Minimum Risk Level | Intermediate Inhalation: 0.0002 mg/m3 (L134) Chronic Inhalation: 0.00009 mg/m3 (L134) |
|---|---|
| Treatment | Excess exposure to nickel is usually handled by preventing further exposure and symptomatic treatment. Nickel poisoning may also be treated using chelation therapy with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. (L42) |
| Health effects | The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. (L41) |
| Exposure routes | Oral (L41)inhalation (L41)dermal (L41) |
| Toxicity summary | Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (L41, A40) |
| Signs and Symptoms | Symptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. (L42) |
| Carcinogen Classification | Metallic nickel is possibly carcinogenic to humons (Group 2B). Nickel compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). (L135) |
| Toxicity Data | LD50: 250 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (T26) |
| F | 8 |
| Occupational exposure band (OEB) | D |
| Occupational exposure limit (OEL) | TWA: 0.015 mg/m3 [*Note: The REL does not apply to Nickel carbonyl.] |
| Water hazard class (WGK) | 3 |
| Immediately dangerous to life or health concentration | 10 mg Ni/m3 |
| TSCA inventory status | TSCA listed |
| RTECS number | VW4725000 |
| UN transport number | UN 1493 5.1/PG 2 |
| Customs code | 38151100 |
| Toxicity | Occupational exposures may occur in its mining, smelting, and refining. The general population ingests nickel in food. Skin sensitization and dermatitis leading to chronic eczema, called “nickel itch,” frequently occurs, especially in wearers of pierced earrings. Nickel can also irritate the conjunctiva and respiratory tract mucous membranes. Absorption from the digestive tract is poor, so systemic poisoning is rare, but since it is an irritant it acts as an emetic. Systemic effects include hyperglycemia, capillary damage, CNS depression, myocardial weakness, and kidney damage. Nickel and its compounds are carcinogenic following inhalation, but not following ingestion or skin contact. Cancer of the lung and nasal passages results, with a latent period of about 25 yearssmokers are at greater risk. In addition to irritation and carcinogenesis, nickel carbonyl (nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)4) exerts relatively mild, tran_x0002_sientinitial symptoms including headache, giddiness, nausea, and shortness of breath. These symptoms are followed by very serious symptoms hours to days later, consisting of tightness in the chest, shortness of breath, rapid respiration, pulmonary edema, cyanosis, and extreme weaknessthis can be fatal. Heat decomposition of nickel carbonyl yields carbon monoxide. Chelating agents can be used to remove nickel from the body. |
| Risk statements (R) | 34-50/53-43-40-10-17-52/53-48/23 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| GHS pictogram | GHS02,GHS08 |
| Hazard symbols | C,Xi,Xn,F,T |
| Safety statements (S) | 26-45-60-61-36-22-36/37-16-15-5-36/37/39-43-28 |
| Hazard class | 4.1Carc. 2Skin Sens. 1STOT RE 1 |
| Storage class | 6.1D - Non-combustible acute toxic Cat.3toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects |
| Packing group | II |
| GHS hazard statements | H370-H372-H317-H334-H351-H413-H228-H250 |
| Limited quantities | 1.0 Kg (2.2 lbs) |
| Excepted quantities | Not Permitted as Excepted Quantity |
| REACH registrations | Active |
| Autoignition temperature | 87 °C |
| GHS precautionary statements | P501-P273-P272-P222-P260-P270-P202-P240-P210-P201-P241-P264-P280-P284-P302+P352-P370+P378-P335+P334-P342+P311-P308+P311-P362+P364-P304+P340-P333+P313-P422-P405 |
| Hazardous substances data | 7440-02-0(Hazardous Substances Data) |
Applications & Uses
History
Nickel was isolated first and recognized as an element by Cronstedt in 1751. The metal was derived in pure form by Richter in 1804. The metal takes its name from two German words ‘Nickel’ and ‘kupfernickel’, which mean Old Nick’s (or Satan) and Old Nick’s copper, respectively. The abundance of nickel in the earth’s crust is only 84 mg/kg, the 24th most abundant element. It is found in most meteorites, particularly in the iron meteorites or siderites, alloyed with iron. Its average concentration in seawater is 0.56 μg/mL. Nickel is one of the major components of the earth’s core, comprising about 7%. The most common nickel ores are pentlandite, (Ni,Fe)9S16, limonite, (Fe,Ni)O(OH)•nH2O, and garnierite, (Ni,Mg)6Si4O10(OH)8. Other ores that are of rare occurrence are the sulfide ores, millerite, NiS, polydymite Ni3S4 and siegenite, (Co,Ni)3S4; the arsenide ores niccolite, NiAs, gersdorffite, NiAsS, and annabergite, Ni3As2O8•8H2O; and the antimonide ore, NiSb.
Uses
The most important applications of nickel metal involve its use in numerous alloys. Such alloys are used to construct various equipment, reaction vessels, plumbing parts, missile, and aerospace components. Such nickel-based alloys include Monel, Inconel, Hastelloy, Nichrome, Duranickel, Udinet, Incoloy and many other alloys under various other trade names. The metal itself has some major uses. Nickel anodes are used for nickel plating of many base metals to enhance their resistance to corrosion. Nickel-plated metals are used in various equipment, machine parts, printing plates, and many household items such as scissors, keys, clips, pins, and decorative pieces. Nickel powder is used as porous electrodes in storage batteries and fuel cells. Another major industrial use of nickel is in catalysis. Nickel and raney nickel are used in catalytic hydrogenation or dehydrogenation of organic compounds including olefins, fats, and oils.
Description
Nickel is a hard, silvery white, malleable metal chunk or grey powder. Nickel powder is pyrophoric – can ignite spontaneously. It may react violently with titanium, ammonium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, and hydrazoic acid. It is incompatible with acids, oxidising agents, and sulphur. The industrially important nickel compounds are nickel oxide (NiO), nickel acetate (Ni(C2H3O2), nickel carbonate (NiCO3), nickel carbonyl (Ni(CO)4), nickel subsulphide (NiS2), nickelocene (C5H5)2Ni, and nickel sulphate hexahydrate (NiSO4 · 6H2O). Nickel compounds have been well established as human carcinogens. Investigations into the molecular mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis have revealed that not all nickel compounds are equally carcinogenic: certain water-insoluble nickel compounds exhibit potent carcinogenic activity, whereas highly water-soluble nickel compounds exhibit less potency. The reason for the high carcinogenic activity of certain water-insoluble nickel compounds relates to their bioavailability and the ability of the nickel ions to enter cells and reach chromatin. The water-insoluble nickel compounds enter cells quite efficiently via phagocytic processes and subsequent intracellular dissolution. Nickel is classified as a borderline metal ion because it has both soft and hard metal properties and it can bind to sulphur, nitrogen, and oxygen groups. Nickel ions are very similar in structure and coordination properties to magnesium.
Occurrence
Nickel is the 23rd most abundant element found in the Earth’s crust. It is somewhat plentiful but scattered and makes up one-hundredth of 1% of igneous rocks. Nickel metal is foundin meteorites (as are some other elements). It is believed that molten nickel, along with iron,makes up the central sphere that forms the core of the Earth.There are several types of nickel ores. One is the major ore for nickel called pentlandite(NiS 2FeS), which is iron/nickel sulfide. Another is a mineral called niccolite (NiAs), discovered in 1751 and first found in a mining area of Sweden. By far, the largest mining area fornickel is located in Ontario, Canada, where it is recovered from what is thought to be a verylarge meteorite that crashed into the Earth eons ago. This large nickel deposit is one reasonfor the theory of the Earth’s core being molten nickel and iron, given that both the Earth andmeteorites were formed during the early stages of the solar system. Some nickel ores are alsofound in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Scandinavia. Traces of nickel exist in soils, coal,plants, and animals.
History
Discovered by Cronstedt in 1751 in kupfernickel (niccolite). Nickel is found as a constituent in most meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites, may contain iron alloyed with from 5 to nearly 20% nickel. Nickel is obtained commercially from pentlandite and pyrrhotite of the Sudbury region of Ontario, a district that produces much of the world’s nickel. It is now thought that the Sudbury deposit is the result of an ancient meteorite impact. Large deposits of nickel, cobalt, and copper have recently been developed at Voisey’s Bay, Labrador. Other deposits of nickel are found in Russia, New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere. Nickel is silvery white and takes on a high polish. It is hard, malleable, ductile, somewhat ferromagnetic, and a fair conductor of heat and electricity. It belongs to the iron-cobalt group of metals and is chiefly valuable for the alloys it forms. It is extensively used for making stainless steel and other corrosion- resistant alloys such as Invar, Monel, Inconel, and the Hastelloys. Tubing made of a copper-nickel alloy is extensively used in making desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. Nickel is also now used extensively in coinage and in making nickel steel for armor plate and burglar-proof vaults, and is a component in Nichrome, Permalloy, and constantan. Nickel added to glass gives a green color. Nickel plating is often used to provide a protective coating for other metals, and finely divided nickel is a catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils. It is also used in ceramics, in the manufacture of Alnico magnets, and in batteries. The sulfate and the oxides are important compounds. Natural nickel is a mixture of five stable isotopes; twenty-five other unstable isotopes are known. Nickel sulfide fume and dust, as well as other nickel compounds, are carcinogens. Nickel metal (99.9%) is priced at about $2/g or less in larger quantities.
Uses
Nickel is used in various alloys, such asGerman silver, Monel, and nickel–chrome;for coins; in storage batteries; in spark plugs;and as a hydrogenation catalyst.
Uses
The most common use of nickel is as an alloy metal with iron and steel to make stainlesssteel, which contains from 5% to 15% nickel. The higher the percentage of nickel in stainlesssteel, the greater the steel’s resistance to corrosion—particularly when exposed to seawater.Nickel is also alloyed with copper to make Monel metal, which was widely used before stainless steel became more economical and practical. It was used for many purposes as varied ashousehold appliances and general manufacturing. Nickel is also used to electroplate othermetals to provide a noncorrosive protective and attractive finish.
Uses
Nickel-plating; for various alloys such as new silver, Chinese silver, German silver; for coins, electrotypes, storage batteries; magnets, lightning-rod tips, electrical contacts and electrodes, spark plugs, machinery parts; catalyst for hydrogenation of oils and other organic substances. See also Raney nickel. manufacture of Monel metal, stainless steels, heat resistant steels, heat and corrosion resistant alloys, nickel-chrome resistance wire; in alloys for electronic and space applications.
General Description
Nickel catalyst, is extremely fine powdered nickel. Nickel is grayish colored. Insoluble in water. Nickel catalyst is used to promote the chemical action in manufacturing synthetics and to process vegetable oil and petroleum. If exposed to air or moisture, Nickel may become hot enough to ignite. Nickel is insoluble in water and does not react with larger volumes of water.
Preparation & Synthesis
Preparation
The carbonyl process is most commonly employed when very pure nickel is required. The impure metal is reacted with pure carbon monoxide at 50° and the carbonyl produced fractionated several times prior to pyrolysis at around 200°. The nickel thus obtained has a purity of 99.90-99.99% depending upon the materials used. Electrolytic methods for producing high purity nickel depend upon the production of high purity nickel salts. The nickel obtained by the electrolysis of pure nickel chloride solution with inert platinum-iridium anodes is 99.99% pure.