Stibine

Excerpt from ERG Guide 119 [Gases - Toxic - Flammable]:

Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out. In other cases extinguish with water spray. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Stibine:

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

Stop flow of gas before extinguishing fire. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors & toxic decomp products. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Explosive decomp may occur under fire conditions. Use flooding quantities of water as spray. DO NOT use halogenated extinguishing agents. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Following oral exposure to antimony, administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Following inhalation exposure, move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. In case of eye exposure, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. Following dermal exposure, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. (T36)

Dermal exposure to antimony can cause antimony spots (papules and pustules around sweat and sebaceous glands). Antimony poisoning can also lead to pneumoconiosis. Alterations in pulmonary function and other effects including chronic bronchitis, chronic emphysema, inactive tuberculosis, pleural adhesions, and irritation can result from inhalation of antimony. Increased blood pressure can also result from antimony poisoning. Myocardial depression, vasodilation and fluid loss may cause shock with hypotension, electrolyte disturbances and acute renal failure. Cerebral oedema, coma, convulsions, and death are possible. (L741)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation

Inhalation (L741) ; oral (L741) ; dermal (L741)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Stibine is a colorless gas. High purity stibine is used as an n-type gas phase dopant for silicon in semiconductors. It has been used as fumigating agent. It is also used in the production of lead batteries. HUMAN STUDIES: Stibine is a toxic gas that has effects similar to those of arsine, but stibine is not encountered as frequently as arsine. The most likely route of exposure to stibine is inhalation. Stibine attacks the blood and central nervous system. In acute poisoning, the signs in man are headache, nausea, weakness, slow breathing, and weak and irregular pulse. One of the early signs of overexposure to stibine in man may be hemoglobinuria. Laboratory findings may include: anemia, elevated bilirubin (indirect), hyperkalemia, damaged red blood cells (basophilic stippling, anisocytosis, Heinz-Ehrlich bodies), low haptoglobin, elevated plasma-free hemoglobin levels, elevated urinary hemoglobin, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, abnormal liver function tests, thrombocytopenia. Stibine gas is not capable of inhibiting cholinesterase activity at toxicologically relevant concentrations. ANIMAL STUDIES: The odorless toxic gas stibine, like arsine, is a potent hemolytic agent. The lethal concentration of stibine in air for mice is about 100 ppm for 1.6 hr. The formation of Heinz bodies in red blood cells was associated with acute stibine exposure that may underlie its hemolytic effects. Stibine was found genotoxic in vitro (significant nicking to pBR 322 plasmid DNA).

The inhalation data suggest that the myocardium is a target of antimony toxicity. It is possible that antimony affects circulating glucose by interfering with enzymes of the glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways. The mechanism of action of antimony remains unclear. However, some studies suggest that antimony combines with sulfhydryl groups including those in several enzymes important for tissue respiration. The antidotal action of BAL depends on its ability to prevent or break the union between antimony and vital enzymes. Moreover, the The cause of death is believed to be essentially the same as that in acute arsenic poisoning. Stibine reacts with water to form hydrochloric acid which has a direct corrosive effect on mucous membranes. (L793, T18, L741, A238)

Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Weakness. Laboured breathing. Nausea. Weak and irregular pulse. Hemoglobinuria.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness.

headache, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); nausea, abdominal pain; lumbar pain, hematuria (blood in the urine), hemolytic anemia; jaundice; pulmonary irritation

Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea can result from inhalation of antimony. Dyspnea, headache, vomiting,cough, conjunctivitis, and bloody purulent discharge from nose can result from inhalation exposure. Skin or eye contact can cause pain and redness of the exposed surface. (T64, L741)

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Stibine attacks the blood and central nervous system. In acute poisoning, the signs in man are headache, nausea, weakness, slow breathing, and weak and irregular pulse. ... One of the early signs of overexposure to stibine in man may be hemoglobinuria.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The toxic action of stibine: ... Death occurring rapidly on exposure to a concentration of 1 percent in air. It is a powerful hemolytic poison, and though arsine is frequently suspected as the cause of poisoning from gases liberated from certain alloys, cases have been recorded which have emphasized the presence and potential toxic action of stibine.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Stibine gas is an extremely toxic hemolytic agent which causes injury to the liver and kidneys. ... Acute exposures to humans would be expected to cause rapid destruction of red blood cells, hemoglobinuria, anuria, jaundice, and death.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Signs of /stibine/ poisoning include symptoms of shock ... .

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Stibine (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Hemolytic effect of stibine ... in cats & dogs ... single exposure to 40-45 ppm for 1 hr /was/ dangerous to life, death occurring within a few hr to a day.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In guinea pigs, changes appeared in morphology of erythrocytes within few min after exposure, the characteristic appearance resembling crenation ... . These cells appeared to precede the hemoglobinuria which occurred with most of the guinea pigs exposed to 65 ppm of stibine for 1 hr, and was followed within a few days by profound anemia. With concn above 65 ppm hemoglobinuria was observed ... with 92 ppm animals dying on the second to sixth day showed crystals & casts in renal tubules.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Death in mice occurs rapidly at 10,000 ppm, in a few hr at 100 ppm, and in 4 to 8 hr after a 15 min exposure at 30-50 ppm.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The odorless toxic gas stibine (antimony hydride), like arsine is a potent hemolytic agent. The letal concentration of stibine in air for mice is reportedly about 100 ppm for 1.6 hr. The formation of Heinz bodies in red blood cells was associated with acute stibine exposure that may underlie its hemolytic effects.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Stibine (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Antimony compounds are included on this list. /Antimony Componds/

Stibine

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Weapons of Mass Effect chemical material that, if stolen or diverted, can be converted into weapons using simple chemistry, equipment, or techniques.

Stibine gas may be formed during battery overcharging or when antimony compounds come in contact with an acid plus a reducing substance such as zinc. Stibine is used as a dopant in the microelectronics industry. Has been used as a fumigant; [ACGIH]

Semiconductor Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

In the production of lead batteries two antimony compounds occur: in the casting of grids antimony trioxide (Sb2O3), and in the formation of lead plates stibine (SbH3).

High purity stibine is used as an n-type, gas-phase dopant for silicon in semiconductors.

Used as a fumigating agent.

Breathing air, drinking water, and eating foods that contain antimony. Exposure can also occur through dermal or skin contact (L741).

Stibine may be prepared by the treatment of metal antimonides with acid, chemical reduction of antimony compounds, and the electrolysis of acid or alkaline solutions using a metallic antimony cathode.

... Prepared by dissolving zinc-antimony or magnesium-antimony alloy in dilute /hydrochloric acid/. ... Preparation of the alloy from powdered antimony and magnesium ... .

Production of antimony trihydride occurs whenever an acid reacts with a metal containing antimony as an impurity, or when a highly electropositive metal such as aluminum reacts with water. Stibine has been generated in overcharged storage batteries or whenever nascent hydrogen comes in contact with metallic antimony or soluble antimony cmpd.

Antimony can be trivalent or pentavalent in compounds. Both exist in antimony(IV) oxide, Sb2O4, and presumably in the deep violet haloantimonates (IV), such as Cs2(SbCl6). The pentavalent compounds, as well as most of the trivalent ones, are hydrolyzed by water to form antimony salts, e.g., SbOCl, and hydrated oxides. The only halides of antimony that have any industrial significance are the chlorides and fluorides. /Antimony compounds/