Nandrolone

Anticoagulant effect may be increased during concurrent use with anabolic steroids, especially 17-alpha-alkylated compounds, because of decreased procoagulant factor concentration caused by alteration of procoagulant factor synthesis or catabolism and increased receptor affinity for the anticoagulant; anticoagulant dosage adjustment based on prothrombin time determinations may be required during and following concurrent use. /Anabolic steroids/

Anabolic steroids may decrease blood glucose concentrations; diabetic patients should be closely monitored for signs of hypoglycemia and dosage of hypoglycemic agent adjusted as necessary. /Anabolic steroids/

Concurrent use /of glucocorticoid corticosteroids, especially with significant mineralocorticoid activity; mineralocorticoid corticosteroids; corticotropin, especially prolonged therapeutic use; or sodium-containing medications or foods/ with anabolic steroids may increase the possibility of edema; in addition, concurrent use of glucocorticoids or corticotropin with anabolic steroids may promote development of severe acne. /Anabolic steroids/

Concurrent use of anabolic steroids with somatrem or somatropin may accelerate epiphyseal maturation. /Anabolic steroids/

Concurrent use /of other hepatotoxic medications/ with anabolic steroids may result in an increased incidence of hepatotoxicity; patients, especially those on prolonged administration or those with a history of liver disease, should be carefully monitored. /Anabolic steroids/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 630(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.62(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that nandrolone is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of nandrolone from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.7X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Nandrolone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 3.5X10-8 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2005).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 630(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.62(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that nandrolone is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.7X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 21(SRC), derived from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2005).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), nandrolone, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 3.5X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase nandrolone may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Nandrolone does absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis.

IDENTIFICATION: Nandrolone phenylpropionate is an anabolic steroid. Origin of the substance: Naturally occuring anabolic steroids are synthesised in the testis, ovary and adrenal gland from cholesterol via pregnenolone. Synthetic anabolic steroids are based on the principal male hormone testosterone, modified in one of three ways: alkylation of the 17-carbon, esterification of the 17-OH group, modification of the steroid nucleus. Color: The drug is white to creamy white solid crystals with a slight characteristic odor. It is practically insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. Indications: The only legitimate therapeutic indications for anabolic steroids are: replacement of male sex steroids in men who have androgen deficiency, for example as a result of loss of both testes; the treatment of certain rare forms of aplastic anemia which are or may be responsive to anabolic androgens, or the drugs have been used in certain countries to counteract catabolic states, for example after major trauma. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Main risks and target organs: There is no serious risk from acute poisoning, but chronic use can cause harm. The main risks are those of excessive androgens: menstrual irregularities and virilization in women and impotence, premature cardiovascular disease and prostatic hypertrophy in men. Both men and women can suffer liver damage with oral anabolic steroids containing a substituted 17-alpha-carbon. Psychiatric changes can occur during use or after cessation of these agents. Summary of clinical effects: Acute overdosage can produce nausea and gastrointestinal upset. Chronic usage is thought to cause an increase in muscle bulk, and can cause an exaggeration of male characteristics and effects related to male hormones. Anabolic steroids can influence sexual function. They can also cause cardiovascular and hepatic damage. Acne and male- pattern baldness occur in both sexes; irregular menses, atrophy of the breasts, and clitoromegaly in women; and testicular atrophy and prostatic hypertrophy in men. Contraindications: Known or suspected cancer of the prostate or (in men) breast, pregnancy or breast-feeding, and known cardiovascular disease is a relative contraindication. ROUTES OF EXPOSURE: Oral: Anabolic steroids can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, but many compounds undergo such extensive first pass metabolism in the liver that they are inactive. Those compounds in which substitution of the 17- carbon protects the compound from the rapid hepatic metabolism are active orally. There are preparations of testosterone that can be taken sublingually. Parenteral: Intramuscular or deep subcutaneous injection is the principal route of administration of all the anabolic steroids except the 17-alpha-substituted steroids which are active orally. Absorption by route of exposure: The absorption after oral dosing is rapid for testosterone and probably for other anabolic steroids, but there is extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism for all anabolic steroids except those that are substituted at the 17-alpha position. The rate of absorption from subcutaneous or intramuscular depots depends on the product and its formulation. Absorption is slow for the lipid-soluble esters such as the cypionate or enanthate, and for oily suspensions. Distribution by route of exposure: The anabolic steroids are highly protein bound, and is carried in plasma by a specific protein called sex-hormone binding globulin. Biological half-life by route of exposure: The metabolism of absorbed drug is rapid, and the elimination half-life from plasma is very short. The duration of the biological effects is therefore determined almost entirely by the rate of absorption from subcutaneous or intramuscular depots, and on the de-esterification which precedes it. Metabolism: Free (de-esterified) anabolic androgens are metabolized by hepatic mixed function oxidases. Elimination by route of exposure: After administration of radiolabelled testosterone, about 90% of the radioactivity appears in the urine, and 6% in the feces; there is some enterohepatic recirculation. Mode of action: Toxicodynamics: The toxic effects are an exaggeration of the normal pharmacological effects. Pharmacodynamics: Anabolic steroids bind to specific receptors present especially in reproductive tissue, muscle and fat. The anabolic steroids reduce nitrogen excretion from tissue breakdown in androgen deficient men. They are also responsible for normal male sexual differentiation. The ratio of anabolic (body-building) effects to androgenic (virilizing) effects may differ among the members of the class, but in practice all agents possess both properties to some degree. There is no clear evidence that anabolic steroids enhance overall athletic performance. Carcinogenicity: Anabolic steroids may be carcinogenic. They can stimulate growth of sex-hormone dependent tissue, primarily the prostate gland in men. Precocious prostatic cancer has been described after long-term anabolic steroid abuse. Cases where hepatic cancers have been associated with anabolic steroid abuse have been reported. Teratogenicity: Androgen ingestion by a pregnant mother can cause virilization of a female fetus. Main adverse effects: The adverse effects of anabolic steroids include weight gain, fluid retention, and abnormal liver function as measured by biochemical tests. Administration to children can cause premature closure of the epiphyses. Men can develop impotence and azoospermia. Women are at risk of virilization. /Nandrolone phenylpropionate/

The Koc of nandrolone is estimated as 630(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.62(1)and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that nandrolone is expected to have low mobility in soil.

/CASE REPORTS/ A 21-year-old, previously healthy weight lifter collapsed during a bench press workout. He had taken anabolic androgenic steroids parenterally for the previous several months. Pertinent autopsy findings included marked cardiac and renal hypertrophy and hepatosplenomegaly, with regional myocardial fibrosis and focal myocardial necrosis. Nandrolone (19-nor-testosterone) metabolites were identified in postmortem urine.

Drug-Induced Liver Injury Severity and Toxicity (DILIst)

Nandrolone

DILI Positive

DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.022

An estimated BCF of 21 was calculated for nandrolone(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.62(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

The Henry's Law constant for nandrolone is estimated as 2.7X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that nandrolone is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil(SRC) and water surfaces(2). Nandrolone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 3.5X10-8 mm Hg(3), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Single intracutaneous injections of micronized crystalline suspensions of nandrolone phenylpropionate induced local thickening of the epidermis of female hairless hamsters, accompanied by marked increase in sebaceous gland volume over 7 days.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ This study examines the effect of chronic administration of the anabolic androgenic steroid nandrolone decanoate (ND) on dominant and subordinate male rats in a pair-housed condition. Pair-housed rats were assessed for dominance status based on their behavior and alterations in body weights. Throughout the study the rats were allowed limited social interactions on a daily basis. At all other times, a Plexiglas divider kept the rats separated, allowing olfactory and visual contact between the cage mates while preventing significant physical contact. One week into the study all subjects were subcutaneously implanted with a pellet that continuously infused either ND (15 mg/kg/day) or placebo for 21 days. Following the pellet implant, behavioral tests including reassessment for dominance status, and a conditioned fear test were conducted over a period of approximately 2 months to investigate possible long-term changes. The main finding is that during the allowed social interactions, the dominant ND-pretreated rats spent more time on highly aggressive behaviors than the dominant placebo-treated rats. In addition, the probability for highly aggressive behaviors was maintained for the ND-treated rats throughout the study, whereas it was decreased for the placebo-treated rats. The ND-treated subordinate rats showed less fear in a potential threatening situation compared to placebo-treated controls. These findings support the relatively long-term behavioral changes that have been seen in humans after abuse of ND and other anabolic androgenic steroid compounds.

Anabolic steroids are not recommended for use during pregnancy, since studies in animals have shown that anabolic steroids cause masculinization of the fetus. Risk-benefit must be carefully considered. /Anabolic steroids/

Anabolic steroids should be used with caution in children and adolescents and only by specialists who are aware of their effects on bone maturation because of possible premature epiphyseal closure, precocious sexual development in males, and virilization in females. The epiphyseal maturation may be accelerated more rapidly than linear growth in children, and the effect may continue for 6 months after the medication has been discontinued. /Anabolic Steroids/

Anabolic steroids may decrease blood glucose concentrations; diabetic patients should be closely monitored for signs of hypoglycemia and dosage of hypoglycemic agent adjusted as necessary. /Anabolic steroids/

Nandrolone is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(1). Nandrolone does not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis.

Schedules of controlled substances are established by section 202 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 812). Schedule III shall consist of the drugs and other substances, by whatever official name, common or usual name, chemical name, or brand name designated, listed in this section. Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation containing any quantity of the following substances, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation. DEA Code #: 4000; Drug class: anabolic steroids.

The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations List identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, incl nandrolone decanoate, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. /Nandrolone Decanoate/

MEDICATION (VET)

MEDICATION

Prepared from alkyl ethers of estradiol.

A dry benzene solution of...19-nortestosterone & pyridine is mixed with ... Decanoyl chloride & esterification is allowed ... in an atmosphere of nitrogen. After washing successively with acid, alkali, & water, solvent is evaporated & crude ester is recrystallized from petroleum ether or ... other suitable solvent. /Decanoate/

19-nortestosterone is esterified with hydrocinnamoyl chloride by the method described for nandrolone decanoate. /Phenpropionate/

19-Nortestosterone cyclohexylpropionate, sanabolicum /cyclohexanepropionate/; 19-Nortestosterone hexahydrobenzoate, Norlongandron, Nor-durandron /cyclohexanecarboxylate/; Nandrolone laurate, laurabolin v /dodecanoate/; 19-Nortestosterone furylpropionate, NFP, Demelon. /furylpropionate/

DECA-DURABOLIN (ORGANON) /DECANOATE/...DURABOLIN (ORGANON) /PHENPROPIONATE/

DOSAGE FORMS: oily solution: /Decanoate/

While data specific to nandrolone were not available(SRC, 2005), the literature suggests that some pharmaceutically active compounds originating from human and veterinary therapy are not eliminated completely in municipal sewage treatment plants and are therefore discharged into receiving waters(1). Wastewater treatment processes often were not designed to remove them from the effluent(2). Selected organic waste compounds may be degrading to new and more persistent compounds that may be released instead of or in addition to the parent compound(2).

This is a controlled substance (anabolic steroid)... .

Synthetic analogs of androgens have been used by professional, as well as amateur, athletes for possible performance enhancement.

Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004. Public Law 108-358 (October 22, 2004)... includes /nandrolone/ as an anabolic steroid