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For information on chemical warfare blister agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

- Sulfur mustard is combustible.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. No mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Administration of oxygen may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Do NOT induce vomiting. NO mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Administration of oxygen may be needed. Refer for medical attention .

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

Water, fog, foam, CO2, dry chemical. Avoid methods that cause splashing or spreading. Fight fire from as far a distance as possible.

To fight fire, use water, foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well vented area away from oxidizers. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with ASHO standard 1910.1045.

Cover with vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, or fine sand and neutralized as soon as possible using large amounts of 5% sodium hypochlorite solution. Scoop up all material and place in an approved container. After sealing, decontaminate the exterior and label. All leaking containers should be packed with sorbent (e.g. vermiculite) and placed between the interior and exterior containers. Label and dispose according to regulations. Conduct general area monitoring. If sodium hypochlorite solution is not available then use the following in order of preference: Calcium Hypochlorite and Super Tropical Bleach Slurry (STB). WARNING: Pure, undiluted Calcium Hypochlorite (HTH) will burn on contact with liquid blister agent.

To clean up spill, cover up to 15 percent calcium hypochloride. Place in container; neutralize after 12 hours if necessary. Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Attempt to stop leak if hazard. Use water spray to knock down vapors. Avoid breathing vapors and bodily contact with material. Keep upwind. Wash away any material, which may have contacted the body, with copious amounts of soap and water. Downwind evacuation must be considered. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of confined spaces, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the build up of explosive concentrations. ...

Principles and methods for destruction of chemical weapons: ... "Destruction of chemical weapons" means a process by which chemicals are converted in an essentially irreversible way to a form unsuitable for production of chemical weapons, and which in an irreversible manner renders munitions and other devices unusable as such. ... Each /nation/ shall determine how it shall destroy chemical weapons, except that the following processes may not be used: dumping in any body of water, land burial or open-pit burning. It shall destroy chemical weapons only at specifically designated and appropriately designed and equipped facilities. ... Each /nation/ shall ensure that its chemical weapons destruction facilities are constructed and operated in a manner to ensure the destruction of the chemical weapons; and that the destruction process can be verified under the provisions of this Convention. /Chemical warfare agents/

Destruction of U.S. stockpiles of chemical agents, including sulfur mustards, was mandated by the Chemical Weapons Convention to take place before April 2007.

As part of the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (CSDP) mandated by Congress, the Army currently uses the "baseline system" for destruction of munitions and bulk agents containing sulfur mustard. The "baseline system" consists of several steps: (1) storage, transportation, and unloading of munitions and containers, (2) disassembly and draining, (3) agent destruction, (4) energetics destruction, (5) metal parts decontamination, and (6) dunnage (i.e., other contaminated materials) disposal. ...

To address growing public concern over incineration, in 1992, Congress directed the Army to evaluate alternative disposal methods that might be significantly safer and more cost effective than the baseline system. Two alternatives were accepted by the Army for further development: (1) stand alone neutralization followed by incineration and (2) neutralization followed by bio-treatment...

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Hot Zone Responders should be trained and appropriately attired before entering the Hot Zone. If the proper personal protective equipment (PPE) is not available, or if the rescuers have not been trained in its use, call for assistance in accordance with local Emergency Operational Guides (EOG)...

... Patients ... must be decontaminated before being allowed to enter the /Emergency Department/. Decontamination can take place inside the hospital only if there is a decontamination facility with negative air pressure and floor drains to contain contamination. Personnel should wear the same level of protection required in the Hot Zone...

Decontamination procedures should be initiated immediately after exposure. Hypochlorite bleaches were the earliest decontaminants used to detoxify mustard. During World War II, both common bleach [NaOCl-] and superchlorinated bleaches [Ca(OCl-)2] were used. More stable N-chloro compounds, such as chloramine, have been used in more modern personal decontamination systems. In the 1950s, a nonaqueous equipment decontamination solution "DS2" (2% NaOH, 70% diethylenetriamine, 28% ethylene glycol monomethyl ether) was developed in which the conjugate base of the glycol ether reacts rapidly with mustard via double elimination. The currently fielded U.S. ARMY M291 skin decontamination kit contains the decontaminant powder XE-555 resin (Amberguard 555) .

The eyes should be washed immediately with as much water as tolerable, for at least 15 minutes, even if no symptoms are present, since it is known that ocular and dermal symptoms are delayed. Of the many fluids studied for eye irrigation, none has proven more effective than tap water ... Contaminated clothing should be removed and the skin, particularly the groin, axillae, and perineal areas, should be decontaminated. Rapid removal from skin is critical, as sulfur mustard penetrates skin within minutes of exposure. Skin decontamination may be accomplished with copious amounts of water, a 0.5% hypochlorite solution, or a skin decontamination kit.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)SULFIDE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide levels were detected in the urine of 6 out of 12 patients from the Iran-Iraq War (1986) ranging from 1-30 ppb(1). The same authors had previously identified 1 and 1.5 ppb of bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide in the urine of two other patients from the Iran-Iraq War(2). Concentrations three orders of magnitude greater than the above have been found in fat and fat-rich organs such as the brain and these are thought to act as a reservoir for a very low concentration of bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide in the urine(1). Urine samples taken from 9 Iranian patients, victims of an alleged attack by chemical warfare agents, contained 4-110 and 15-90 ng/mL of thiodiglycol, a hydrolysis product of bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide(3). A 1985 autopsy of body tissue and fluids of an Iranian man who had died 7 days after exposure to mustard gas resulted in the following concentrations (tissue - concentration in ppm wet weight): brain 10.7; cerebrospinal fluid 1.9; liver 2.4; kidney 5.6; spleen 1.5; lung 0.8; muscle 3.9; fat 15.1; skin 8.4; skin with subcutaneous fatty tissue 11.8; blood 1.1; urine below detection limit of approximately 0.1 ppm(4).

Sulfur mustard (SM) has been used as a vesicant chemical warfare agent. To investigate the respiratory damages it causes, /the authors/ studied the effects on guinea pigs of an intratracheal injection of 0.3 mg/kg of SM 5 hr and 14 days after injection. Five hours after SM intoxication, respiratory system resistance and microvascular permeability were increased. These alterations were not prevented by pretreatment with 50 mg/kg sc of capsaicin 2 wk before SM intoxication. Histological studies showed columnar cell shedding all along the tracheal epithelium, bronchoconstriction, and peribronchial edema. Fourteen days after SM intoxication, guinea pigs demonstrated airway hyperreactivity to aerosolized substance P and histamine. Pretreatment with phosphoramidon caused a further increase in airway responsiveness to substance P. Neutral endopeptidase activity in the tracheal epithelium was decreased by twofold in SM-intoxicated guinea pigs. At this stage, the tracheal epithelium was disorganized and atrophic. These results demonstrate that in guinea pigs SM intoxication induces severe lesions to the tracheal epithelium, which might account for the airway hyperresponsiveness observed 14 days after intoxication.

The chemical warfare agents sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustards (HN-1, HN-2, and HN-3) are highly reactive vesicants. The study was planned to investigate the protective efficacy of amifostine, DRDE-07 and their analogues, and few conventional antidotes (30 minutes pretreatment) against dermally applied SM and nitrogen mustards in preventing hematological and biochemical changes in mice. Mustard agents (1.0 median lethal dose [LD(50)]) induced a significant decrease in the body weight and spleen weight. A significant decrease in the white blood cell (WBC) count and an increase in serum transaminases and alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) were observed. A significant decrease in reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were also observed. All the mustard agents increased DNA fragmentation. The effects of SM were significantly ameliorated by DRDE-07 analogues, and with nitrogen mustards the protection was partial. Overall, DRDE-30 (propyl analogue) followed by DRDE-35 (butyl analogue) are favored as safer and better compounds.

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent vesicant, known for its ability to cause incapacitation and prolonged injuries to the eyes, skin and respiratory system. The toxic ocular events following sulfur mustard exposure are characterized by several stages: photophobia starting a few hours after exposure, an acute injury phase characterized by inflammation of the anterior segment and corneal erosions and a delayed phase appearing following a clinically silent period (years in human). The late injury appeared in part of the exposed eyes, expressed by epithelial defects and corneal neovascularization (NV), that lead to vision deficits and even blindness. During the last years /the authors/ have characterized the temporal development of ocular lesions following SM vapor exposure in rabbits and have shown the existence of two sub-populations of corneas, those exhibiting delayed ocular lesions (clinically impaired) and those exhibiting only minor injuries if at all (clinically non-impaired). The aim of the present study was to investigate the pathological mechanism underlying the delayed injury by focusing on the unique characteristics of each sub-population and to test the efficacy of potential treatments. Clinically impaired corneas were characterized by chronic inflammation, increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, poor innervation and limbal damage. Moreover, using impression cytology and histology, we identified the delayed lesions as typical for an ocular surface disorder under the category of limbal epithelial stem cell deficiency (LSCD). These results point to therapeutic directions, using anti-inflammatory drugs, MMPs inhibitors, neurotrophic factors and amniotic membrane transplantation. Topical anti-inflammatory drugs, either steroid (Dexamycin, DEX) or non-steroidal anti-infllammatory drug (NSAID, Voltaren Ophtha) were found to be beneficial in ameliorating the initial inflammatory response and in postponing the development of corneal NV, when given during the first week after exposure. When DEX was administered as a symptomatic treatment against NV, a significant regression in the angiogenic process was observed, however, the effect was temporal and blood vessels reappeared after therapy ceased. Chronic administration (8 weeks) of the MMP inhibitor Doxycycline was also effective in attenuation of the acute and delayed injury. Preliminary results, using amniotic membrane transplantation revealed some decrease of corneal edema with no effect on corneal NV. It is suggested that the chronic inflammation and prolonged impairment of corneal innervation are playing a role in the pathogenesis of the delayed LSCD following SM exposure by creating a pathological microenvironment to limbal epithelial stem cells, thus, leading to their slow death and to a second cascade of pathological events eventually resulting in severe long-term injuries. As of today, only topical anti-inflammatory drugs reached the criteria of an applicable efficient post-exposure ocular treatment for SM injuries.

... Exposure of animals under halothane anesthesia to the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD; 1 mg/kg intravenous) produced mild signs of systemic intoxication during the subsequent 5 hours. Induction doses of ketamine 1 hour after HD exposure resulted in periods of profound apnea, with continued respiratory distress for the next 2 hours. When animals were treated with HD 1 hour after the initiation of ketamine anesthesia, severe and persistent convulsion-like muscular activity was observed within 45 minutes of HD administration. This nonpurposeful activity was not ameliorated by diazepam but was dramatically reduced or eliminated by resumption of halothane anesthesia. Treatment of HD-intoxicated pigs with succinylcholine produced a prolonged apnea resulting in death. In these apparently mildly HD-intoxicated animals, the introduction of ketamine or succinylcholine can rapidly induce potentially life-threatening situations.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)SULFIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 240(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide has been observed to bind to dry soil through a reversible interaction mechanism(3). Volatilization of bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.45X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide evaporates from dry soil and sand surfaces(5). At moderate temperatures (25 °C), bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide deposited on the surface of soil has been reported to evaporate within 30 to 50 hours, depending on weather conditions(6). Evaporation rates can vary widely depending on temperature, surface type, wind and other factors(5-7); however, a primary dissipation mechanism for bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide from soil is evaporation(8). Hydrolysis is an important process in moist soil environments; however, bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide's low dissolution rate hinders the hydrolysis process(9). Bis(2-chloroethyl) hydrolyzes rapidly in distilled water with a half-life on the order of 4 to 8 minutes at 25 °C(8); however, in addition to the very low rate of dissolution, intermediate hydrolysis products and/or water-insoluble thickners can coat or encapsulate bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide droplets and retard hydrolysis(8). In the absence of water, bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide can react at higher temperatures in soil to form adducts and polymers(10); it is possible that polymer formation may result in entrapment of bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide droplets and protection from subsequent dissolution and degradation(SRC). Soil microorganisms capable of degrading bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide have been isolated and identified(11). However, after application to soil, bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide degradation occurs mainly through chemical hydrolysis with microbiological degradation being the important fate process for degradation of the hydrolysis products that include thiodiglycol(11). Although bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide can hydrolyze rapidly and evaporate from soil surfaces, the compound may persist in the soil environment for many years, or even decades(12). Its persistence in soil was realized as French soil contaminated in 1917 was found to contain bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide for a number of years after 1917(12). In another instance, soldiers allowed into an area deemed safe from bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide contamination were burnt while digging the soil even though bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide was not used in that area in 3 years(10).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: The persistence in five soils ranged from 27 to 68 hr, with sand having the longest persistence and gravelly soil the least(1). At 0 °C the respective persistence times were 63.8, 72.6, 92.3, 49.7 days(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: The nature of the terrain has an important bearing on the behavior of the contaminant. Evaporation from grassland will be more rapid than from a permeable surface such as sand(1). In a field experiment designed to simulate a chemical attack, a small sample of bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide was placed on top of the snow surface; another sample was immediately covered with 5 cm of snow in order to simulate a snowfall after an attack(2). Less than 0.1% of the bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide was found after 14 days in both the uncovered and snow-covered samples. None of the agents studied, including bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, tended to migrate into the snow. Another investigator reported a persistence of 56 days in snow at -10 °C(3). In view of the fact that snow samples are quite variable, this value is not necessarily in conflict with the first (14 day) result. It has been suggested that bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide may react in warm, dry soil to form 1,2-bis(2-chloroethylthio)ethane and higher adducts(4); however, no experimental evidence of such reactions have been reported(SRC).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Sulfur mustard can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, and eye contact. Inhalation is an important route of exposure. Ingestion is an uncommon route of exposure. Warm, moist areas with thin skin, the moist linings of body passages and cavities (mucous membranes), and perspiration-covered skin are more sensitive to the blistering (vesicant) effects of sulfur mustard.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) have been disposed of in various fashions over the past decades. Significant amounts of CWA, roughly 11,000 ton, have been dumped in the Baltic Sea east of the island Bornholm following the disarmament of Germany after World War II. This has caused concerns over potential human and environmental health risks, and resulted in restrictions on fishing in the dumpsite area. The purpose of this paper is to assess the potential indirect human health risks due to consumption of CWA-contaminated fish from the dumpsite area east of Bornholm. Earlier studies suggest that the fish community may be at risk from CWA exposure in the Bornholm basin. Moreover, elevated frequencies of lesions on fish caught in a CWA dumpsite in the Mediterranean Sea have been observed. The fish at the Mediterranean dumpsite had elevated total arsenic (As) concentrations in their tissue, and elevated total As levels were also observed in the sediment. Elevated total sediment As concentrations have also been recorded in CWA dumpsites in the Skagerrak and the Baltic Sea. Triphenylarsine and sulfur mustard gas (Yperite) are the CWAs with the greatest indirect human health risk potential. There are recognized uncertainties concerning Yperite's and CWA-derived arsenical's fate and speciation in the environment, as well as their inherent toxicity, warranting caution and further site-specific environmental and human health risk assessments of CWAs dumped in the Bornholm basin.

Cough. Burning sensation. Sore throat. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Pain. Redness. Blisters. Serious skin burns.

Watering of the eyes. Redness. Pain. Severe deep burns. Loss of vision.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting. Burning sensation. Shock or collapse. See Inhalation.

- Mild (onset within 4 to 12 hours): Tear production (lacrimation), irritation, itching, burning, spasmodic blinking (blepharospasm), dryness or gritty feeling, and possible pinpoint pupils (miosis).

- Nausea, vomiting (emesis), pain, diarrhea, possible chemical burns of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and complete exhaustion (prostration).

Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide has been identified as a pollutant at the Fort McClellan army base /Alabama/ as well as at Rocky Mountain Arsenal(1). For some time after July 1917, much of French soil in region of battle lines was contaminated with mustard gas. The average and maximum concentrations likely to have been produced under military engagements in the area of falling shells have been estimated to be 3 and 5 ppm, respectively(2).

Mild conjunctivitis beginning more than 12 hours after exposure is unlikely to progress to a severe lesion. The patient should have a thorough eye examination (including a test for visual acuity). The patient should be treated with a soothing eye solution, such as Visine or Murine, sent home, and told to return if there is worsening. Conjunctivitis beginning earlier and other effects such as lid swelling and signs/symptoms of inflammation indicate a need for inpatient care and observation.

A small area of erythema beginning later than 12 hours after exposure is unlikely to progress to a significant lesion. The patient should be examined, treated with a soothing lotion, sent home, and instructed to return if progression occurs. A patient with a significant area of erythema or one seen earlier with a significant area of erythema with or without blistering should be admitted for further evaluation. ... Patients with a large area of second or third degree burns should be transferred to a Burn Unit for further care and reverse isolation.

Airway damage is a common cause of death. ... at the first sign of damage of the larynx or below, the patient should be intubated and transferred to the Critical Care Unit. Bronchodilators should be used if there are signs of bronchoconstriction; steroids might be used if the usual bronchodilators are not effective, but otherwise steroids are not of proven value. Daily sputum cultures should be done and systemic antibiotics should be begun with signs of infection and an identified organism. A chemical pneumonitis may occur in the first several days with infiltrates on X-ray, an increase in WBC, and a fever, but this is generally sterile. Organisms generally are not the cause until the third or fourth day postexposure, and antibiotics should not be used prophylactically. Patients with airway damage below the pharynx should be managed on the Critical Care Unit by a physician experienced in the management of complicated pulmonary and airway injuries.

If the bone marrow has been damaged, the white blood cell count in the peripheral blood will start to decrease at about days 3 to 5 after exposure. This decrease may be followed by a decrease in red blood cells and platelets. ... A patient with a marked decrease in white blood cell count should be transferred to an Oncology or Burn Unit for reverse isolation.

For more Medical Surveillance (Complete) data for BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)SULFIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Mustard gas is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 lbs.

Sulfur mustard (Mustard gas (H))

CUM 100g

CUM 100g

Chemical Weapons/Chemical Weapons Precursors chemical material that, if stolen or diverted, can be converted into weapons using simple chemistry, equipment, or techniques.

Chemical warfare;

The principal use of sulfur mustard was as a vesicant chemical warfare agent.

Organic synthesis, poison gas, medicine

Medication: /Formerly/ used topically in the treatment of psoriasis.

Mustard gas was used as a vesicant in chem warfare during World War I & in Ethiopia in 1936 ...

In biological studies of alkylating agents

(1972) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN USA

(1975) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN USA

/It is/ prepared by treating ethylene with sulfur chloride (Levinstein process) ... by treating beta, beta'-dihydroxyethyl sulfide with hydrogen chloride gas (German process).

... From thiodiglycol and hydrogen chloride.

The Germans produced sulfur mustard using the Meyer process, which involved treating ethylene with hypochlorous acid followed by sodium sulfide, yielding beta,beta'-dihydroxy-methyl sulfide. This in turn was heated with hydrochloric acid, which produced sulfur mustard. In the United States, sulfur mustard was formerly made using the Levenstein process in which ethylene was reacted with sulfur monochloride at 30-35 °C. Sulfur mustard produced by this process contains 62-64% distilled sulfur mustard (or HD). The most recent process used in the United States involved the formation of bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-thioether from ethylene oxide and hydrogen sulfide; this was then reacted with hydrochloric acid to form sulfur mustard. Sulfur mustard produced by this process contains 89% HD.

Synthesis: 1) thiodiglycol and gaseous HCl; 2) sulfur monochloride and dry ethylene; 3) sulfur monochloride and pure ethylene; 4) sulfur dichloride in carbon tetrachloride and ethylene; 5) sulfur monochloride and ethylene saturated with alcohol.

Grades: pure; technical (containing excess sulfur as a polysulfide)

Commercial production results in the formation of a mixture containing about 70% bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide and about 30% high molecular weight polysulfides.

Ethane, 1,1'-thiobis[2-chloro-: ACTIVE

Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide is listed in the CWC /Chemical Weapons Convention/ Annex on Chemicals under Schedule 1.

/The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an international treaty which bans the development, production, stockpiling, and transfer or use of chemical weapons. The Convention mandates the destruction and prohibition of chemical weapons and related facilities and provides for restrictions on international trade in toxic chemicals and precursors./ The Convention's monitoring and verification measures involve submission of declarations regarding ... /Schedule 1, 2, and 3 chemicals/ and inspections by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons of the facilities where these chemicals are produced. ... Schedule 1 lists chemicals considered to pose a high risk to the object and purpose of the Convention by virtue of their high potential for use in activities prohibited by the CWC. These chemicals have little or no use for peaceful purposes in commercial or industrial trade. ... Schedule 1 also lists precursor chemicals that may be used in the final single technological stage of production of any of the toxic chemicals listed in the schedule

The term "Mustard gas" refers to several manufactured chemicals, including sulfur mustard. They are not naturally occurring in the environment. Mustard gas does not behave as a gas under normal conditions.

HD is distilled sulfur mustard which has been purified by washing and vacuum distillation. H is Levenstein mustard which contains about 30% sulfur impurities and has a stronger vesicant action. HT consists of 60% HD and 40% T /bis(2-chloroethylthioethyl)ether/ (a related vesicant with lower freezing point and much lower volatility), with reportedly similar characteristics to HD.

For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)SULFIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.