Chlorazine

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. ... Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol foam" ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Triazine pesticide (compounds and preparations), solid (insecticides, agricultural, not elsewhere classified, other than liquid)/

Avoid breathing dusts & fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. /Triazine pesticide, solid, not otherwise specified, (compounds and preparations), (agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified, other than liquid)/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Noncombustible containers should be crushed & buried under more than 40 cm of soil. /Herbicides/

Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in pesticide incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

Group II Containers: Noncombustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) must first be triple rinsed. Containers that are in good condition may be returned to the manufacturer or formulator of the pesticide product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same type of pesticide product, if such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28). Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured ... and transported to a scrap metal facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

Only clean clothing ... should be worn & clothing should be changed daily ... Adequate sanitary facilites & washing water should be provided for workers to wash before meals. Smoking & consumption of alcoholic drinks before & during the handling of herbicides should be forbidden. Contaminated clothing should be removed immediately & a hot bath taken if possible. Personal hygiene should be encouraged. /Herbicides/

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. /Triazine pesticide, solid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations), (agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified, other than liquid)/ Not elsewhere classified.

Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Triazine pesticide, solid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations), (agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified, other than liquid)/

ETHANOL (4 G/KG/DAY FOR 21 DAYS) HAD NO EFFECT ON HEPATIC MICROSOMAL CYTOCHROME P450 IN RATS & ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE REMAINED UNCHANGED. CHLORAZINE (20 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) ADMIN FOLLOWING ETHANOL TREATMENT (4 G/KG/DAY FOR 21 DAYS) DECREASED CYTOCHROME P450 AND ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY IN RATS. THUS ETHANOL & CHLORAZINE INTERACT NOT ONLY AT THE LEVEL OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, BUT ALSO AT THE LEVEL OF THE LIVER.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: THE FIRST INDICATION OF THE CLEAVAGE OF ALKYL GROUPS IN SOIL CAME FROM EXPT DESIGNED TO STUDY THE REASON FOR THE PRONOUNCED LAG PHASE IN THE PHYTOTOXIC ACTION OF CHLORAZINE ... IN OATS ... THE SHARP INCR OF PHYTOTOXICITY SEVERAL MO AFTER APPLICATION ... MAY BE EXPLAINED BY SUCCESSIVE DEALKYLATIONS TRANSFORMING CHLORAZINE INTO TRIETAZINE & SIMAZINE ...

TERRESTRIAL FATE: If chlorazine is released to soil, it will be expected to exhibit low mobility based upon(3) a calculated Koc of 797 estimated(2,SRC) based upon water solubility(1). Adsorption of chlorazine to clay materials has been observed to vary strongly with pH and electrolyte concn of the system(4). It has been predicted that >95% of the chlorazine applied to soil under field conditions will be adsorbed onto clay materials in the soil based upon experimental results for adsorption onto illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite(4). Therefore, chlorazine is not expected to leach to ground water(SRC). Chlorazine may be subject to slow degradation in soil which may be due to both chemical hydrolysis and biodegradation based upon limited data for chlorazine and other structurally related s-triazines. It will not be expected to volatilize from near surface soils or surfaces under normal environmental conditions. Chlorazine applied to soil under field conditions is reportedly decomposed by soil microorganisms over 40 days based upon the lack of inhibition in the growth of winter grains in non-sterile soil versus the inhibition observed in sterile-soil(5).

AQUATIC FATE: If released to water, chlorazine will not be expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms, adsorb to sediment and suspended particulate matter, or to volatilize. The s-triazine ring of chlorazine is fairly resistant to microbial attack. Information concerning biodegradation in soil(1) indicates moderately rapid biodegradation of chlorazine may occur in natural waters. Chemical hydrolysis of chlorazine may be more important environmentally than biodegradation at low pH or when various catalysts are present. Chlorazine may be susceptible to direct photolysis(2) and hydrolysis(3) based upon data concerning other s-triazine herbicides.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: If chlorazine is released to the atmosphere, it may be subject to gas-phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals. The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of chlorazine with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be 154.4 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.5 hr at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: THE LONG SOIL PERSISTENCE OF THESE CMPD DOES ... CREATE THE PROBLEM OF SOIL CARRY OVER, WHICH CAN DAMAGE SUCCEEDING CASH CROPS. THEREFORE EXTREME CAUTION MUST BE TAKEN IN THEIR APPLICATION ON CROPLAND TO AVOID SUCH INJURY TO FOLLOWING CROPS. /TRIAZINES/

Preliminary medical exam to detect chronic diseases of CNS, liver, heart, kidneys, lung & skin, as well as endocrinological or immunological disturbances, should ... /protect/ susceptible individuals. ... Periodical medical exam of internal organs, skin & eyes is important to avoid chronic occupational intoxications. It should include lab tests & patch tests if necessary. /Herbicides/

Adsorption of triazines through an exchange process to organic matter & clay minerals is dependent on the pH of the soln & the acidity of the adsorbent surface. Hydrogen bonding & hydrophobic bonding are other mechanisms by which soil organic matter adsorbs triazine herbicides, especially at higher pH levels. ... Transport from soil to water occurs in soln & in sediments. /Triazine herbicides/

Based upon a water solubility of 22 ppm at 26 °C(3), a Koc of 797 has been estimated(4). Based upon this estimated Koc, chlorazine will be expected to exhibit low mobility in soil(5). Evidence has been reported that indicates that the basicity of s-triazine herbicides, such as simazine, is not the main factor governing adsorption to soil humic acids(1). Adsorption of chlorazine to clay materials has been observed to vary strongly with pH and electrolyte concn of the system(6). It has been predicted that >95% of the chlorazine applied to soil under field conditions will be adsorbed onto clay materials in the soil based upon experimental results for adsorption onto illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite(6). It has been shown that the ability of s-triazines herbicides to act as electron donors to electron acceptor quinone-like units of humic acids also plays an important role in the adsorption(2).

Chlorazine was at one marketed as or reported to be herbicide, but at present it is of little commercial interest. Therefore, at some time in the past it may have been released to the environment via effluents at manufacturing sites and at points of application where it may have been employed as a herbicide(SRC).

Most of the triazines are very stable in soil & dissipate slowly through ... degradation of molecular side chains by soil microorganisms. /Triazines/

Chlorazine applied to soil under field conditions is reportedly decomposed by soil microorganisms over 40 days based upon the lack of inhibition in the growth of winter grains in non-sterile soil versus the inhibition observed in sterile-soil(1). The increase in phytotoxicity of chlorazine to seedling oats over several months can be explained by the microbial dealkylation of chlorazine to the more phytotoxic herbicides trietazine or simazine(2). It has been reported that s-triazines which are similar in structure to chlorazine can be utilized by certain soil microorganisms as a source of energy(3).

Vapor transport losses of triazines are dependent on vapor pressure & pH of the evaporating surface, since ionized cmpd are less volatile. /Triazine herbicides/

Based upon the Henry's Law constants calculated(SRC,2) from water solubility and vapor pressure for s-triazine herbicides with similar structures with chlorazine (eg, the Henry's Law constant is 4.63X10-10 atm-cu m/mole for simazine(1,SRC)), volatilization of chlorazine is not expected to be environmentally important(2).

CHLORAZINE WAS AMONG HERBICIDES EVALUATED & FOUND NOT TO INDUCE POINT MUTATIONS IN 1 OR MORE OF 4 DIFFERENT MICROBIAL SYSTEMS.

CHLORAZINE WAS AMONG S-TRIAZINE HERBICIDES TESTED THAT SHOWED /SRP: DEPRESSED MITOTIC ACTIVITY OF BONE MARROW CELLS, INHIBITED MITOSIS IN PROPHASE, AND PRODUCED FUSION OF CHROMOSOMES. A SLIGHT INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF CELLS WITH CHROMOSOMAL FRAGMENTS ABOVE CONTROL VALUES INDICATED A WEAK CYTOGENETIC EFFECT/ IN MONGREL WHITE RATS. THE HERBICIDE WAS INJECTED ONCE IN DOSES @ 1/10, 1/30 AND 1/50 THE LD50S AND IP IN A DOSE OF 1/30 THE LD50.

CHLORAZINE (20 MG/KG, IM) DECREASED THE ACCUMULATION OF (131)IODINE BY THE THYROID GLAND OF RATS.

The effects of s-triazine derived herbicides and a number of polycyclic chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides on soya seed and bovine heart lactate-dehydrogenase activity were investigated in vitro. Dialyzed and lyophilized preparations of the two enzymes were used for the inhibition experiments. Enzyme activity was measured spectrophotometrically as the rate of loss of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide from a reaction mixture containing sodium-pyruvate, phosphate buffer and an nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide solution. The reaction was started by adding an enzyme solution. Pesticides were added at various concentrations. From measurement of the dependence of the reaction rate on the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide concentration at a constant saturation concentration of pyruvate, the inhibition constant was calculated for each pesticide. Eight chlorotriazines were used at concentrations of 0.16 or 0.33 mmol: atrazine, trietazine, terbutylazine, norazine, ipazine, chlorazine, propazine, and simazine. All but propazine and simazine inhibited bovine heart lactate-dehydrogenase, producing inhibition contants from 1.5 mmol for atrazine to 2.3 mmol for ipazine. The activity of the plant lactate-dehydrogenase was inhibited by atrazine (inhibition constant 3.7 mmol) and trietazine (inhibition constant 5.4 mmol). The methoxytriazines and methylthiotriazines, ametryne, desmetryne (1014693), atratone, and noratrone inhibited the reaction catalyzed by plant or animal enzymes with respect to the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide coenzyme. Inhibitor concentrations were 0.66, 1.60, 2.50, and 3.30 mmol, respectively. Inhibition constants for bovine heart lactate-dehydrogenase were 6.5, 3.6, 71.0, and 44 mmol; for soya seed lactate-dehydrogenase for the same four compounds, inhibition constants were: 4.1, 7.5, 77.0, and 82.0 mmol. ... /Data suggests/ that most of these pesticides inhibit the reactions catalyzed by animal and plant lactate-dehydrogenase. Inhibition depends on the direct interaction of the inhibitor with the reduced coenzyme.

Photodecomposition appears to be minimal on soils. /Triazine herbicides/

Most of the triazines are very stable in soil & dissipate slowly through chemical conversion to the hydroxy form ... /Triazines/

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of chlorazine with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be 154.4 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.5 hr at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Chlorazine may be subject to slow hydrolysis in water or soil based upon the hydrolysis behavior of other s-triazine herbicides with similar structures (eg, the hydrolysis half-lives for simazine in aqueous buffer solutions at 25 °C at pH 5, 7, and 9 are 70, >200, and >200 days, respectively(6)). Infrared studies of interactions of s-triazines such as simazine with mineral surfaces indicate that adsorption is usually followed by protonation and hydrolysis(2). The rate of hydrolysis may be increased by various catalysts based upon the observed increase in rate of hydrolysis rates for the chemically similar herbicide atrazine in water solutions upon addition of sterilized soil(5) and humic(3) and fulvic acids(4). Chlorazine may be susceptible to photolysis based upon photolysis for s-triazines similar in structure to chlorazine such as simazine from experiments which utilized irradiation with artificial light at wavelenghts >290 nm(7).

Chlorazine was at one time marketed as or reported to be a herbicide, but at present it is of little commercial interest. Therefore, at some time in the past it may have been released to the environment via effluents at manufacturing sites and at points of application where it may have been employed as a herbicide. If chlorazine is released to soil, it will be expected to exhibit low mobility in soil and therefore will not be expected to leach to groundwater. Chlorazine may be subject to slow degradation in soil which may be due to both slow chemical hydrolysis and slow biodegradation based upon limited data for chlorazine and other structurally related s-triazines. Chlorazine applied to soil under field conditions is reportedly decomposed by soil microorganisms over 40 days. It will not be expected to volatilize from near surface soils or surfaces. If released to water, chlorazine will not be expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms, adsorb to sediment and suspended particulate matter, or to volatilize. The s-triazine ring of chlorazine is fairly resistant to microbial attack and slow biodegradation of chlorazine may occur in natural waters. Chemical hydrolysis of chlorazine may be more important environmentally than biodegradation at low pH or when various catalysts are present. Chlorazine may be susceptible to direct photolysis and hydrolysis. If chlorazine is released to the atmosphere, it may be subject to gas-phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals and photolysis. The half-life for the vapor-phase reaction of chlorazine with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be 2.5 hr. (SRC)