1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention . Give one or two glasses of water to drink.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

(General first aid procedures)

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Tetrachloroethane/

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or alcohol foam extinguishers. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon monoxide. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from potassium; sodium; dinitrogen tetraoxide; potassium hydroxide; nitrogen tetraoxide; sodium potassium alloy; 2,4-dinitrophenyl disulfide. Metal containers involving the transfer of 5 gallons or more of this chemical should be grounded and bonded.

Before being stored or transported over longer periods of time, chlorinated ethanes ... should be carefully analyzed for water, free acid, and stabilizers because decomposition may lead to excessive corrosion. ... Chlorinated ethanes should not be brought into contact with tanks, containers, valves, etc made of aluminum. /Chloroethanes/

Before being stored or transported over longer periods of time, chlorinated ethanes ... should be carefully analyzed for water, free acid, and stabilizers because decomposition may lead to excessive corrosion. ... Chlorinated ethanes should not be brought into contact with tanks, containers, valves, etc made of aluminum. /Chloroethanes/

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment for the area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand,earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. ... It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2006)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U208, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. Recommendable methods: Incineration & evaporation. Not recommendable method: Discharge to sewer. Dilute with kerosene or fuel oil due to high chlorine content. Evaporate small amt only.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in covered containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in dry sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

/1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane should be/ handled in the workplace with caution. Exposures should be minimized due to the structural similarity to the carcinogenic chloroethanes.

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. /Tetrachloroethane/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. /Tetrachloroethane/

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,1,1,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard..

Hepatic

Eyes, skin, central nervous system, liver

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill, weight 0.32-1.2 g); Conditions: freshwater, static, 21-23 °C, pH 6.5-7.9, hardness 32-48 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 28-34 mg/L CaCO3, conductivity 93-190 umhos/cm, dissolved oxygen 0.3-9.7 mg/L; Concentration: 20 mg/L for 24 hr /> or =80% purity/

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill, weight 0.32-1.2 g); Conditions: freshwater, static, 21-23 °C, pH 6.5-7.9, hardness 32-48 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 28-34 mg/L CaCO3, conductivity 93-190 umhos/cm, dissolved oxygen 0.3-9.7 mg/L; Concentration: 20 mg/L for 96 hr (16-24 mg/L) /> or =80% purity/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age <24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 22 °C, pH 8.0 (7.4-9.4), hardness 173 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen >60%; Concentration: 27000 ug/L for 24 hr (22000-35000 ug/L) />80% purity/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age <24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 22 °C, pH 8.0 (7.4-9.4), hardness 173 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 6.5-9.1 mg/L; Concentration: 24000 ug/L for 48 hr (17000-30000 ug/L) />80% purity/

LC50; Species: Oryzias latipes (Medaka, high-eyes); Conditions: freshwater, static, 30 °C; Concentration: 39000 ug/L for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Oryzias latipes (Medaka, high-eyes); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 44000 ug/L for 24 hr

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 399(2) indicates that 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.50X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(3). 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 12.0 mm Hg(4). Biodegradation data are not available for 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane(SRC, 2008); however, biodegradation data for the isomer 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane indicate that degradation will be slow under aerobic conditions, but may proceed under anaerobic conditions(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 399(2) indicates that 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane is expected to adsorb very little to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.50X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4.2 hours and 5.3 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 12(SRC), from a water solubility of 1.07X10+3 mg/L at 25 °C(6) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hydrolysis of 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane is expected to be slow under environmental conditions based on reported half-lives of 46.8 and 350 years at 25 °C and pH 7(7,8). Biodegradation data are not available for 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane(SRC, 2008); however, biodegradation data for the isomer 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane indicate that degradation will be slow under aerobic conditions, but may proceed under anaerobic conditions(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 12.0 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is calculated to be 891 days(SRC), based on a rate constant of 1.80X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion and by inhalation.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Headache. Nausea. Shortness of breath. Vomiting.

Redness. Burning sensation. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

Burning sensation. Headache. Nausea.

irritation eyes, skin; lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), restlessness, irreg respiration, muscle incoordination; In Animals: liver changes

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=630-20-6]

In a comprehensive survey of wastewater from 4000 industrial and publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) sponsored by the Effluent Guidelines Division of the U.S. EPA, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane was identified in discharges of the following industrial category (frequency of occurrence, median concn in ppb): organics and plastics (1; 27.4), inorganic chemicals (4; 14.8), electronics (1; 272.6)(1). The highest effluent concn was 272.6 ppb in the electronics industry(1).

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane

Hepatic

Hepatic

3 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

U208; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulagated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane is included on this list. Effective date 6/1/87; Sunset date 12/19/95.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Chlorinated ethanes/

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Chlorinated ethanes/

(CT) CONNECTICUT 21 ug/l

(FL) FLORIDA 1 ug/l

(ME) MAINE 13 ug/l

(MN) MINNESOTA 70 ug/l

Used to make other organic chemicals; [ATSDR ToxFAQs] Used as a solvent; [HSDB]

Commercial production has ceased in the U.S. It is still used as a chemical intermediate to synthesize organic chemicals. [ATSDR ToxFAQs]

Metal Degreasing [Category: Clean]

Used as a solvent, insecticide, and in paint removers; [CAMEO] Isomers are used to make other chlorinated organic compounds; [HSDB]

Painting (Solvents) [Category: Paint]

AS SOLVENT; MFR OF INSECTICIDES, HERBICIDES, SOIL FUMIGANTS, BLEACHES, PAINTS & VARNISHES

(1978) No Data

(1982) No Data

(1987) No Data

(1978) No Data

(1982) No Data

(1987) No Data

(1978) No Data

(1982) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN USA

(1992) No Data

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#4831]

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

NO DATA (1992)

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane is not produced on an industrial scale. It is an undesired byproduct mainly from the production of 1,1,1-trichloroethane from 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane from 1,2-dichloroethane. ... It can be prepared in highly purified form by isomerization of 1,12,2-tetrachloroethane or by chlorination of 1,1-dichloroethylene at approximately 40 °C in the liquid phase. Aluminum chloride is used in both reactions as a Lewis catalyst.

Produced by direct chlorination or oxychlorination utilizing ethylene as feedstock...in most cases, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is not isolated, but immediately thermally cracked at 454 °C to give the desired trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene products...high purity 1,1,2,2- tetrachloroethane is made by chlorinating acetylene /1,1,2,2- tetrachloroethane/

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane is not produced on an industrial scale...it is an undesired byproduct mainly from the production of 1,1,1-trichloroethane from 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane from 1,2-dichloroethane /1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane/

99%; Neat standard for EPA methods

99%; 98+%; Neat standard for EPA methods /1,1,1,2- and 1,1,2,2-tetrachlorothane/

Ethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-: ACTIVE

Ethane, tetrachloro-: ACTIVE

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane is often an incidental by-product in the manufacture of chlorinated ethanes. It can be prepared by heating the 1,1,2,2-isomer with anhydrous aluminum chloride or chlorination of 1,1-dichloroethylene at 40 °C.

Not produced for sale in bulk quantities ... It is present as an unisolated intermediate in some processes for the manufacture of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene from ethylene dichloride.

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane has no known commercial use other than as an unisolated process intermediate.

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is also an incidental byproduct of other production processes for chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as the production of 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-trichloroethane /1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane/