クロロコリンクロリド

(Non-Specific -- Poisonous Solid, n.o.s.) For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Signs and Symptoms of Chlormequat Chloride Exposure: No information on specific clinical effects of exposure to chlormequat chloride was found in available references. However, because chlormequat chloride is expected to be corrosive, irritation and burning of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes may be noted. Light-headedness, drowsiness, slurred speech, pupillary dilation, increased salivation, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), abdominal pain, and spontaneous vomiting may occur. Stridor (high pitched, noisy respirations), dyspnea (shortness of breath), and pulmonary edema may occur. Apathy and mental confusion may develop, with progression to coma and death.

Pesticide Storage: Store in original container. DO NOT store below freezing temperatures.

It may be stored in containers of glass or high density plastics, or of metal lined with rubber or epoxyresin.

(Non-Specific -- Poisonous Solid, n.o.s.) Keep unnecessary people away. Isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. For small spills: take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

Pesticide Disposal: Wastes resulting from the /agricultural/ use of this product may be disposed of on site or at an approved waste disposal facility. Container Disposal: Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then offer for recycling or reconditioning or puncture and dispose of in /accordance with local, state, and Federal laws/.

This crystalline, water-soluble solid melts at 245 °C with decomp. Incineration is a highly effective disposal method. Heating the product with strong aqueous alkali would result in decomp with the evolution of trimethylamine and other gaseous products. Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer-review: Incinerate in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

End Use Products Intended for Occupational Use. Follow manufacturer's instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE. If no such instructions for washables exist, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry. "Discard clothing and other absorbent materials that have been drenched or heavily contaminated with this product's concentrate. Do not reuse them.

End Use Products Intended for Occupational Use. Users should wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco, or using the toilet.

End Use Products Intended for Occupational Use. Users should remove clothing/PPE immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing.

End Use Products Intended for Occupational Use. Users should remove PPE immediately after handling this product. Wash the outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible, wash thoroughly and change into clean clothing.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CHLORMEQUAT CHLORIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) male oral 265 mg/kg (95% confidence limit 211-334 mg/kg) 3 mo old /sample purity 98%/

LD50 Quail oral 555 mg/kg

LD50 Pheasant oral 261 mg/kg

LC50 Phasianus colchicus (ring-necked pheasant, age 10-15 days) diet >5000 ppm for 8 days

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CHLORMEQUAT CHLORIDE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 203(2), indicates that chlormequat chloride is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). However, this compound exists as a quaternary ammonium cation and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(3). In soils, the primary fate processes for the chlormequat chloride cation are expected to be biodegradation and adsorption(SRC). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the base exists as a cation and cations do not volatilize. Chlormequat chloride is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). In soil, chlormequat chloride is degraded rapidly by microbial activity(2). Half-lives in 4 soils were reported as averaging 32 days at 10 °C and 1 to 28 days at 22 °C(2).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 203(2) indicates that chlormequat chloride is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). However, this compound exists as a quaternary ammonium cation and therefore would be expected to adsorb strongly to sediments and suspended matter, clay minerals, and other materials with negative surface charges(7). In water, the primary fate processes for the chlormequat chloride cation are expected to be biodegradation and adsorption(SRC). Chlormequat chloride is a quarternary cation at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from its log Kow of -3.80(4) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Although no biodegradation data were located for the chlormequat chloride cation in water, chlormequat chloride has been reported to be degraded rapidly by microbial activity in soil(2), suggesting that biodegradation in water could occur. Adsorption to sediments does not appear to reduce biodegradability of some quaternary ammonium compounds; although adsorption to certain clay minerals may retard biodegradation(3). Based on analogy to other quaternary ammonium compounds(3), the reduction of biomass or other nutrient materials in natural water may reduce the biodegradation rate of the chlormequat chloride cation and acclimation enhances biodegradation of quaternary ammonium compounds.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chlormequat chloride, which has a vapor pressure of 7.50X10-8 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chlormequat chloride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.2 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.4X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase chlormequat chloride may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Chlormequat chloride does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ /An/ ...avian reproduction study with the Japanese quail... had mean-measured concentrations of 158, 387 and 982 mg/kg diet. The study was conducted with a two week pre-treatment period followed by a 6-week exposure period, rather than the guideline 10-week pre-laying exposure followed by a 10-week egg-laying exposure period. The most sensitive endpoints were the adult parameters of food consumption and male body weight gain; both endpoints showed significant adverse effects at all treatment levels. As a result, the required NOAEC could not be statistically determined (<158 mg ai/kg diet) from this study. The most sensitive reproductive parameter was a significant reduction in hatchlings per eggs set and number of cracked eggs in the highest test concentration. Additionally, absolute testes weight was significantly reduced (by 16%) in the 982 mg/kg group and there was a significant increase in egg shell thinning and decreased egg strength at the highest test concentration. These reductions may reflect effects on endocrine-mediated processes.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In a 21-day chronic toxicity study on the water flea, ...a NOAEC of 5.0 mg ai/L was reported based on a statistically significant 20% reduction in live offspring relative to the control.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ One supplemental subacute 21-day toxicity study following OECD 204 was reviewed. ...Rainbow trout were exposed to chlormequat chloride concentrations of 43, 100, 250, 590, 1400 and 3400 mg/L. By the sixth day of the study (guideline acute fish toxicity tests are 96 hr), 90% of the fish in the 3400 mg ai/L concentration were dead. No other treatment-related mortalities were observed. Therefore, the NOAEC for this study is 1400 mg ai/L and the LC50 is >1400 mg ai/L, which results in chlormequat chloride being classified as practically non-toxic to freshwater fish on an acute exposure basis.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Chlormequat is classified as moderately toxic to the aquatic vascular plant Lemna gibba based on reductions in all measured parameters, the most sensitive being frond number, with an EC50 of 2.8 mg ai/L and a NOEC of 0.04 mg ai/L. Chlormequat chloride is less toxic to nonvascular plants such as green algae Scenedesmus subcapitatus with a 96-hr EC50 >899 mg ai/L and a NOAEC of 233 mg ai/L and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria; Anabaena flosaquae) with an EC50 >207 mg ai/L and a NOAEC=207 mg ai/L.

/MAMMALS and BIRDS/ /In 3 month old male mallards/ LD50 at 95% confidence level was 265 mg/kg chlormequat chlorine. Signs of intoxication: Ataxia, miosis, falling, sitting, using wings for pedestrian locomotion, tremors, tetanic seizures, immobility, opisthotonos, and frequent spasms. Signs appeared as soon as 5 min and mortalities usually occurred between 15 and 40 min after /oral/ treatment. Remission took up to 3 days.

See Ingestion.

MAY BE ABSORBED!

Redness.

Excessive salivation. Sweating. Diarrhoea. Dizziness. Headache. Laboured breathing. Nausea. Pupillary constriction.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=999-81-5]

The Koc of chlormequat chloride has been reported to be 203(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that chlormequat chloride is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. However, this compound exists as a quaternary ammonium cation and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(3). Chlormequat chloride is expected to adsorb strongly to various materials, including suspended solids in wastewater treatment facilities, sediments in rivers and lakes, suspended organics and minerals in natural water systems, clays, proteins, and microorganisms(4-6). Further, adsorption of quaternary ammonium compounds to river sediment occurs primarily by an ion-exchange mechanism(5). Monitoring studies of river water samples from Germany reported that 50% of an alkyltrimethyl quaternary ammonium compound detectable in the water column was associated with suspended solids in the water; the suspended solids in the water comprise a small fraction of the water(7).

/CASE REPORTS/ The suicide of a young man with the plant growth regulator Cycocel (chlorocholine chloride and choline chloride) is reported. Morphological and toxicological findings are presented...

/CASE REPORTS/ Discussion of a case of acute contact dermatitis caused by occupational exposure to the growth inhibitor cycocel.

/CASE REPORTS/ A case was provided of accidental ingestion of Cycocel which manifested as a cholinergic crisis that led to sudden death. The patient was a 59 yr old male nursery worker who accidentally drank a mouthful of plant growth chemical Cycocel, containing the active ingredient (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat). Initially he was seen by his family physician and indicated he had not swallowed any of the liquid. He later realized that he must have swallowed some of the liquid. An electrocardiogram revealed-T wave inversion and flat AVF. Following transfer to the hospital, the patient suffered a seizure, demonstrated bradycardia, experienced severe dysrhythmia followed by ventricular fibrillation which eventually resulted in asystole. Autopsy results indicated marked pulmonary edema, coronary atherosclerosis, atheromata of aorta, and localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Chlormequat was detected in the stomach contents and urine. The Cycocel the patient ingested apparently was kept in a refrigerator at the nursery along with bottled drinking water. The appearance of these solutions is similar; however, the cycocel has a fishy smell.

/ENDOCRINE MODULATION/ Twenty-four pesticides /including chlormequat chloride/ were tested for interactions with the estrogen receptor (ER) and the androgen receptor (AR) in transactivation assays. Estrogen-like effects on MCF-7 cell proliferation and effects on CYP19 aromatase activity in human placental microsomes were also investigated. .../Chlormequat chloride was inactive in all assays reported./

The Agency has completed its review of submitted data and its assessment of the dietary (drinking water only), occupational and ecological risks associated with the use of pesticide products containing the active ingredient chlormequat chloride. Dietary (food) risks were not assessed because there are no food/feed uses of chlormequat chloride. Based on a review of the chlormequat chloride data, the Agency has sufficient information on the human health and ecological effects of chlormequat chloride to make decisions as part of the reregistration process under FIFRA. The Agency has determined that currently registered uses of chlormequat chloride will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environment provided that the risk mitigation measures and label changes outlined in this RED are implemented; therefore, products containing chlormequat chloride are eligible for reregistration.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Chloroethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride is found on List C. Case No: 3003; Pesticide type: Fungicide, Herbicide, Antimicrobial; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Chloroethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide have made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Chlormequat chloride is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

Used as plant growth regulator; [Merck Index] Works by inhibiting the biosynthesis of a plant hormone; Registered for use on ornamental plants grown in greenhouses and nurseries; May be used outside in containerized ornamentals; [Reference #1]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For chlormequat chloride (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 018101) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Used to increase resistance to lodging ... and to increase yields in wheat, rye, oats, and triticale; to promote lateral branching and flowering in azaleas, fuchsias, begonias, poinsettias, geraniums, pelargoniums, and other ornamental plants; to promote flower formation and improve fruit setting in pears, almonds, vines, olives, and tomatoes; to prevent premature fruit drop in pears, apricots, and plums. Also used on cotton, vegetables, tobacco, sugar cane, mangoes, and other crops.

Plant growth regulator for cotton, grapes, vegetables, mango, tobacco, ornamentals, and greenhouse use on azaleas, poinsettias, geraniums, and hibiscus.

Chlormequat chloride is currently registered for use on a wide variety of ornamentals grown in greenhouses, shadehouses, and nurseries. Crops include herbaceous and woody annual and perennial plants such as begonias, vincas, azaleas, and poinsettias. Outdoor use is restricted to containerized ornamentals. Chlormequat chloride has no residential or food uses; therefore, there are no associated tolerances.

(1976) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 2.27X10+6 G

(1978) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 2.27X10+6 G

Condensation of triethylamine and ethylene dichloride

Prepd from choline chloride & benzenesulfonyl chloride; from choline chloride & thionyl chloride.

It is synthesized from trimethylamine and 1,2-dichloroethane.

CHLORMEQUAT CHLORIDE TECHNICAL: Active Ingredient 66.0% Chlormequat chloride

CHLORMEQUAT E-PRO PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR: Active Ingredient 11.8% Chlormequat chloride

CITADEL: Active Ingredient 11.8% Chlormequat chloride

CYCOCEL PLANT GROWTH REGULANT: Active Ingredient 11.8% Chlormequat chloride

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for CHLORMEQUAT CHLORIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Ethanaminium, 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1): ACTIVE

Cycocel is a plant growth regulant preventing lodging of cereals in cereal crops ... treated plants are generally compact & sturdy & have typically shortened internodes, dark green leaves & shortened petioles. Plants usually remain dwarfed under optimal watering & fertilization.

Chlormequat chloride applications are applied using several types of application equipment -- including ... low-pressure handwands, backpack sprayers, and high-pressure handwands.

Mixtures with other growth regulator herbicides and with urea are possible, but should be applied immediately after mixing.

... Effective in ... crops such as vegetables (tomatoes, capsicum, cabbage, cauliflower, radishes, cucurbits, peas), grape vines, mango, tobacco, etc. /Former/

... Plant growth regulator which influences the habit of certain plants by shortening and strengthening the stem ... . It can also influence the developmental cycle resulting in increased flowering and harvest.