Cobalt sulfide

electron density of states

electron density of states

5.45 g/cu cm

MP above 1100 °C; density 5.45; practically insoluble in water; soluble in acids /beta-CoS/

5.5 g/cm³

Using OECD Guideline 105 (Water Solubility), the water solubility of cobalt monosulfide at 21 to 23 °C and pH 6 varied with loading concentration and dissolution time. Under the conditions of this test, the dissolution of CoS is 103.7 ug/L for a 28-day endpoint (1 mg/L loading), 11362.4 ug/L for a 7-day endpoint (10 mg/L loading) and 7666.8 ug/L for a 7-day endpoint (100 mg/L loading).

Insoluble in water

0.00038 g/100 cc H2O at 18 °C

Soluble in acid

Solubility in water: none

1117 °C

>1116 °C

Other Solid; Large Crystals

Large Crystals; Other Solid

Exists in two forms; Alpha is black solid; Beta is grey or reddish-silver solid; [Merck Index] Insoluble in water; [MSDSonline]

GREY POWDER OR REDDISH-SILVERY CRYSTALS.

Exists in two forms: alpha and beta

Soluble in hydrochloric acid; forms Co(OH)S in air /beta-CoS/

Black, amorphous powder /alpha-CoS/

Gray powder or reddish silver octahedral crystals /beta-CoS/

Warning

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

P261, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

P203, P233, P260, P261, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P302+P352, P304+P340, P318, P319, P321, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P391, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Cobalt sulfide (CoS) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Cobalt sulfide (CoS) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Cobalt sulfide is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Cobalt sulfide are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 20-12-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14832

Cobalt sulfide: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Cobalt monosulfide is included on this list.

Skin Sens. 1 (100%)

Skin Sens. 1 (100%)

Skin sensitisation - category 1

Skin Sens. 1

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Liquid material spills can be copiously flushed with water and channeled to a treatment system or holding tank for reclamation or proper disposal. Spills of dry material can be removed by vacuuming or wet mopping. Some spills can be removed by hosing, first with a mist of water to dampen the spilled material and then with a more forceful stream that flushes it into a holding tank or other facility for handling contaminated water. Work surfaces or contaminated clothing should never be cleaned by dry sweeping or blowing with pressurized hoses. Recovery systems used to reclaim waste metals should comply with federal, state, and local regulations. All waste materials generated in the handling of cobalt-containing substances should be disposed of in compliance with federal, state, and local regulations. /Cobalt and cobalt salts/

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Employers should institute programs that emphasize good personal hygiene to prevent skin and respiratory irritation caused by cobalt containing dusts. After working with cobalt products, workers should thoroughly wash their hands and face before drinking, eating, or smoking. If skin contact with cobalt solutions occurs, the worker should wash the affected skin promptly. The employer should provide showers if workers have substantial contact with cobalt. These workers should be encouraged to wash or shower after each workshift. Employers should prohibit smoking or carrying of tobacco products, and should prohibit eating, food handling, or food storage within the work area. /Cobalt and cobalt salts/

General plant maintenance must be conducted regularly to prevent cobalt containing dusts from accumulating in work areas. Cleaning should be performed with vacuum pickup or wet mopping to minimize the amount of dust dispersed into the air. A decontamination room should be available for cleaning equipment that is to receive major overhaul or maintenance. Spills of cobalt-containing material should be promptly cleaned up to minimize inhalation or dermal contact. /Cobalt and cobalt salts/

Special precautions are necessary when workers must enter tanks or vessels, such as reaction vessels containing cobalt catalysts or vessels used to prepare cobalt salts. Before any worker enters a vessel, all sources for transferring cobalt and other materials into or out of the vessel must be blanked to prevent their entry. The vessel interior must then be washed with water and purged with air. After purging the vessel's atmosphere with suitable instruments to ensure that no hazards from fire, explosion, oxygen deficiency, or dust inhalation exist. No one should enter a tank or vessel without first being equipped with an appropriate respirator and a secured lifeline or harness. Mechanical ventilation should be provided continuously when workers are inside the tank. At least one other worker similarly equipped with respiratory protection, lifeline, and harness should watch at all times from outside the vessel. Workers inside the tank must be able to communicate with those persons outside. Other workers must be available to assist in an emergency. Flame- or spark-generating operations, such as welding or cutting, should be performed only when an authorized representative of the employer has signed a permit based on a finding that all necessary safety precautions have been taken. /Cobalt and cobalt salts/

The mutagenicity of oxidative stress induced by cobalt compounds was examined in transgenic gpt+ Chinese hamster cell lines (G12 and G10). These two cell lines are known to be more sensitive to mutagens such as X-rays and UV than their parental V-79 cells. ...Treatment of cells with a combination of hydrogen peroxide and cobalt did not alter the mutation frequency induced by cobalt sulfide alone.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Inorganic cobalt compounds are nonvolatile and released into the atmosphere in particulate form(1). Particulate-phase cobalt compounds are removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Cobalt has been detected in atmospheric deposition(2) and in rain-snow precipitation(3).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

Inhalation (L29) ; oral (L29) ; dermal (L29)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Cobalt monosulfide is black amorphous powder. It is used as a catalyst for hydrogenation or hydrodesulfurization. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Cobalt monosulfide stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to produce H2O2. ANIMAL STUDIES: Single im injection of cobalt sulfide gave a 50% incidence of rhabdomyosarcoma in rats but not in mice. Fibrosarcomas were induced in mice 6 months after the parenteral injection of an industrial refining dust containing cobalt oxide and cobalt sulfide. Injection site sarcoma was observed in rats treated with powder of cobalt, its alloys, or with cobalt oxide or cobalt sulfide, respectively. Exposure of CHO cells to crystalline cobalt sulfide at 10 ug/mL for 24 hr induced DNA strand breaks.

Cobalt is believed to exhibit its toxicity through a oxidant-based and free radical-based processes. It produces oxygen radicals and may be oxidized to ionic cobalt, causing increased lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and inducing certain enzymes that lead to cell apoptosis. Cobalt has also been shown to block inorganic calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. Cobalt can also chelate lipoic acids, impairing oxidation of pyruvate or fatty acids. In addition, cobalt may inhibit DNA repair by interacting with zinc finger DNA repair proteins, and has also been shown to inhibit heme synthesis and glucose metabolism. Cobalt may activate specific helper T-lymphocyte cells and interact directly with immunologic proteins, such as antibodies (IgA and IgE) or Fc receptors, resulting in immunosensitization. (L29)

Cough. Sore throat. Shortness of breath. Wheezing.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting.

Cobalt inhalation can cause asthma-like breathing problems. Skin contact is known to result in contact dermatitis, which is characterized by irritation and rashes. Ingesting large amounts of cobalt may cause nausea and vomiting. (L2090)

Cobalt minerals, mainly arsenides, sulfides, and oxides, occur in nature as a small percentage of other metal deposits, particularly copper.

Cobalt sulfide can occur in minerals, such as carrollite and chalococite, which are main sources of cobalt ores found in Zaire, Zambia(1).

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Some derivatives of nickel, cadmium, and cobalt are carcinogenic in humans and/or animals but their mechanisms of action are not known. We show that they are capable of stimulating human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), as measured by H2O2 formation, a known tumor promoter. Most effective were the carcinogens nickel subsulfide, which caused a 550% net increase in H2O2 over that formed by resting PMNs, followed by cadmium sulfide, 400%, and nickel disulfide, 200%. Nickel sulfide and cobalt sulfide caused statistically nonsignificant increases of 45 and 20%, respectively. Noncarcinogenic barium and manganese sulfides, and sulfates of nickel, cadmium, and cobalt were inactive. ...

Cobalt monosulfide's production and use as a catalyst for hydrogenation or hydrodesulfurization(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Cobalt sulfide is generated during the concentration and extraction of cobalt from mineral ores(2) which may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

Cobalt(II) sulfide

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 52: (1991) Chlorinated Drinking-water; Chlorination By-products; Some Other Halogenated Compounds; Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds

2023 online

2022

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Cobalt monosulfide is included on this list.

Cobalt is absorbed though the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. Since it is a component of the vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), it is distributed to most tissues of the body. It is transported in the blood, often bound to albumin, with the highest levels being found in the liver and kidney. Cobalt is excreted mainly in the urine and faeces. (L29)

Used as a catalyst; [Merck Index]

Catalyst for hydrogenation or hydrodesulfurization.

Cobalt sulfide is used as a catalyst for the industrial process called hydrodesulfurization, which is implemented on a large scale in refineries. (L480)

2023: 700,000 - <850,000 lb

2023: 75,000 - <100,000 lb

Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Cobalt sulfide. National Production Volume: 254,733 lb/yr.

Intermediate

Intermediates

Processing aids, specific to petroleum production

Catalyst

Primary Metal Manufacturing

Other (requires additional information)

Cobalt sulfide (CoS): ACTIVE

Cobalt sulfide: ACTIVE

Wastewater containing ruthenium and/or other radionuclides is precipitated with cobalt monosulfide and optionally, other precipitants.