基性炭酸

White hexagonal crystals

White, amorphous powder

Sol in acetic acid

Insol in water and alcohol; slightly sol in carbonated water; sol in nitric acid

Dry Powder; Other Solid

White solid; Insoluble in water; [Merck Index] Off-white odorless powder; [Alfa Aesar MSDS]

Lead is derived from the decay of radon. /Inorganic lead/

Natural lead is a mixture of four stable isotopes: Pb-204 (1.4%), Pb-206 (25.2%), Pb-207 (21.7%) and Pb-208 (51.7%). Lead isotopes are the end-products of each of the three series of naturally occurring radioactive elements: Pb-206 for the uranium series, Pb-207 for the actinium series and Pb-208 for the thorium series. Forty-three other isotopes of lead, all of which are radioactive, are recognized.

Divalent lead has a strong affinity for inorganic ions containing oxygen (eg, carbonate) or sulfur (sulfide). Lead can also complex with electron rich ligands in many organic cmpd such as amino acids, proteins, and humic acid.

Danger

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P330, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 387 reports by companies from 12 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

H302+H332 (100%): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

Chemical: Lead, bis(carbonato(2-))dihydroxytri-

Lead carbonate hydroxide (Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Lead carbonate hydroxide (Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

REACH registered substance: Trilead bis(carbonate) dihydroxide (EC: 215-290-6)

Restricted substance: Trilead-bis(carbonate)-dihydroxide 2PbCO3-Pb(OH)2

Substance: Trilead bis(carbonate) dihydroxide

Report of atypical occupational lead intoxication in mason restoring 18th century church in Italy associated with paint made of basic lead carbonate; [HSDB] An irritant; Harmful by ingestion and inhalation; May cause reproductive and developmental toxicity; [Alfa Aesar MSDS] See Lead and linked occupational diseases.

National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Lead and Lead Compounds are listed as reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens. /Lead and Lead Compounds/[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s101lead.pdf]

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/

The Environmental Protection Agency is ... /promulgated/ regulations concerning ground-water monitoring with regard to screening suspected contamination at land based hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. ... /There are/ new requirements to analyze for a specified core list of chemicals plus those chemicals specified by the Regional Administrator on a site-specific basis. ... /Total lead (all species) is included on this list./ /Total lead (all species)/

Permissible Exposure Limit: The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than 50 ug/cu m of air averaged over an 8-hr period. If an employee is exposed to lead for more than 8 hr in any work day, the permissible exposure limit, as a TWA for that day, shall be reduced according to the following formula: Maximum permissible limit (in ug/cu m)=400 divided by the number of hours worked in the day. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb/

The employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that a periodic and a follow-up blood sampling test conducted pursuant to this section indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 60 ug/100 g of whole blood; and, the employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that the average of the last three blood sampling tests conducted pursuant to this section (or the average of all blood sampling tests conducted over the previous six (6) months, whichever is longer) indicates that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 50 ug/100 g of whole blood; provided, however, that an employee need not be removed if the last blood sampling test indicates a blood lead level at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall return an employee to his or her former job status: ... when two consecutive blood sampling tests indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall provide to an employee up to eighteen (18) months of medical removal protection benefits on each occasion that an employee is removed from exposure to lead or otherwise limited pursuant to this section. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb/

Permissible Exposure Limit: The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than 50 ug/cu m of air averaged over an 8-hr period. If an employee is exposed to lead for more than 8 hr in any work day, the permissible exposure limit, as a TWA for that day, shall be reduced according to the following formula: Maximum permissible limit (in ug/cu m)=400 divided by the number of hours worked in the day. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb; Shipyard Employment/

The employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that a periodic and a follow-up blood sampling test conducted pursuant to this section indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 60 ug/100 g of whole blood; and, the employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that the average of the last three blood sampling tests conducted pursuant to this section (or the average of all blood sampling tests conducted over the previous six (6) months, whichever is longer) indicates that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 50 ug/100 g of whole blood; provided, however, that an employee need not be removed if the last blood sampling test indicates a blood lead level at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall return an employee to his or her former job status: ... when two consecutive blood sampling tests indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall provide to an employee up to eighteen (18) months of medical removal protection benefits on each occasion that an employee is removed from exposure to lead or otherwise limited pursuant to this section. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb; Shipyard Empolyment/

For more OSHA Standards (Complete) data for LEAD HYDROXIDE CARBONATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds, measured as elemental lead by a reference method based on appendix G to this part, or by an equivalent method, are: 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter, maximum arithmetic mean averaged over a calendar quarter. /Lead and its compounds, as Pb/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Lead compounds are included on this list. /Lead compounds/

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/

NIOSH considers "Lead" to mean metallic lead, lead oxides, and lead salts (including organic salts such as lead soaps but excluding lead arsenate).

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 hr Time-Weighted Avg: 0.050 mg/cu m /Lead/

Air concentrations should be maintained so that worker blood lead remains less than 0.06 mg Pb/100 g of whole blood.

Acute Tox. 4 (100%)

Acute Tox. 4 (100%)

Acute toxicity - category 4

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Lead/

Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Normal measures for preventive fire protection.

Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing dust. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for LEAD HYDROXIDE CARBONATE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

0.05 [mg/m3], as Pb

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.05 mg/cu m. /Lead, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Lead, inorganic compounds, as Pb/

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Lead, elemental, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: lead in blood; Sampling Time: not critical; BEI: 30 ug/100 mL. [Note: Women of child bearing potential, whose blood Pb exceeds 10 ug/dL, are at risk of delivering a child with a blood Pb over the current Centers for Disease Control guideline of 10 ug/dL. If the blood Pb of such children remains elevated, they may be at increased risk of cognitive deficits. The blood Pb of these children should be closely monitored and appropriate steps should be taken to minimize the child's exposure to environmental lead.] /Lead, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a dust mask type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) respirator. Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N99 (US) or type P2 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Handle with gloves.

Eye protection: safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for LEAD HYDROXIDE CARBONATE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Residual lead levels. The /U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's/ maximum environmentally acceptable level of lead in shot is trace amounts or <1 percent. Any shot manufactured with lead levels equal to or exceeding 1 percent are considered toxic and, therefore, illegal.

In this part 1303, the Consumer Product Safety Commission declares that paint and similar surface-coating materials for consumer use that contain lead or lead compounds and in which the lead content (calculated as lead metal) is in excess of 0.06 percent (0.06 percent is reduced to 0.009 percent effective August 14, 2009 as mandated by Congress in section 101(f) of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110-314) of the weight of the total nonvolatile content of the paint or the weight of the dried paint film (which paint and similar surface-coating materials are referred to hereafter as "lead-containing paint") are banned hazardous products under sections 8 and 9 of the Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA), 15 U.S.C. 2057, 2058. The following consumer products are also declared to be banned hazardous products: (1) Toys and other articles intended for use by children that bear "lead-containing paint". (2) Furniture articles for consumer use that bear "lead-containing paint".

Disclosure of Known Lead-Based Paint and/or Lead-Based Paint Hazards Upon Sale or Lease of Residential Property: This subpart implements the provisions of 42 U.S.C. 4852d, which impose certain requirements on the sale or lease of target housing. Under this subpart, a seller or lessor of target housing shall disclose to the purchaser or lessee the presence of any known lead-based paint and/or lead-based paint hazards; provide available records and reports; provide the purchaser or lessee with a lead hazard information pamphlet; give purchasers a 10-day opportunity to conduct a risk assessment or inspection; and attach specific disclosure and warning language to the sales or leasing contract before the purchaser or lessee is obligated under a contract to purchase or lease target housing.

Establishes standards for lead-based paint hazards in most pre-1978 housing and child-occupied facilities. This regulation supports the implementation of regulations already promulgated, and others under development, which deal with worker training and certification, lead hazard disclosure in real estate transactions, requirements for lead cleanup under State authorities, lead hazard evaluation and control in Federally-owned housing prior to sale and housing receiving Federal assistance, and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) grants to local jurisdictions to perform lead hazard control. Establishes, under authority of TSCA section 402, residential lead dust cleanup levels and amendments to dust and soil sampling requirements.

For more Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines (Complete) data for LEAD HYDROXIDE CARBONATE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. (L21)

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. (T4, A20, A22, L136)

Symptions of chronic lead poisoning include reduced cognitive abilities, nausea, abdominal pain, irritability, insomnia, metal taste in the mouth, excess lethargy or hyperactivity, chest pain, headache and, in extreme cases, seizures, comas, and death. There are also associated gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, which are common in acute poisoning. (A2, L21)

Extent of occurrence of /lead/ in earth's crust is about 15 g/ton, also expressed as 0.002% (depth of crust: 16 km). Occurs chiefly as sulfide in galena, other minerals include anglesite (PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3), mimetite (PbCl2.3Pb3-(AsO4)2) and pyromorphite [PbCl2.3Pb3(PO4)2)].

Occurs in nature as the mineral hydrocerussite

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Excessive exposure can affect blood, nervous, and digestive systems. The synthesis of hemoglobin is inhibited and results in anemia. If left untreated, neuromuscular dysfunction, possible paralysis, and encephalopathy can result. Additional symptoms of overexposure include: joint and muscle pain, weakness of the extensor muscles (frequently the hand and wrist), headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, blue line on the gums, insomnia, and metallic taste. High body levels produce increased cerebrospinal pressure, brain damage, and stupor leading to coma and often death.

/CASE REPORTS/ An unexpected lead exposure occurred among a team of masons employed in restoration work of the facade of an 18th century church in Vicenza, Italy. The unusual case of lead intoxication (PbB up to 71 ug/dL, PbU-EDTA 8636 ug/24 hr after the first 1 g dose of Na2Ca EDTA) in a mason suffering from abdominal pain was reported ... The source was identified in the removal of an old paint made of white lead (basic lead carbonate) from the statues and decorative stonework of the church ...

Organic lead compounds are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). To the extent that organic lead compounds are metabolized in part to ionic lead, they are expected to exert the toxicities associated with inorganic lead (Group 2A, probably carcinogenic to humans). (L135)

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Lead, elemental, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.

Lead, lead compounds: Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/

The Environmental Protection Agency is ... /promulgated/ regulations concerning ground-water monitoring with regard to screening suspected contamination at land based hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. ... /There are/ new requirements to analyze for a specified core list of chemicals plus those chemicals specified by the Regional Administrator on a site-specific basis. ... /Total lead (all species) is included on this list./ /Total lead (all species)/

National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds, measured as elemental lead by a reference method based on appendix G to this part, or by an equivalent method, are: 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter, maximum arithmetic mean averaged over a calendar quarter. /Lead and its compounds, as Pb/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Lead compounds are included on this list. /Lead compounds/

(AZ) ARIZONA 20 ug/L /Lead/

(ME) MAINE 10 ug/L /Lead/

Lead is absorbed following inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure. It is then distributed mainly to the bones and red blood cells. In the blood lead may be found bound to serum albumin or the metal-binding protein metallothionein. Organic lead is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 enzymes, whereas inorganic lead forms complexes with delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Lead is excreted mainly in the urine and faeces. (L136)

Adult male dogs were given daily doses of 34.1 mg and 68.2 mg basic lead carbonate (white lead) for 60 days. Ratio of urinary lead excretion to total lead admin was very small; 0.24% and 0.09% respectively. 98.7% and 98.9% respectively of total lead admin was fecally excreted. Urinary and fecal excretions totalled 98.4 and 97.9% respectively. The highest concn was found in teeth and bones, followed by bone marrow, hair, and trachea.

Found naturally as the mineral hydrocerussite; [Merck Index] Used as pigment (exterior paints, ceramic glazes, temperature-sensitive inks, UV light reflective paints, and iridescent plastic sheets), catalyst for polyesters, curing agent for peroxides in polyethylene wire insulation, smudge-resistant film on electrically sensitive recording sheets, cool gun-propellant stabilizer, and heat stabilizer for PVC polymers; Also used in lubricating greases, nylon-reinforced fish nets made from PVC fibers, cements, and for making putty and lead carbonate paper and parchment; No longer used as a white hiding pigment in paints; [HSDB]

Pulp and Paper Processing [Category: Industry]

Ceramics making [Category: Hobbies]

Exterior paint pigment, ceramic glazes

No longer used as a white hiding pigment in paints because of its toxicity.

Catalyst in the preparation of polyesters from terephthalic acid and diols, ceramic glaze component, curing agent for peroxides to form improved polyethylene wire insulation, pearlescent pigment, color-changing component of temperature-sensitive inks, red-reflecting pigment in iridescent plastic sheets, smudge-resistant film on electrically sensitive recording sheets, lubricating grease component, component of ultraviolet light reflective paints to increase solar reflectivity, improved cool gun-propellant stabilizer which decomposes and forms a lubricating lead deposit, heat stabilizer for PVC polymers, component of weighted nylon-reinforced fish nets made from PVC fibers.

2023: 475,547 lb

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#5514]

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Lead, bis[carbonato(2-)]dihydroxytri-. Aggreated National Production Volume: <500,000 pounds.[US EPA; Non-Confidential 2006 Inventory Update Reporting. National Chemical Information. Lead, bis

Worldwide production of basic lead carbonate pigment in 1995 was ca. 1000 tons.

Prepared by passing CO2 into a cold dilute solution of lead acetate, or by shaking a suspension of a lead salt less soluble than the carbonate with ammonium carbonate at a low temperature to avoid formation of basic lead carbonate.

(1) Dutch process. By the corrosion of lead buckles in pots by acetic acid and carbon dioxide generated by the fermentation of waste tanbark. (2) Carter process. By treating very finely divided lead in revolving wooden cylinders with dilute acetic acid and carbon dioxide.

It is produced by rotating a charge of lead oxide in a cylinder and spraying it with acetic acid soln; carbon dioxide from flue gas is introduced, and the basic lead carbonate is formed. It is also made by oxidizing a lead oxide slurry and introducing flue gas to carbonate the product.

It is produced by several methods, in which soluble lead acetate is treated with carbon dioxide. For example, in the Thompson-Stewart Process, an aqueous slurry of finely divided lead metal or monoxide, or a mixture of both, is treated with acetic acid in the presence of air and carbon dioxide.

Paint and Coating Manufacturing

Lead carbonate hydroxide (Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2): ACTIVE

The Thompson-Steward process produces very fine particle-size lead hydroxide carbonate with a carbonate content ranging from 62 to 65% (vs 68.9% PbCO3, theoretical).

... One basic lead carbonate, lead dihydroxydicarbonate (2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2), containing 62-66% lead carbonate, is used commercially.