2,4-ジニトロ-6-(tert-ブチル)フェノール

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical. /Dinitrophenol solution/

Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travek. Use surface active agent (eg detergent, soaps, alcohols) if approved by EPA. Inject "universal" gelling agent to solidify encircled spill and increase effectiveness of booms. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Dinitrophenol solutions/

Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. /Dinitrophenol solutions/

Avoid inhalation. (Non-Specific -- Dinitro-o-Cresol) Do not touch spilled material; stop source of spill or leak if it can be done without risk. Take up small spills with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Carefully protect the skin and respiratory tract against contact. Keep out of reach of children and away from food and feedstuffs. Keep residues out of waters carrying fish.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Dinitrophenol solution/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Dinitrophenol solution/

0.19 [mg/m3]

2.0 [mg/m3]

12 [mg/m3]

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus. Wear full protective clothing. /Dinitrophenol solution/

EC50; Species: Paracentrotus lividus (Sea Urchin, Echinoderm) fertilized eggs; Conditions: saltwater, static, 21 °C, salinity 33 ppt; Concentration: 200.9 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: increased abnormal development /formulation/

EC50; Species: Crassostrea gigas (Pacific Oyster) fertilized eggs; Conditions: saltwater, static, 21 °C, salinity 33 ppt; Concentration: 72.2 ug/L for 18-24 hr; Effect: increased abnormal development /formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 18600 ug/L for 49-79 min; Effect: population, decreased photosynthesis /100% purity/

Lethal Threshold Salmon (juvenile) 0.097 mg/L

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a reported Koc value of 98(2), indicates that dinoterb is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa values of 4.8(3) and 5.0(4) indicate that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the acid exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Dinoterb is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(6). A biodegradation half-life of 46 days in an unsaturated soil batch test(2) suggests that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a reported Koc value of 98(2), indicates that dinoterb is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). The pKa values of 4.8(3) and 5.0(4) indicate dinoterb will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), a reported BCF of 25(6) suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(7). A biodegradation half-life of 68 days in a solid aqueous suspension biodegradation test(2) suggests that biodegradation is a moderate environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dinoterb, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dinoterb is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.6X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase dinoterb may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Dinoterb contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) with a maximum absorbance at 271 nm(5) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicity of alkyldinitrophenols to juvenile Atlantic salmon increases with increasing octanol-water partition coefficient of these compounds. Some alkyldinitrophenols are extremely toxic to juvenile Atlantic salmon, larvae and adult lobsters, but comparatively nontoxic to crayfish. /Alkyldinitrophenols/

From 1977 to 1979, 274 samples of game animals found dead in the fields of France were analyzed for the general survey of hazards from pesticides organized by the National Office of Game. Among the animals examined, 34% contained residues of pesticides or PCBs. The main products considered as hazardous to wildlife /included/ ... dinoterb. These /hazardous products/ were found in 21.5% of animals analyzed.

The Koc of dinoterb has been reported to be 98, measured in alluvial sandy soil (7.8% clay, 30% silt, 62.2% sand, 0.64% organic carbon)(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that dinoterb is expected to have high mobility in soil. The pKa values of 4.8(3) and 5.0(4) indicate that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).

/CASE REPORTS/ A case report of occupational depigmentation from dinoterb, 2-t-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol, was presented. A 63 year old miller with no past history of vitiligo complained of white patches on his skin which had appeared 1 year earlier. There were several areas of depigmentation on the dorsum of three fingers of the left hand, the dorsum of the right hand, the right cheek, and the forehead. No other areas were involved. Four months prior to the onset of achromia, the patient had repeated skin contact without gloves with a number of pesticides, including Herbogil, a weed killer containing 250 grams/liter dinoterb in propylene-glycol. He reported no thorough washing after handling pesticides and frequent hand to forehead contact. Occupational achromia usually affects the hands and forearms, common sites of contact with chemicals. He started wearing gloves on medical advice, and there was subsequently a moderate improvement in his skin lesions. It is known that several alkylphenols and alkylcatechols can induce occupational achromia, with p-t-butylphenol (PTBP) the most frequent. Chemically induced depigmentation is thought to involve competitive inhibition of tyrosinase during synthesis of melanin from tyrosine. Dinoterb is structurally related to PTBP. ...

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ The effects of chronic exposure to phytosanitary products are difficult to determine because of their use in combination with other products and their variety of formulations containing additives or contaminants. In order to evaluate, at the cellular level, the risk of myelosuppressive effects caused by two widely used herbicides, atrazine and dinoterb, we performed in vitro assays on human granulo-monocytic progenitor-cells (CFU-GM) and also granulomonocytic expansion in liquid media. Both of these techniques were carried out in the presence of each molecule. Seven stable environmental metabolites of atrazine were studied using the above techniques in addition to supernatants of rat hepatocytes preincubated with atrazine and dinoterb for 24 hr. Parent atrazine and dinoterb showed similar moderate-direct toxicity on CFU-GM. In cells grown in liquid media for a period longer than 14 days, dinoterb toxicity appeared delayed but increased when compared with atrazine. 2-chloro-diamino-atrazine was found to be as toxic as atrazine on CFU-GM. Supernatants of rat hepatocyte preincubated for 24 hr with dinoterb exhibited a 150-fold increase in toxicity compared with the parent molecule, while toxicity remained unchanged for atrazine. This phenomenon was directly correlated to toxicity on rat hepatocytes. ...

AEROBIC: In a mono-pesticide solid aqueous suspension biodegradation test, with a starting concentration of 20 mg/L, dinoterb had a half-life of 68 days(1). When mixed with other pesticides in the same test the half-life increased to 198 days. In a mono-pesticide unsaturated soil batch biodegradation test dinoterb had a half-life of 46 days(1).

Dinoterb has reported pKa values of 4.80(1) and 5.0(2), indicating it will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from moist soil or water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Dinoterb is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Dinoterb is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

Designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. /Dinitrophenol/