ジ(トリブチルスタンニル)オキシド

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

In case of fire in the surroundings: all extinguishing agents allowed.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you should spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

Employees who handle ... bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide ... should wash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent & water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities.

If ... bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide ... gets on the skin, immediately flush with large amounts of water, then wash with soap or mild detergent & water. If ... bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide ... soaks through the clothing, remove the clothing immediately & flush with large amounts of water & then wash using soap or mild detergent & water. Get medical attention immediately.

Eating & smoking should not be permitted in areas where ... bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide ... is handled, processed, or stored.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 2.7 ug/l/96 hr (confidence limit 2.4 - 3.0 mg/l), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.0 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.5 mg/l, hardness 51.5 mg/l calcium carbonate, alkalinity 41.1 mg/l calcium carbonate, and pH 7.5.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Bis(tributyltin) oxide will bind strongly to soil(1) and thus is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Bis(tributyltin) oxide is susceptible to biodegradation in soil and has a half-life of 15-20 weeks(2). Bis(tributyltin) oxide may slowly photodegrade on the soil surface(3) but would not be expected to volatilize from near-surface soil(4,5).

AQUATIC FATE: If bis(tributyltin) oxide is released to water, it will be expected to exist mainly as the tributyltin cation(1). It may react with sulfides present in sediment, which would lead to the formation of bis(tributyltin) sulfide(2). Analysis of extracts of tributyltin cations in dissolved in seawater showed that the equilibrium mixture of speciation products is composed of tributyltin chloride, tributyltin hydroxide, the aquo complex (TBTOH2+), and a tributyltincarbonato species(3). The equilibrium distribution is a function of chloride concn, dissolved CO2, and pH(3). Tributyltin cation is stable (as defined by lack of debutylation) in distilled, deionized water kept in the dark at 20 °C for over 63 days at pH between 2.9 and 10.3(4). No degradation of tributyltin was observed in 11 months in KCN-poisoned water sediment mixtures from an area of Toronto Harbor(5). Tributyltin is susceptible to biodegradation in water with half-lives of between 6 days and 35 weeks reported in water and water-sediment mixtures, many of which had been previously contaminated with tributyltin species(5,6). Results from experiments in water and water sediment mixtures indicate that abiotic degradation of tributyltin species will be limited to direct photolysis in surface water(4,5,7). The half-life for sunlight photolysis of tributyltin cation was determined to be >89 days both in distilled water and water from Hamilton Harbor (Toronto, Canada)(4). Based on a classification scheme(8), a Koc value of 90,800(7,9,10), indicates that bis(tributyltin) oxide is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Based upon a BCF of >6,000(3), tributyltin can bioconcentrate strongly in various aquatic organisms(SRC). Based upon laboratory observations(4) and the fact that tributyltin cations are the dominant species in water, volatilization from water is not expected to be important(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Radiolabeled tributyltin was added to a 13 cu m marine mesocosm with near natural water column and benthos in summer and monitored for 278 days to study the behavior of tributyltin and its degradation products(1). The removal of tributyltin from the water column was the result of biological degradation, scavenging to the sediment and presumed loss to the atmosphere with an overall removal half-life of 6-12 days(1). Tributyltin initially decreased in the water column at a rate of 0.20/day (half-life 3.5 days) for 15 days and then slowed to 0.10/day (half-life 6.9 days)(1). The change in removal rate corresponded to a roughly 50% decrease in chlorophyll concn(1). Most of the tributyltin was lost from the water column due to biodegradation which occurred at a rate of 0.08/day(1). A third of the tributyltin degraded directly to monobutyltin and the other two-third degraded first to dibutyltin and then to monobutyltin (about 0.04/day). There was no evidence that monobutyltin degraded in the water column(1). Some tributyltin sorbed to the sediment in which it did not measurably degrade(1). Some of the tributyltin was lost into the air(1). Of the activity added to the mesocosm, 60% had left the water column after 50 days(1). After the first two weeks about 30% of the activity was found in the sediment, after which there did not appear to be any remobilization back into the water column(1). Also after the first two weeks, the activity in the water column did not change except for the loss of CO2 to the atmosphere(1). Tributyltin incorporated into the sediment degraded very slowly or not at all; degradation rates were <0.0001/day(1). About 30% of the activity left the water column within 7 days(1). Only 0.9% of the activity loss could be accounted for by adsorption to the walls(1). The loss of tributyltin from the water column to the air is much more rapid than can be ascribed to normal volatilization(1). In this case it was noted that there was a rapid transfer into the surface microlayer, from which loss occurred either by direct volatilization through prior photodegradation(1). Tributyltin compounds in seawater are degraded in summer to give dibutyltins, hydroxylated tributyltins, hydroxylated dibutyltins, carboxylated derivatives and monobutyltin(2). These compounds were formed, if at all, in limited quantities in the other seasons(2). The ratio of these organotins in oysters collected in the same area showed similar values indicating that microbial degradation may be an important degradation pathway for tributyltins(2). Monitoring studies indicate that tributyltin is very persistent in anoxic sediment from the marine environment(3). The same is true, although to a lesser extent for triphenyl tin. Laboratory studies show that the half-life of tributyltin in sediment is in the range of years(3). Degradation is slower under anaerobic conditions than under aerobic conditions; half-lives in anaerobic sediment is in the range of 2-3 years(3). Desorption from sediment is low(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bis(tributyltin) oxide, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 7.8X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase bis(tributyltin) oxide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.5 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 85X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) determined using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase bis(tributyltin) oxide may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). There are no experimental studies relating to bis(tributyltin) oxide's photodegradation in air(SRC). However, tributyltin species present in water solutions has been observed to slowly photodegrade in sunlight(4).

In a survey of Canadian wines from 3 provinces, tributyltin levels were much lower than either mono or dibutyltin with levels of <0.1-1.9 ng/ml. The sources of butyltin residues appeared to be the use of non-food grade PVC as liners in transport tanks(1).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Oral (L308) ; inhalation (L308) ; dermal (L308)

.../Tributyltin oxide/ bioaccumulates in organisms, with the highest concentrations found in liver and kidney. Uptake from food is more important than uptake directly from water. ... /In humans tributyltin oxide/ is a severe dermal and respiratory irritant. ... Tributyltin oxide is moderately to highly acutely toxic to laboratory mammals in short term studies. In numerous well conducted studies, both short term and long term, the critical effect of tributyltin oxide is immunotoxicity (depression of immune functions dependent on the thymus). ... In a carcinogenicity study in rats, there was an increased incidence of some tumors in some endocrine tissues. These tumors ... are of unknown significance for a human health risk assessment. Tributyltin oxide is not carcinogenic in mice. The weight of evidence shows that tributyltin oxide is not genotoxic. There is no indication that reproductive or developmental effects occur at an exposure below that identified ... for immunotoxicity. Effects on reproduction and development occur only at exposures near those causing maternal toxicity. Data show that tributyltin oxide is a severe respiratory tract and skin irritant. ... Tributyltin oxide is extremely hazardous to some aquatic organisms. It is an endocrine disruptor to some aquatic organisms. . ... Adverse effects have been sufficiently severe to lead to reproductive failure and population decline in some /coastal/ areas. The general hazard to the terrestrial environment is likely to be low.

Organotin compounds produce neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects. Organotins may directly activate glial cells contributing to neuronal cell degeneration by local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-_, and/or interleukins. They may also induce apoptosis by direct action on neuronal cells. Organotin compounds stimulate the neuronal release of and/or decrease of neuronal cell uptake of neurotransmitters in brain tissue, including aspartate, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, and serotonin. This may be either a contributing factor to or result of the neuronal cell loss. The immunotoxic effects of organotins are characterized by thymic atrophy caused by the suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes and apoptosis of mature thymocytes. Organotin compounds are believed to exert these effects by suppressing DNA and protein synthesis, inducing the expression of genes involved in apoptosis (such as nur77), and disrupting the regulation of intracellular calcium levels, giving rise to the uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species, release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and the proteolytic and nucleolytic cascade of apoptosis. The suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes further results in the suppression of T-cell-mediated immune responses. Organotins are also endocrine disruptors and are believed to contribute to obesity by inappropriate receptor activation, leading to adipocyte differentiation. Inorganic tin triggers eryptosis, contributing to tin-induced anemia. (L308, A182, A184)

Abdominal cramps. Cough. Diarrhoea. Laboured breathing. Nausea. Sore throat. Vomiting. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Delayed skin burns.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal cramps. Diarrhoea. Nausea. Vomiting.

Inorganic or organic tin compounds placed on the skin or in the eyes can produce skin and eye irritation. (L308)

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain, for example in fish and molluscs. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

Tributyltin oxide (TBTO)

Immune

3 x 10 ^-4 mg/kg-day

No leaching of tributyltin was observed in several soils (clay, sand, topsoil and silt) during periods as long as 16 weeks(1). Tributyltin binds strongly to sediment with the distribution constant for Toronto Harbor sediment and water as 2180 at 20 °C(2). Very little tributyltin or inorganic tin was released from unshaken sediment in 10 months(2). However, other studies have shown that tributyltin does not adsorb appreciably to suspended particulate matter and that it is primarily associated with the dissolved fraction of estuarine water(3,4). This is in line with the observation that addition of humic acids or kaolin clay material does not significantly affect the measured bis(tributyltin) BCF in mussels(5), suggesting that bis(tributyltin) species are only weakly bound to these materials(SRC). Studies on the adsorption of tributyltin to a wide variety of sorbents yield sorption coefficients ranging from 110 to 350,000 l/kg, but the majority of sorption coefficients are about 1,000 l/kg(6). Adsorption is relatively fast (hours) and reversible(6). In a 278-day marine mesocosm experiment, the transport rate from the water column to sediment was 0.045/day(7). The distribution coefficient between dissolved state and particulate matter calculated from data between days 2-19 was 60,000 (standard deviation 30,000)(7). Other investigators obtained distribution constants for adsorption of tributyltin to particulate matter and sediment of 3400-9300 l/kg and 200-55,000 l/kg, respectively; values were a function of sediment type and location(7). The Freundlich parameters, log k and 1/n, for tributyl tin to sediment was 1.07 and 0.359, respectively(8). In soil microcosm experiments, small bis(tributyltin) oxide releases from wood treated with the compound was observed to migrate >10 cm from the wood with 86% of the compound residing within 5 cm of the wood; none of the compound was found in any layer below 10 cm nor in groundwater at the bottom of the microcosm chamber(8). These data suggest that bis(tributyltin) oxide can strongly bind to soil and sediment but that adsorption to suspended particulate and humic matter may be much weaker(SRC).

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Bis(tributyltin) oxide is found on List B. Case No: 2620; Pesticide type: Fungicide, biocide; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Bis(tributyltin) oxide; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 03/30/91, 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Used as antimicrobial and slimicide for cooling-water treatment, disinfectant for hard-surface, sanitizer for laundry, mildewcides in water-based emulsion paints, preservative for timber, millwork, wood, textiles, paper, leather, and glass, and as fungicide and bactericide in underwater and antifouling paints; Also used as pesticide, molluscicide, rodent repellant, and insecticide; [HSDB] Used as a bactericide, fungicide, and chemical intermediate; [CAMEO] Used as fungicide, disinfectant, algicide, microbiocide, and microbiostat for cooling tower water, wood preservation (paints, stains, and waterproofing formulations), hard surfaces (livestock, veterinary, and other animal facilities), building materials (drywall, joint compound MDF board, and particulate board), building material adhesives, and adhesives for other manufacturing applications; Also used to treat textile fabrics (except laundry and clothing), paper, fiberfill, foam, rope, sponges, and other materials; Tributyltin products are also used in petrochemical injection fluids, metal working fluids, irrigation tubing for non-agricultural uses, rubber for sonar domes, and instruments for oceanographic observations; [EPA RED]

Tributyltin compounds are regulated by the EPA under the Organotin Antifouling Paint Control Act of 1988; Registration cancelled in 2005 for tributyltin ship hull coatings; International ban effective as of September 2008; [Reference #2]

Pulp and Paper Processing [Category: Industry]

For Bis(tributyltin) oxide (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 083001) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Antimicrobials and slimicides for cooling-water treatment and as hard-surface disinfectants. Also laundry sanitizers and mildewcides to prevent mildew formation in the dried film of water-based emulsion paints.

Widely used in Europe for the preservation of timber, millwork, and wood joinery, e.g., window sashes and door frames.

Distannoxane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexabutyl-: ACTIVE

Tributyltin antifouling paint can be classified into three chemical groups based on the way the tributyltin is incorporated into the paint coating and subsequently released. The first group includes paints in which the tributyltin active ingredient is mixed into the paint matrix and the tributyltin ion is released from the paint by diffusion. These are called free association paints. The second group has the tributyltin moiety chemically bound to the paint matrix. These paints are called copolymer paints and under slightly alkaline conditions (such as sea water), the tributyltin ion is released by chemical hydrolysis. Because the paint surface is softened by the loss of the tributyltin moiety, the outer layer is exposed. A third category, tributyltin ablative paints, have characteristics of both groups. The tributyltin active ingredient is mixed into the paint matrix, but because these are relatively soft paints, the surface ablates or sloughs off as the painted vessel moves through the water.

The use of tributyltin compounds in antifoulants are restricted because of their toxicity to aquatic organisms and EPA is cooperating in international efforts for a global phase-out.