1-Methylpyrene

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If a spill of this chemical occurs, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with acetone and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with acetone to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1-Methylpyrene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

8 Hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.2 mg/cu m. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in urine (with hydrolysis); Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek. BEI: None.; Biological monitoring should be considered for this compound based on the review; however, a specific BEI could not be determined due to insufficient data. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for 1-Methylpyrene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Impervious clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: For nuisance exposures use type P95 (US) or type P1 (EU EN 143) particle respirator.For higher level protection use type OV/AG/P99 (US) or type ABEK-P2 (EU EN 143) respirator cartridges. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 1-Methylpyrene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 89,000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-methylpyrene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-methylpyrene from moist soil surfaces may occur given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(2). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). 1-Methylpyrene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.6X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2). PAHs with four or more rings, such as 1-methylpyrene, are generally expected to be resistant to biodegradation(3). By analogy to pyrene, biodegradation is expected to occur slowly in soils, with estimated half-lives ranging from several weeks to years(4,5). Faster biodegradation rates occur with exposure to acclimated microbes(6). Degradation of 1-methylpyrene during a bioslurry method reached 38% after 29 days of incubation using a contaminated soil from a former gasworks(7). By analogy to pyrene which absorbs strongly at wavelengths >290 nm(8), 1-methylpyrene is expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis on surfaces exposed to sunlight(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 89,000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-methylpyrene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 17 and 130 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is >10 years if adsorption is considered(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 1920(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 5.48(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). However, 1-methylpyrene may not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms which contain microsomal oxidase, such as some fish, as this enzyme enables the rapid metabolism of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(6). A measured fish biotransformation half-life of 2.08 days has been reported for the analogous pyrene(7). The near surface half-life for direct photolysis of analogous pyrene in water by sunlight was measured as 0.68 hours(8) and 0.85 hours(9). PAHs with four or more rings, such as 1-methylpyrene, are generally expected to be resistant to biodegradation(10). By analogy to pyrene, biodegradation is expected to occur slowly in soils, with estimated half-lives ranging from several weeks to years(11,12). Faster biodegradation rates occur with exposure to acclimated microbes(13). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-methylpyrene, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.6X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-methylpyrene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.9 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.3X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). Particulate-phase 1-methylpyrene may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). By analogy to pyrene which absorbs strongly at wavelengths >290 nm(3,4), 1-methylpyrene is expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

1-Methylpyrene was found in the following Finnish fats (ug/kg): butter/vegetable oil mixture (0.03), cooking margarines (0.89), table margarines (0.40), sunflower oil (0.02), cold pressed sunflower oil (3.0), cold pressed corn oil (0.32), olive oil (0.22), soybean oil (1.3), and coconut fat (3.0)(1). The concentration of 1-methylpyrene in lettuce grown at varying distances from a highway in Sweden was determined to range from 0.7 to 2.8 ug/kg fresh weight(2). The concentration of 1-methylpyrene in a grilled mesquite wood beef patty 70% lean, 80% lean, and 90% lean was determined to be 4, 1, and 1 ug/kg. The concentration of 1-methylpyrene in a grilled hardwood charcoal beef patty 70% lean was determined to be 3 ug/kg(3). 1-Methylpyrene was determined to have a concentration range of 0.05 to 0.82 ug/kg fresh wt in 23 lettuce samples cultivated in private gardens in southern Finland in 1984(4).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1-Methylpyrene (1-MP) is a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: A Chinese hamster V79-derived cell line expressing both human CYP2E1 and human SULT1A1 was used to investigate the ability of 1-MP to induce cytotoxicity, micronuclei and Hprt gene mutations. 1-MP induced micronuclei in V79-hCYP2E1-hSULT1A1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner; however, it was inactive in V79 cells. It caused an increase in Hprt mutant frequency in V79-hCYP2E1-hSULT1A1 cells, bur not in V79 cells. The results suggest that human CYP2E1 and SULT1A1 cooperate to activate 1-MP and cause genotoxicity in mammalian cells. 1-methylpyrene or perylene, individually or when combined, significantly upregulated IL-1alpha and IL-6 secretion from human skin keratinocytes. 1-methylpyrene also exerted a cytotoxic effect on human keratinocytes. ANIMAL STUDIES: 1-MP was inactive in Chinese hamster V79-derived cell line without metabolic activation. Modification of adenine residues by 1-MP caused termination of DNA replication by E. coli DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) in vitro at the position opposite the MP adduct and at the preceding base.

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of April 4, 2017: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

The concentration of 1-methylpyrene in diluted heavy-duty diesel exhausts was determined to average 0.75 ug/km in particulate matter(1). The average concentration of 1-methylpyrene from the stack of a coal preparation plant was determined to be 0.45 ug/sample(2). The average concentration of 1-methylpyrene detected as coal combustion byproducts and tire crumb combustion byproducts was determined to be 49.1 ug/g coal and 62.33 ug/g tire, respectively(3). 1-Methylpyrene has been detected in both gasoline or diesel exhaust(4). Lawn mower exhaust emissions contained 1-methylpyrene(5).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1-methylpyrene can be estimated to be 89,000(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-methylpyrene is expected to be immobile in soil.

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Airborne aerosol samples taken in England, France, Scotland, and Norway from November 1975 to February 1976 contained a 1-methylpyrene range of 9 to 147 ng/1000 cu m(1). The concentration of 1-methylpyrene in urban air collected from Kokkola, Finland from 13-17 May and from 18-23 November was determined to range from <0.1 to 0.3 ng/cu m(2). 1-Methylpyrene has been identified in airborne particles collected in Southeast Germany, concentration not reported(3). Methylpyrene was identified in the air particulate matter collected from the lightly industrialized urban area of Christchurch, New Zealand, concentration not reported(4). Atmospheric air with particle samples (PM2.5) collected three northeastern US sites (Boston, MA, Rochester, NY Quabbin Resevoir, MA) contained 1-methylpyrene concentrations of 180, 31 and 15 pg/cu m respectively(5). Outdoor residential air sampled during Feb and Mar 2003 at Hagfors, Sweden had a 1-methylpyrene concentration range of <0.05 to 0.45 ng/cu m(6).

INDOOR AIR: The concentration of 1-methylpyrene in the air of three different types of saunas in Finland was determined to have an average gaseous phase concentration of 2.48 ug/cu m and an average particulate phase concentration of 3.52 ug/cu m(1). Indoor air in 13 Swedish homes using wood-burning appliances had 1-methylpyrene levels of <0.05-0.35 ng/cu m while 10 home not using wood-burning had levels of <0.05-0.16 ng/cu m(2).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Air monitoring near aircraft exhaust from taxiing and on/off loading of aircraft at the Savannah, GA Air National Guard base in 1999 detected 1-methylpyrene concentrations of 2.7-14.6 ng/cu m(1).

/GENOTOXICITY-DNA ADDUCTS/ The procarcinogen 1-methylpyrene is activated by hepatic enzymes via 1-hydroxymethylpyrene to 1-sulfooxymethylpyrene (1-SMP), a highly reactive and mutagenic metabolite. Previously, high levels of 1-SMP DNA adducts were observed in rat kidneys after intraperitoneal administration of 1-hydroxymethylpyrene or 1-SMP. This study examined whether organic anion transporters (OAT) that are expressed at the basolateral membrane of proximal tubule cells are involved in uptake of SMP. Human epithelial kidney (HEK293) cells that stably express human OAT1 (hOAT1) and hOAT3 were used. Stable isomers of 1-SMP, (2-SMP and 4-SMP) competitively inhibited the uptake of characteristic substrates p-aminohippurate for hOAT1 and estrone sulfate for hOAT3. Both inhibitors exhibited high affinity for hOAT1 (K(i) = 4.4 uM for 2-SMP; K(i) = 5.1 uM for 4-SMP) as well as hOAT3 (K(i) = 1.9 uM for 2-SMP; K(i) = 2.1 uM for 4-SMP). The uptake rate of 4-SMP (at a concentration of 10 uM) by hOAT1- and hOAT3-expressing cells was 3.0 and 1.6 times higher, respectively, than in control cells. Uptake of the reactive isomer 1-SMP was investigated using as the end point the level of DNA adducts that were formed in the cells. After exposure to 1-SMP (10 uM), the DNA adduct level was 4.6 and 3.0 times higher in hOAT1- and hOAT3-expressing cells, respectively, than in control cells. The enhanced DNA adduct formation in hOAT-expressing cells was abolished in the presence of the OAT inhibitor probenecid. This study indicates that OAT can mediate the basolateral uptake of reactive sulfuric acid esters into proximal tubule cells and thereby participate in kidney cell damage by these compounds.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ The cytotoxic effects of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (1-methylpyrene and perylene) were investigated on human skin keratinocytes. Normal human keratinocytes were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of 1-methylpyrene and perylene either alone or in combination. Following incubation, keratinocyte adhesion, viability, proliferation, colony-forming efficiency, and apoptosis/necrosis level were examined. The effects of PAH on wound healing were also determined in vitro using a scrape-wound healing assay on epidermis-like tissue. In addition, the inflammatory cell response to PAH insult was examined through interleukin-1 (IL-1) alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion. Each individual PAH significantly decreased keratinocyte adhesion and viability in a concentration-dependent manner, which was associated with a reduced ability of keratinocytes to proliferate and form colonies. When PAH were combined, a greater effect on keratinocyte adhesion, viability, and proliferation was noted. Decreased cell proliferation/colony-forming efficiency was accompanied by increased cell apoptosis following incubation with either PAH. This effect was enhanced by the inhibitory influence on keratinocyte migration, as assessed by culture scratching. Each PAH also exerted a significant effect on keratinocyte immune functions by modulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators. Indeed, 1-methylpyrene or perylene, individually or when combined, significantly upregulated IL-1alpha and IL-6 secretion. This effect was greater and was concentration dependent when the PAH combination was used. Overall results indicate that 1-methylpyrene and perylene exerted a cytotoxic effect on human keratinocytes. ...

The concentration of 1-methylpyrene in perch (Perca fluviatilis) following an oil spill in Vassa Archipelago, Finland was determined to be <0.1 ug/kg(1). The concentration of 1-methylpyrene in seston (planktonic bacteria, phtyoplankton and zooplankton) and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis, L.) soft parts was determined to be 21 and 2.2 ng/g dry wt, respectively. Mussels were collected in the open northern Baltic Sea from the early summer to early autumn of 1985 and 1986(1). Mussels collected from Saudafjorden, West Norway in October 1976 contained 0 to 3606 ppb 1-methylpyrene in Modiolus modiolus and 183 ppb 1-methylpyrene in Mytilus edulis(2).

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (including benzanthracenes, benzopyrenes, benzofluoranthene, chrysenes, dibenz-anthracenes, and indenopyrenes)/

For the maximum protection of human health from the potential carcinogenic effects of exposure to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons through ingestion of contaminated water and contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient water concentration should be zero, based on the nonthreshold assumption for this chemical. However, zero level may not be attainable at the present time. Therefore, the levels which may result in incremental increase of cancer risk over the lifetime are estimated at 1X10-5, 1X10-6, and 1X10-7. The corresponding recommended criteria are 28.0 ng/L, 2.8 ng/L, and 0.28 ng/L, respectively. If these estimates are made for consumption of aquatic organisms only, excluding consumption of water, the levels are 311.0 ng/L, 31.1 ng/L, and 3.11 ng/L, respectively. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/.

Coal tar pitch volatiles are products of the distillation of bituminous coal and contain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Low concentrations of 1-methylpyrene have been measured in diesel exhausts, coal combustion, industrial sediment, contaminated soil, urban air, charcoal grilling, mesquite smoke, hickory smoke, aluminum anode plant emissions, vegetable oils, lettuce, fish, mussels, and the common elder duck; [HSDB]

Laboratory chemicals. Manufacture of substances.