1,4,5,8-テトラアミノ-9,10-アントラキノン

Dyes -> Anthraquinone Dyes

Carcinogens

Black powder

Blue-black microcrystalline powder

Red-brown needles

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 64 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in acetone, ethanol, and cellosolve; slightly soluble in benzene and linseed oil

In ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, 30 mg/mL; in ethanol, 2 mg/mL

Insoluble in water /Dyes, disperse/

In water, 0.03 mg/L at 25 °C

630 °F (NTP, 1992)

331 °C

0.00000002 [mmHg]

1.8X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C

C.i. disperse blue 1 is a blue-black microcrystalline powder. (NTP, 1992)

Blue-black solid; [HSDB] Deep blue powder; [MSDSonline]

Danger

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P272, P280, P302+P352, P305+P354+P338, P317, P318, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P272, P280, P302+P352, P305+P354+P338, P317, P318, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: 9,10-Anthracenedione, 1,4,5,8-tetraamino-

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity

9,10-Anthracenedione, 1,4,5,8-tetraamino-: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Anthraquinones are toxic by ingestion: vomiting, diarrhea, kidney and liver damage, and coma; Deaths have been reported after children ingested Rhamnus berries; Disperse Blue 1 caused a high incidence of bladder stones and hyperplasia in high-dose feeding studies of mice for 2 years; [HSDB] An irritant; May cause serious eye injury; May cause skin sensitization; [eChemPortal: ESIS] A skin and eye irritant; May cause serious eye injury; May cause skin sensitization; Targets the bladder; [MSDSonline]

DHHS/NTP; Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of C.I. Disperse Blue 1 in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies) Technical Report Series No. 299 (1986) NIH Publication No. 86-2555

National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Disperse Blue 1 (2475-45-8) is listed as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s081disp.pdf]

An amine. Amines are chemical bases. They neutralize acids to form salts plus water. These acid-base reactions are exothermic. The amount of heat that is evolved per mole of amine in a neutralization is largely independent of the strength of the amine as a base. Amines may be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated by amines in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

Skin Irrit. 2 (100%)

Carcinogenicity - category 1B

Carcinogenicity - Category 2

Skin sensitization - Category 1

Carcinogens

Carc. 1B

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for DISPERSE BLUE 1 (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... Clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for DISPERSE BLUE 1 (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). (NTP, 1992)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3200(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that Disperse Blue 1 is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of Disperse Blue 1 from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 1.8X10-8 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 0.03 mg/L(4). Disperse Blue 1 is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2009).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3200(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that Disperse Blue 1 is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.8X10-8 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 0.03 mg/L(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 10(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 2.98(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Disperse Blue 1 is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2009).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), Disperse Blue 1, which has a vapor pressure of 1.8X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Disperse Blue 1 is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.8 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.4X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase Disperse Blue 1 may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Disperse Blue 1 has a maximum absorbance wavelength of 615 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Based upon the animal and use data presented in this report, the CIR Expert Panel concludes that Disperse Blue 1 is safe for use in hair dyes at concentrations up to 1%.

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=2475-45-8]

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of Disperse Blue 1 can be estimated to be 3200(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that Disperse Blue 1 is expected to have slight mobility in soil. Disperse Blue 1 may bind strongly to organic matter in the soil as the aromatic amino group is indicated as a highly reactive group with an affinity for organic matter(3).

Disperse Blue 1's former US production and subsequent use in semipermanent hair color formulations, as a fabric dye for nylon, cellulose acetate and triacetate, polyester, and acrylate fibers and for surface dyeing of thermoplastics and as a solvent dye in cellulose acetate plastics(1) may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

Disperse Blue 1

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 48: (1990) Some Flame Retardants and Textile Chemicals, and Exposures in the Textile Manufacturing Industry

1990

1989

C.I. Disperse blue 1

An estimated BCF of 10 was calculated in fish for Disperse Blue 1(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2.98(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for Disperse Blue 1 is estimated as 2.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.8X10-8 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 0.03 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that Disperse Blue 1 is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). Disperse Blue 1 is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Disperse Blue 1 (containing 50% lignosulfonate dispersants) was fed to Fischer 344 rats at dietary levels of 0.01 and 0.1% for 19 months and at 1.0% for 6 months. Fischer 344 rats were also given the dye by gavage at 1 g/kg for 1-3 days or in the diet at 0.5 or 1% for 4 days, and corresponding dietary levels of the coloring without dispersant were also fed for 4 days. Bladders and kidneys were examined after the 1-4 day treatments, in animals dying or killed from month 6 to termination (19 months) in the chronic study and in those killed at wk 5, 9 and 17. At the latter three times, autoradiography following injection of tritiated thymidine showed increased DNA synthesis in the urothelium of high-dose rats, but no other increased labelling in any group. Bladder lesions were seen only at the 1.0% level, epithelial erosion with adhering dye particles being seen by day 4, calculi and hyperplasia by wk 5 and squamous metaplasia by wk 9. The calculi contained more dye in males than in females and more calcium in females. By month 6, dye particles were embedded in the bladder wall, with some evidence of histiocyte accumulation in their vicinity. Two papillomas and one carcinoma, but no leiomyosarcomas, were diagnosed. The earliest tumours, two papillomas, were detected at wk 17. Tumor incidence following surgical removal of calculus was about double that in rats not subjected to surgery and the incidence of normal bladders at month 19 was higher in the latter group. Compound-related effects in the kidneys--inflammation, pelvic epithelial hyperplasia and tubular degeneration and regeneration with interstitial fibrosis--were seen only in the high-dose group. Dye present in the tubules and renal pelvis persisted in many rats for a year after cessation of treatment.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Mouse: Groups of 50 male and 50 female B6C3F mice, 7 wk of age, were fed diets containing 0, 600, 1200 or 2500 ppm (mg/kg) diet Disperse Blue 1 (commercial grade without lignosulfonate dispersants, containing approximately 50% 1,4,5,8-tetraaminoanthraquinone, 19.5% water and approximately 30% other impurities, mainly an isomer of tetraaminoanthraquinone and a nitrotriaminoanthraquinone isomer) for 104 weeks to give doses in mg/kg bw per day of 0, 112, 239 and 540 in males and 0, 108, 235 and 520 in females. All animals were killed at 112-113 weeks of age. A significant trend to lower survival in higher dose males was observed when early deaths were excluded. The combined incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas were increased in treated males (control, 9/50; low-dose, 21/50; mid-dose, 20/50; high-dose, 16/50) and in low-dose females (control, 3/50; low-dose, 13/49; mid-dose, 3/50; high-dose, 4/50). Group incidences did not indicate a dose-response effect, and survival-adjusted trends were not significant. The observed incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and carcinomas in male mice were 4/50 in controls, 9/49 in low-dose animals, 5/50 in mid-dose animals and 11/50 in high-dose animals. When adjusted for survival, the increase was dose-related (p = 0.018, incidental tumor test for trend; adjusted rates, 15.0, 27.2, 13.9 and 49.3%, respectively). A high incidence of urinary bladder calculi was observed in mice of each sex. High-dose males and females also had a high incidence of transitional-cell hyperplasia of the bladder ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Rat: Groups of 50 male and 50 female Fischer 344/N rats, 7 wk of age, were fed diets containing 1, 1250, 2500 or 5000 ppm (mg/kg) diet Disperse Blue 1 (commercial grade without lignosulfonate dispersants, containing approximately 50% 1,4,5,8-tetraaminoanthraquinone, 19.5% water and approximately 30% other impurities, mainly an isomer of tetraaminoanthraquinone and a nitrotriaminoanthraquinone isomer) for 103 wk to give doses in mg/kg bw per day of 0, 45, 95 and 217 in males and 0, 56, 111 and 240 in females. All animals were killed at 111-112 wk of age. Survival in high-dose males and females and in mid-dose males was significantly reduced. Dose-related increases in the combined incidences of squamous-cell papillomas and carcinomas, transitional-cell papillomas and carcinomas, and leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas of the bladder were observed in males and females. In addition, urinary bladder calculi were observed in the groups of rats in which the incidence of bladder tumors was increased ... A dose-related increase in the incidence of pancreatic islet-cell adenomas and carcinomas combined was seen in males: control, 1/49; low-dose, 2/50; mid-dose, 5/50; high-dose, 3/50 (p = 0.042, incidental tumor test for trend ...).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Disperse Blue 1 was administered to Fischer 344/N rats and B6C3F mice by oral administration in the diet for 14 days, 13 wk or 2 yr. In the 14-day studies, 2/5 female rats died after receiving 50,000 ppm (mg/kg), and all mice receiving 25,000 ppm or more died. In the 13-wk studies, diets containing concentrations up to 20,000 and 20,000 ppm were fed to rats and mice, respectively. No compound-related death occurred in rats, but deaths occurred with 10,000 ppm in mice of each sex. Pathological changes that occurred in rats and mice given diets containing 2500 ppm or more included urinary tract calculi, urinary bladder inflammation, hyperplasia of the urinary bladder transitional epithelium and nephrosis. In the 2-yr studies ... lesions related to treatment in rats included renal and urinary bladder calculi, renal casts, hydronephrosis and renal degeneration, renal and urinary bladder epithelial hyperplasia, urinary bladder squamous metaplasia and pigmentation of the urinary bladder and kidney. Lesions in mice that were considered to be related to treatment were inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, calculi and fibrosis in the urinary bladder, casts in the renal tubular lumina and renal tubular degeneration ...

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for DISPERSE BLUE 1 (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of Disperse Blue 1 in experimental animals. No data were available from studies in humans on the carcinogenicity of Disperse Blue 1. Overall evaluation: Disperse Blue 1 is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

Disperse Blue 1: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

CIR ingredient: Disperse Blue 1

Used as dye for sheepskins, furs, thermoplastic resins, acetate, nylon, polyester, other synthetics, and semi-permanent hair colors (in the US); [HSDB]

Banned in UE for garment dyeing because potential skin sensitizer; [Ullmann]

Fur Dressing and Dyeing [Category: Industry]

DYE FOR SHEEPSKINS, FURS, THERMOPLASTIC RESINS, ACETATE, NYLON & OTHER SYNTHETIC FIBERS

Disperse Blue 1 is used in the USA in semipermanent hair color formulations at concentrations of less than 1%. Disperse Blue 1 has been used as a fabric dye for nylon, cellulose acetate and triacetate, polyester, and acrylate fibers. It has also been used for surface dyeing of thermoplastics and as a solvent dye in cellulose acetate plastics. /SRP: Former US/

(1977) 3.40X10+6 GRAMS (PRINCPL CUSTMS DISTS)

(1979) 1.01X10+7 GRAMS (PRINCPL CUSTMS DISTS)

... approximately 4-6 tons of the material are imported annually (NTP, 1986).

Approximately 4-6 tons of Disperse Blue 1 are imported annually.

(1976) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+6 GRAMS

(1979) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN US

US production of Disperse Blue 1 was reported to be 159 tons in 1972 ... Separate figures were not reported after 1972, but production of all Disperse Blue dyes was approximately 6030, 9940 and 5740 tons in 1975, 1980 and 1985, respectively. ...

Disperse Blue 1 has been prepared by acylation of 1,5-diaminoanthraquinone with oxalic acid, then nitration in sulfuric acid, followed by hydrolysis and reduction to the tetraamino compound; and by the reduction of mixed 1,5- and 1,8-dinitroanthraquinone to the corresponding diamino compounds, followed by acetylation, nitration, reduction, and hydrolysis.

One US distributor markets Disperse Blue 1 with a dye content of approximately 30% ... /SRP: Former/

Commercial preparations of Disperse Blue 1 (approximately 50% 1,4,5,8-tetraaminoanthraquinone, 30% structurally related compounds and 20% water) contain approximately equal amounts of dyestuff and lignosulfonate dispersants (Burnett & Squire, 1986; National Toxicology Program, 1986).

Acetate blue 6

Acetoquinone blue L

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for DISPERSE BLUE 1 (39 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9,10-Anthracenedione, 1,4,5,8-tetraamino-: ACTIVE

Anthraquinone dye. Dye whose molecular structure is based on anthraquinone (C6H4(CO)2C6H4). ...Benzene ring structure is important in development of color. /Anthraquinone dye/