Zoxamide

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Store in a cool dry well-ventilated area.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Zoxamide (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Tolerances are established for residues of zoxamide including metabolites and degradates, in or on the commodities in the table below. Compliance with the tolerance levels specified below is to be determined by measuring only zoxamide (3,5-dichloro-N-(3-chloro-1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-oxopropyl)-4-methylbenzamide).[Table#6886]

Tolerances are established for residues of zoxamide including metabolites and degradates, in or on the commodities in the table below. Compliance with the tolerance levels specified below is to be determined by measuring only the sum of zoxamide (3,5-dichloro-N-(3-chloro-1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-oxopropyl)-4-methylbenzamide) and its metabolites 3,5-dichloro-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (RH-1455 and RH-141455) and 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid (RH-1452 and RH-141452) calculated as the stoichiometric equivalent of zoxamide.[Table#6887]

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: For nuisance exposures use type P95 (US) or type P1 (EU EN 143) particle respirator. For higher level protection use type OV/AG/P99 (US) or type ABEK-P2 (EU EN 143) respirator cartridges. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for Zoxamide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) age 16 weeks; oral via capsule >2000 mg/kg

LD50; Species: /Apis mellifera/ (Honeybee) adult; contact >100 ug/bee

LC50; Speces: Eisenia foetida (Earthworm) >1070 mg a.i./kg soil for 14 days

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) weight 1.2 g; Conditions: freshwater, flow through; Concentration: 156 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 134-181 ug/L) /94.2% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Zoxamide (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 815-1443(2,3), indicate that zoxamide is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of zoxamide from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.3X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Zoxamide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of less than 9.9X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Zoxamide has reported half-lives in various soils of 2 to 19 days under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and, therefore, is expected to biodegrade rapidly under certain environmental conditions(6,7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 815-1443(2,3), indicate that zoxamide is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.3X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(5). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF range of 95-136 in bluegill sunfish(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2017). However, Zoxamide has reported half-lives in various soils of 2 to 19 days under aerobic and anaerobic conditions(8,3), suggesting that biodegradation maybe an important environmental fate in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), zoxamide, which has a vapor pressure of less than 9.9X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase zoxamide may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Zoxamide contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. Zoxamide has an aqueous photolysis half-life of 14 days reported at pH 4 and 25 °C(4,5).

In a study published in 2012, zoxamide was detected in Wisconsin ginseng, purchased from a commercial source, at a concentration of 23 ug/kg; zoxamide was not detected in American ginseng white Korean ginseng or Chinese red ginseng samples analyzed in this study(1). In a crop study in North Carolina using radio labeled zoxamide, this chemical was detected in mature harvest crops (mustard, radish, turnip, sorghum and soybean) planted 30 to 365 days following application, at concentrations of less than 0.01 to 0.189 mg/kg(2).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Zoxamide is a fine, white powder. It is used as a fungicide. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Zoxamide is harmful if absorbed through the skin and causes moderate eye irritation. Prolonged or frequent repeated skin contact may cause allergic reactions in some individuals. It is a dermal sensitizer. ANIMAL STUDIES: Zoxamide was considered to be of low acute toxicity by the oral, dermal and inhalation routes in rats. It was moderately irritating when applied to the skin of rabbits, and was minimally irritating when instilled into the eyes of the same species. Results of skin sensitization testing in guinea pigs were positive. Acute and short-term (90-day) neurotoxicity studies conducted in the rat did not demonstrate any neurotoxic potential for zoxamide. It was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and TA102. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The NOEC of zoxamide for the early life-stages of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) were 3.48 ug a.i./L and 40 ug a.i./L, respectively, and for a full life cycle in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) 60 ug a.i./L.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The NOEC of Zoxamide for the early life-stages of the rainbow trout and the sheepshead minnow were 3.48 ug a.i./L and 40 ug a.i./L, respectively, and for a full life cycle in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) 60 ug a.i./L.

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of December 8, 2016: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

AEROBIC: Zoxamide, present at 1.5 mg/kg, has a half-life of 10 days at 25 °C, and at 0.2 mg/kg a half-life range of 2.0 to 4.2 days at 20 °C and 7.7 days at 10 °C, resulting from soil metabolism studies using various sand, loam, and clay soils and radio-labeled 14C-phenyl-zoxamide under aerobic conditions(1). Additionally, zoxamide has a reported aerobic soil metabolism half-life of 19 days(2), therefore this compound is expected to rapidly biodegrade under certain environmental conditions(SRC).

ANAEROBIC: Zoxamide has a reported anaerobic soil metabolism half-life of 14 days(1).

Tolerances are established for residues of zoxamide including metabolites and degradates, in or on the commodities in the table below. Compliance with the tolerance levels specified below is to be determined by measuring only zoxamide (3,5-dichloro-N-(3-chloro-1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-oxopropyl)-4-methylbenzamide).[Table#6888]

Tolerances are established for residues of zoxamide including metabolites and degradates, in or on the commodities in the table below. Compliance with the tolerance levels specified below is to be determined by measuring only the sum of zoxamide (3,5-dichloro-N-(3-chloro-1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-oxopropyl)-4-methylbenzamide) and its metabolites 3,5-dichloro-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (RH-1455 and RH-141455) and 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid (RH-1452 and RH-141452) calculated as the stoichiometric equivalent of zoxamide.[Table#6889]

Pesticide Fact Sheet: Name of Chemical: Zoxamide; Reason for Issuance: New Chemical. Year of Initial Registration: 2001.

Used as agricultural fungicide for potatoes, vines, and vegetables (targets Oomycete fungi); [Merck Index]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For zoxamide (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 101702) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Fungicide.

Two commercial end-use products containing Zoxamide have been reviewed for registration, Zoxium 80W Fungicide, a wettable powder (WP) containing 80% Zoxamide, and Gavel 75DF Fungicide, a dry flowable (DF) containing 8.3% Zoxamide and 66.7% Mancozeb. Zoxium 80W Fungicide is being registered as a tankmix application with Dithane DG Rainshield NT Fungicide (Mancozeb) for control of late blight and early blight on potatoes and applied alone for control of downy mildew on grapes. For additional control of powdery mildew and black rot on grapes, Zoxium 80W Fungicide can be tank-mixed with Nova 40W Fungicide (Myclobutanil). Gavel 75DF Fungicide is being registered for control of late blight and early blight on potatoes and downy mildew on grapes.

This is a man-made compound that is used as a pesticide.

Zing! (Gowan Company): Active ingredient: Chlorothalonil 40.0%; Zoxamide 6.8%.

Zoxium 80W Agricultural Fungicide (Gowan Company): Active ingredient: Zoxamide 80.0%.

Gavel 75 DF (Gowan Company): Active ingredient: Mancozeb 66.7%; Zoxamide 8.3%.

Zoxamide Technical (Gowan Company): Active ingredient: Zoxamide 98.0%.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Zoxamide (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Fungicides

Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Zoxamide as unlikely to present an acute hazard in normal use; Main Use: fungicide, other than for seed treatment.

Developed by Rohm and Haas Co. (now Dow AgroSciences), first registered in USA and launched in Europe in 2001. Patents US 5304572.