5,6-ジヒドロ-2-メチル-3-(フェニルカルバモイル)-1,4-オキサチイン4,4-ビスオキシド

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Do not inhale dust or spray mist; avoid contact with skin and mucous membranes

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

LC50 /Colinus virginianus/ (Northern bobwhite quail) dietary >10000 mg/kg/8 days

LC50 Mallard ducks oral >4640 mg/kg in 8-day diet

LC50 Bluegill 28.1 mg/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50 Rainbow trout 19.9 mg/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for OXYCARBOXIN (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: FIVE DIFFERENT SOILS WERE TESTED FOR PERSISTENCE & DEGRADATION OF CARBOXIN & OXYCARBOXIN. IN ONE SOIL ONLY, BOTH WERE DEGRADED WITH ACCUMULATION OF AMMONIUM & NITRITE. UNDER CONDITIONS OF FORCED CIRCULATION OF AIR & CONTINUOUS PERFUSION, OXYCARBOXIN WAS MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DEGRADATION THAN CARBOXIN. UNDER SIMULATED RICE FIELD CONDITIONS, CONVERSION OF CARBOXIN TO ITS SULFOXIDE & TO NONTOXIC DERIVATIVE OF OXYCARBOXIN WAS OBSERVED IN ALL SOILS. IN ORGANIC MATTER FREE SOIL DEGRADATION WAS DELAYED. ON THREE FORMS OF MONOIONIC CLAYS, CARBOXIN WAS RAPIDLY CONVERTED TO ITS SULFOXIDE BUT OXYCARBOXIN WAS TRANFORMED TO AN UNIDENTIFIED DERIVATIVE.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 20(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that oxycarboxin is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of oxycarboxin from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.2X10-8 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 1400 mg/L(3). Oxycarboxin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). The half-life of oxycarboxin has been reported to range from about 2.5 to 8 weeks in soils(3).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 20(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that oxycarboxin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.2X10-8 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1400 mg/L(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from a log Kow of 0.77(4) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The hydrolysis half-life of oxycarboxin was reported as 44 days at pH 6 and 25 °C(4). Oxycarboxin may be subject to indirect photolysis in sunlit surface waters containing humic and fulvic acids which act as photosensitizing agents(7). Oxycarboxin solutions containing 1 ppm humic or fulvic acids were photodegraded approximately 25% following 8 hours of irradiation with simulated sunlight and approximately 20% photodegradation was observed for oxycarboxin solutions containing soil suspensions(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), oxycarboxin, which has a vapor pressure of 4.2X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist primarily in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase oxycarboxin may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for oxycarboxin can be estimated to be 20(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that oxycarboxin is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

Oxycarboxin's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Oxycarboxin is only registered for use as a fungicide for ornamentals grown in enclosed commercial structures such as greenhouses and its direct release to the environment from this use is unlikely(1). Oxycarboxin has been identified as a degradation product of a related fungicide, carboxin(1); therefore, the use and subsequent degradation of carboxin may result in the indirect release of oxycarboxin in the environment(SRC).

MICROORGANISMS FOUND IN WET SOILS WERE EXAMINED FOR THEIR ABILITY TO DEGRADE FUNGICIDES. THE BLUE-GREEN ALGAE ANABAENA, NOSTOC, & TOLYPOTHRIX EXTENSIVELY DEGRADED OXYCARBOXIN & CARBOXIN. THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIUM RHODOSPIRILLUM DEGRADED OXYCARBOXIN TO A GREATER EXTENT THAN CARBOXIN. THE PROTOZOA, COLPODA BROUGHT ABOUT AN EXTENSIVE DEGRADATION OF CARBOXIN BUT NOT OF OXYCARBOXIN.

AN ISOLATE OF SOIL PSEUDOMONAS HYDROLYZED OXYCARBOXIN TO ANILINE & WAS CAPABLE OF UTILIZING OXYCARBOXIN AS ITS SOLE SOURCE OF C & N.

When incubated with a Norcardia sp species isolated from soil, oxycarboxin was found to undergo amide hydrolysis(1). Blue-green algae (Anabaena, Nostoc, Tolypothrix, and Chlorella vulgaris) isolated from wet soil were found to degrade oxycarboxin(2). Oxycarboxin was found to degrade in five different soil types including 3 monoionic clays (red sandy loam, black clayey, laterite, saline alkalai, and coffee plantation), were found to degrade oxycarboxin in 10 days under aerobic conditions(3).

The half-life of oxycarboxin in a sandy loam was reported to range from 2.5 to 8 weeks(1).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for oxycarboxin(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.77(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for oxycarboxin is estimated as 1.1X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 4.2X10-8 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 1400 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that oxycarboxin is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Oxycarboxin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon vapor pressure(1).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Mild eye irritant; not a skin irritant (rabbits).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Feeding to albino rats or dogs at 300, 1000, and 3000 mg/kg diet daily for 2 yr induces no toxic effects.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ In 2-year dietary studies a NOEL for rats was observed at 15mg/kg/day based on minor thyroid changes.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ F-461 /(oxycarboxin)/ Technical was given to CD derived rats in the feed for 2 years at 0, 300, 1000 or 3000 ppm, 30/sex/experimental group, 60/sex/control. Possible adverse effects noted. NOEL approx. 300 ppm, based on thyroid findings. Thyroids had increased weight in all groups at 6 months (but no dose relationship at 6 months and no thyroid weight differences at subsequent sacrifices). Hyperplastic alterations were observed in males at 3000 ppm at 6, 12 and 24 months. In addition, there was an apparent treatment-related incidence of "clumped basophilic-staining colloid in the follicles" in 1000 ppm males.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for OXYCARBOXIN (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The hydrolysis half-life of oxycarboxin was reported as 44 days at pH 6 and 25 °C(1). Less than 10% photodegradation was observed when oxycarboxin solutions were exposed to light > 290 nm for 8 hours; however, this reaction was shown to be enhanced with the addition of humic and fulvic acids which act as photosensitizing agents(2). Oxycarboxin solutions containing 1 ppm humic or fulvic acids were photodegraded approximately 25% following 8 hours of irradiation with simulated sunlight and approximately 20% photodegradation was observed for oxycarboxin solutions containing soil suspensions(2).

Occupational exposure to oxycarboxin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. Since oxycarboxin is only registered for use on ornamentals in enclosed structures such as greenhouses and can only be applied by commercial applicators utilizing hand held equipment(1), exposure to the general population is expected to be low(SRC).

Oxycarboxin's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Oxycarboxin is only registered for use as a fungicide for ornamentals grown in enclosed commercial structures such as greenhouses and its direct release to the environment from this use is unlikely. Oxycarboxin has been identified as a degradation product of a related fungicide, carboxin; therefore, the use and subsequent degradation of carboxin may result in the indirect release of oxycarboxin in the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 4.2X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates oxycarboxin will exist primarily in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase oxycarboxin will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, oxycarboxin is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 20. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-11 atm-cu m/mole. Oxycarboxin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. The half-life of oxycarboxin has been reported to range from about 2.5 to 8 weeks in soils. If released into water, oxycarboxin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc value. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Hydrolysis occurs slowly in aqueous environments based upon a hydrolysis half-life of 44 days at pH 6. Indirect photolysis in sunlit surface waters may be an important environmental fate process for oxycarboxin. Oxycarboxin solutions in which 1 ppm humic or fulvic acids were added were photodegraded roughly 25% when irradiated with simulated sunlight over an 8 hour photoperiod. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to oxycarboxin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. Since oxycarboxin is only registered for use on ornamentals in enclosed structures such as greenhouses and can only be applied by commercial applicators utilizing hand held equipment, exposure to the general population is expected to be low. (SRC)

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/

The Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the active ingredient carboxin (PC code 090201) was completed in September 2004 as part of Reregistration Case 0012. Reregistration Case 0012 also includes another active ingredient, oxycarboxin (PC code 090202), that was inadvertently omitted. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or Agency) has since reviewed the occupational exposure to oxycarboxin fungicide from use on ornamentals grown in enclosed commercial structures such as greenhouses, which is the only registered use. The Agency has determined that oxycarboxin containing products are eligible for reregistration provided that the required confirmatory data are submitted.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Oxycarboxin is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0012; Pesticide type: Fungicide; Registration Standard Date: 08/08/81; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Oxycarboxin; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 02/17/94, 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.