チオりん酸O,O-ジメチルO-(3,5,6-トリクロロ-2-ピリジニル)

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Improper disposal of excess pesticide is a violation of Federal law. If these wastes cannot be disposed of by use according to label instructions, contact your State Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency, or the hazardous waste representative at the EPA Regional Office for guidance. /Storcide II Grain, Bin and Warehouse Insecticide/

Rigid, non-refillable containers small enough to shake (i.e., with capacities equal to or less than 5 gallons). ... Do not reuse or refill this container. Offer for recycling, if available. Triple rinse or pressure rinse container (or equivalent) promptly after emptying ... Once container is rinsed, offer for recycling if available, or puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill or incineration, or if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning. If burned stay out of smoke. /Storcide II Grain, Bin and Warehouse Insecticide/

Rigid non-refillable containers that are too large to shake (i.e., with capacities greater than 5 gallons). ... Do not reuse or refill this container... Cleaning the container before final disposal is the responsibility of the person disposing of the container. Once container is rinsed, offer for recycling if available or puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill, or incineration, or if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning. If burned stay out of smoke. /Storcide II Grain, Bin and Warehouse Insecticide/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Users and persons in treated areas should: Avoid inhalation of treated grain dust. Users should wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet. Users should remove clothing/PPE immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing. Users should remove PPE immediately after handling this product. Wash the outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible, wash thoroughly and change into clean clothing. /Storcide II Grain, Bin and Warehouse Insecticide/

Do not apply this product in a way that will contact workers or other persons, either directly or through drift. Only protected handlers may be in the area during application. /Storcide II Grain, Bin and Warehouse Insecticide/

Do not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Do not discharge directly or indirectly into surface waters. /Storcide II Grain, Bin and Warehouse Insecticide/

Wash hands, arms and face thoroughly with soap and water after handling and before eating or smoking. Routinely shower or bathe after work and wash all clothing with soap and hot water before reusing. /Storcide II Grain, Bin and Warehouse Insecticide/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the insecticide chlorpyrifos-methyl [O,-O,-dimethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl)] phosphorothioate and its metabolite (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) in or on the following food commodities:[Table#6541]

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the insecticide chlorpyrifos-methyl (O,-O-dimethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate and its metabolite (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) in or on the following food commodities when present therein as a result of application to stored grains:[Table#6542]

Where a tolerance is established for triclopyr, chloropyrifos, and chlorpyrifos-methyl having the common metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol on the same raw agricultural commodity, the total amount of such residues shall not exceed the highest established tolerance for any of the pesticides having the metabolites.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Mixers, loaders, applicators and other handlers must wear: Long-sleeved shirt and long pants, chemical-resistant gloves, such as barrier laminate, butyl rubber, nitrile rubber, or Viton and protective eye equipment. In addition, applicators applying to empty grain bins must wear: A NIOSH-approved respirator with any N, R, P, or HE filter. /Storcide II Grain, Bin and Warehouse Insecticide/

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

Symptoms, lesions and changes in clinical chemistry and hematology were examined in goats orally dosed with dursban (150 mg/kg), reldan (150 mg/kg) and their mixture (300 mg/kg) in certain proportions. More rapid death and severe changes occurred in goats receiving reldan and dursban at 50% of the combined dose than either of the individual compounds.

At the dose of 600 mg/kg, which decreased hepatic nonprotein sulfhydryls (NPSH) by 90%, acetaminophen did not potentiate the effects of the organophosphorus insecticides methylchlorpyrifos, methylparathion or dichlorovos on esterases. On the other hand, depletion of hepatic NPSH by diethylmaleate increased the toxicities of the insecticides. While the reported inhibition of mixed function oxidase activity by acetaminophen may explain the lack of potentiation of methylchlorpyrifos and methylparathion which need to be converted to their oxygen analogs, its failure in potentiating the toxicity of dichlorvos, which does not require metabolic activation, suggests that other mechanisms are involved. Acetaminophen decreased NPSH only in the liver and, to a minor extent, in the kidney, while diethylmaleate caused significant depletion of NPSH in several tissues.

Human volunteer studies have been conducted by orally administering the pesticides deltamethrin (0.01 mg/kg/day) or pirimicarb (0.02 mg/kg/day) at the acceptable daily intake (ADI) together with chlorpyrifos-methyl (0.01 mg/kg/day), in order to investigate any potential interactions that may occur during dietary exposure. Deltamethrin and pirimicarb are metabolised in vivo by hydrolytic enzymes, which may be susceptible to inhibition by esterase-inhibiting compounds, such as chlorpyrifos-methyl. Urine samples were collected at time points up to at least 48 h post-exposure and metabolites were quantified. Urinary metabolite excretion data obtained from the mixed exposures were compared with data obtained from the same individuals given a dose of each individual pesticide on a separate occasion. Metabolite excretion profiles for both pesticides administered as a mixed dose with chlorpyrifos-methyl were qualitatively similar to those obtained for the individual doses. Peak excretion of deltamethrin and pirimicarb metabolites occurred at around 4h post-exposure for both the individual and the mixed exposure scenarios, and metabolite excretion was almost complete within 24h. No statistically significant differences were found between the individual and mixed doses for either metabolite excretion half-life or metabolite levels quantified in 24-h total urine collections. The data presented here indicate that no significant toxicokinetic interactions occur between either deltamethrin or pirimicarb and chlorpyrifos-methyl when orally administered together at the ADI.

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.

LD50; Species: Callipepla californica (California Quail) age 9-11 months; oral via capsule 334 mg/kg bw (95% confidence interval: 265-421 mg/kg bw)

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard Duck) age 9 days; diet >5620 ppm for 8 days

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard Duck) juvenile; diet <5000 ppm for 8 days (95% confidence interval: 2500-5000 ppm)

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard Duck) oral via capsule >1590 mg/kg

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL (32 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 1190 to 8100(2) indicate that chlorpyrifos-methyl is expected to have low to no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of chlorpyrifos-methyl from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.25X10-5 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 4.0 mg/L(3). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Chlorpyrifos-methyl is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure. In soil, chlorpyrifos-methyl undergoes microbial degradation to 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol, which is subsequently degraded to other organochlorine compounds and CO2(2). Chlorpyrifos-methyl is susceptible to aqueous hydrolysis (half-lives of 27 to 13 days at pH 4 through pH 9)(2), therefore abiotic hydrolysis in moist soil is expected to have some importance as a fate process(SRC). Abiotic degradation of chlorpyrifos-methyl can occur in salt marsh sediment through reaction with bisulfide and polysulfide ions at rates comparable to anaerobic microbial degradation(4). The degradation half-life (both abiotic and biotic) of chlorpyrifos-methyl was measured in soils incubated in a greenhouse at 23-26 °C(5); half-lives were 7, 6, 6, and 11 days in sandy, organic-rich orchard, agricultural, and volcanic area soils, respectively(5). A soil dissipation half-life range of 1.5 to 33 days has been reported(2,6) with an average dissipation half-life of 7 days(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 1190 to 8,100(2) indicate that chlorpyrifos-methyl is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.25X10-5 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 4.0 mg/L(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 28 and 207 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilation half-life from a model pond is about 15 years if adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), BCF values of 802(7) and 95(8) in fish, suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high(SRC). The hydrolysis half-life of chlorpyrifos-methyl in water at pHs 6.1 and 7.4 were 26 and 13 days, respectively, at 20 °C(9). Hydrolysis half-lives of 27 days (pH 4), 21 days (pH 7) and 13 days (pH 9) have also been reported(2). Aqueous photolysis maybe an important environmental fate process is indicated by half-lives of 1.8 days (June sunlight) and 3.8 days (December sunlight)(2); a half-life of 10 days was calculated(SRC) for sensitized photo-oxidation in natural waters containing humic acid sensitizers that are exposed to sunlight(10).

As part of the FDA Total Diet Study since 1991, the mean concentration of chlorpyrifos-methyl was determined in the following market basket commodities(1).[Table#6546]

As part of the Belgian Total Diet Study between 1991-1993, the concentration range of chlorpyrifos-methyl was determined in the following market basket commodities (ppm): grape, washed (0.05-0.5); wheat flower, raw (0.05-0.5); nectarine, washed (0.05); pepper, steamed (0.1); bran, raw (0.05-0.5)(12). The mean concentration of chlorpyrifos-methyl in Egyptian market basket commodities (ppm) were as follows for the year 1995: tomato (0.07); apple (0.15); grape (0.13)(2).

Chlorpyrifos-methyl was detected in fresh and canned peaches sampled in Greece in 2000 with maximum concentration of 0.12 mg/kg(1).

A study was undertaken to assess the effects of storage intervals and of milling procedures on the dissipation of chlorpyrifos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl residues in post-harvest-treated wheat grain and to obtain scientific data on the compliance of the processed products with safety requirements concerning baby foods. The insecticide formulations were applied on stored wheat at recommended rates (20 mL/ton). The initial concentration levels in whole grain were determined in samples taken 1 hr after treatment. The dissipation of residues and their distribution in different fractions of the milled grain were studied after various storage intervals, from 7 to 270 days after treatment. Samples of treated grain were milled in a fractionating laboratory mill and eight fractions - bran, semolina, three types of groats and three types of flour - were collected and analysed for pesticide residues. The residues were determined by an analytical method based on acetone extraction, graphitized carbon clean-up and GC-ECD, respectively, and GC-NPD determination of residues. The limits of determination of both pesticides were 0.005 mg/kg, which is high enough for enforcement of the European Commission Directive that established a maximum residue level of 0.01 mg/kg for any pesticide in cereal-based baby food. The results showed that the pesticides chlorpyrifos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl applied post-harvest on wheat as grain protectants were distinguished by relatively low rates of degradation in the grain under practical storage conditions. Milling did not significantly reduce the bulk of the chemicals but resulted in the distribution of residues in various processed products. The main part of the insecticides deposited on the grain remained in the bran and partly in semolina fractions. After 270 days of treatment, the residues of chlorpyrifos-methyl were within the range 0.8-2.1 mg/kg and of pirimiphos-methyl - between 0.6 and 3.7 mg/kg in the various types of flour(1).

Chlorpyrifos-methyl residues in grain foods typical of the normal Kuwait diet. Residues in prepared dishes were as follows (mg/kg, % frequency): sandwiches 0-0.33, 60; fast food 0.01-0.09, 100; Arabic snacks 0.01-0.012, 33(1).

IDENTIFICATION: Chlorpyrifos-methyl is an organophosphate pesticide used to control insects on fruits, vegetables and cereal plants. It is used to control insects in grain storage areas. This pesticide is a granular crystalline solid with a mercaptan odor. It is soluble in acetone, acetonitrile, benzene, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, diethyl ether, ethanol, methanol, n-octanol and hexane. It is insoluble in water. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Fourteen male volunteers were divided into two treatment groups of 5 men each and a control group of four men. Chlorpyrifos-methyl was administered by gelatin capsule in a single daily dose for four weeks. Plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities were not depressed at the levels tested. Hematology, blood chemistry, urinalysis, blood pressure, pulse and ophthalmology were not affected by the treatment. ANIMAL STUDIES/BIRDS: This pesticide was administered to groups of Sprague-Dawley CD strain rats in the diet for 104 weeks. There was no compound related effect on the incidence of spontaneous tumors. Chlorpyrifos-methyl administered orally to mice from day 7 through day 13 of gestation. Animals were sacrificed on day 18 and pups were removed by caesarean section. No significant difference was observed between control and treated groups concerning the number of implants and number of deaths. Body weights were lower in both males at the highest dose level. An increased incidence of cleft palate and a delay of ossification of the cervicovertebral body were observed at the high dose. When pregnant mice were dosed with a single oral dose on the seventh or eleventh day of pregnancy, there was no effect on mortality or body weights of the fetuses. A skeletal abnormality was observed (exencephalia, cleft palate, liberation of bone fragments of the cervicovertebral arch). Undiluted chlorpyrifos-methyl applied directly to the conjunctival sac of rabbits caused signs of irritation, which subsided after 24-48 hr. No corneal injury was noted. No significant skin reaction occurred when undiluted pesticide was applied to shaved and abraded skin of rabbits for prolonged periods. Chlorpyrifos-methyl was administered to rats in a three generation (two litters per generation) reproduction study. The pesticide was dosed orally. No treatment related effects were noted on behavior, survival and body weight gain or food consumption oberved in parental animals. Pup weights of the second litter, third generation were significantly less than control. There was no effect on sex ratio. In adults of the third generation, plasma cholinesterase activity decreased in both sexes at different dose levels. Mallard ducks, Bobwhite quail, Japanese quail were fed various doses of this pesticide for five days and observed for a further three days showed body weight and food consumption reduced for the Bobwhite and Japanese quail and at higher dose for the Mallard duck. Whole blood cholinesterase was inhibited. When 2,6-(14)C ring labeled chlorpyrifos-methyl was administered as a single dose to rats, radioactivity was readily absorbed and excreted. After 72 hr, 90-93% of the radioactivity was eliminated from the body. Urinary metabolites included 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and unidentified activity at the origin by thin layer chromatography.

Between the years 1984-1986, the mean daily intake per unit body weight (ug/kg body wt/day) of chlorpyrifos-methyl was measured for the following age groups: 6-11 mo (0.0135), 2 yr (0.0323), 14-16 yr female (0.0118), 14-16 yr male (0.0158), 25-30 yr female (0.0101), 25-30 yr male (0.0116), 60-65 yr female (0.0092), and 60-65 yr male (0.0107)(1).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Static bioassays were made to determine acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos-methyl, a wide spectrum organophosphorus insecticide and potential toxic pollutant of aquatic ecosystem, Guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). Bioassays were made at a regulated temperature of 22+/-1 degrees C and were repeated three times. Lethal doses of the insecticides were determined using LC50 software programme of U.S. EPA based on Finney's Probit Analysis statistical method. The 96 hr LC50 value and 95% confidence limit of chlorpyrifos-methyl for Guppy was estimated as 1.79 (1.47-2.10) mg/L. The fish exposed to chlorpyrifos-methyl exhibited behavioral changes in the form of neurotoxin toxicity: less general activity than control group, loss of equilibrium, erratic swimming and staying motionless at a certain location generally at mid-water level for prolonged periods. The 1 mg/L (lowest) concentration had similar behavior (NOEC) with the control group.

Symptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result.

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the insecticide chlorpyrifos-methyl [O,-O,-dimethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl)] phosphorothioate and its metabolite (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) in or on the following food commodities:[Table#6543]

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the insecticide chlorpyrifos-methyl (O,-O-dimethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate and its metabolite (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) in or on the following food commodities when present therein as a result of application to stored grains:[Table#6544]

Where a tolerance is established for triclopyr, chloropyrifos, and chlorpyrifos-methyl having the common metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol on the same raw agricultural commodity, the total amount of such residues shall not exceed the highest established tolerance for any of the pesticides having the metabolites.

Recent actions for Chlorpyrifos-methyl:[Table#6545]

For more FIFRA Requirements (Complete) data for CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Used as insecticide, acaricide, and veterinary ectoparasiticide; [Merck Index] Used mainly to protect cereals (including storage); [HSDB] Used as insecticide for stored grains, rice, oil crops, and animal feed; [Reference #1]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For chlorpyrifos-methyl (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 059102) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Insecticide

Control of Coleoptera, Diptera, Homoptera and Lepidoptera in cereals (including stored grains); and various foliar crop pests ... Industrial and public health uses include control of Muscidae and crawling insects; also employed in disease vector control programs (e.g. Anopheles spp., vectors of malaria).

... Used to control beetles, grain beetles, lesser grain borers, and red flour beetle.

Based on 1989 through 1998 usage information, the Agency estimates that chlorpyrifos methyl's total domestic usage averages approximately 80,000 pounds active ingredient for 267,497,000 bushels treated. About 80% of the total pounds of chlorpyrifos a.i. /methyl active ingredient/ is applied to wheat. Approximately 8% of all stored wheat, 5% of sorghum and 5% of barley are treated with chlorpyrifos methyl.

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 059102; Trade Names: ENT 27520, OMS 1155, DOWCO 214, Trichlormethylfos, Reldan.

Premix Partners: lambda-Cyhalothrin; Deltamethrin.

Emulsifiable concentrate, ultralow volume liquid, fogging concentrate.

Storcide II Grain, Bin and Warehouse Insecticide (Bayer Cropscience LP), Chlorpyrifos-methyl 21.6%, Deltamethrin 3.7%.

Reldan F Insecticidal Chemical (Dow Agrosciences LLC), Chlorpyrifos-methyl 97%.

Pharmaceuticals

Acaricides, Insecticides

Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)

INSECTICIDES