化工社化工社 化学情報印刷レポート · 研究参考用
アンモニア
アンモニア (約4%メタノール溶液, 約2.0mol/L) · アミン · ニトロ-シル · アンモニア塩 · 液体アンモニア · アンモニア溶液(メタノール性) · アンモニアガス · アンモニア (約4%イソプロピルアルコール溶液, 約2.0mol/L)
識別子と物理属性
| CAS No. | 7664-41-7 |
|---|---|
| 分子式 | H3N |
| 平均分子量 | 17.031 g/mol |
| 単同位体質量 | 17.0265491 g/mol |
| SMILES | N |
| InChIKey | QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 222 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1160819 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:16134 |
| EC No. | 231-635-3 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID0023872 |
| 現地名 | アンモニア |
化学・物理的性質
| XLogP | -0.7 |
|---|---|
| 極性表面積 | 1 |
| 水素結合供与体数 | 1 |
| 水素結合受容体数 | 1 |
| 回転可能結合数 | 0 |
| 重原子数 | 1 |
| 形式電荷 | 0 |
| 複雑度 | 0 |
| 物質分類 | Toxic Gases & Vapors -> Corrosive GasesCorrosives-> NIOSH Emergency Response CategoriesNutrient |
| 化粧品 | Cosmetics ingredient -> Buffering/pH AdjustingCosmetic ingredients (Ammonia) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review) |
| pH | pH of 1.0N aqueous solution 11.60.1N aqueous solution 11.10.01N aqueous solution 10.6pKa1= 9.461(25℃) |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum |
| 農薬 | Pesticide -> EPA IRIS |
| LogP（分配係数） | log Kow = -2.66 /estimate for ammonium hydroxide which is the form of ammonia in water/ |
| 臭い | Sharp, cloying, repellentPungent, suffocating odorSharp, intensely irritating odorVery pungent odor (characteristic of drying urine).17ppmで検出可能な強烈な刺激臭 |
| 密度 | 0.6818 at -28.03 °F (EPA, 1998) - Less dense than waterwill float0.696 g/L (liquid)Density of liquid: 0.6818 at -33.35 °C, 1 atm0.6585 at -15 °C, 2.332 atm0.6386 at 0 °C, 4.238 atm0.6175 at 15 °C, 7.188 atm0.5875 at 35 °C, 13.321 atmDensity of aqueous solutions at 20 °C/4 °C: 0.9939 (1%), 0.9811 (4%), 0.9651 (8%), 0.9362 (16%), 0.9229 (20%), 0.9101 (24%), 0.8980 (28%)Density: 0.7710 g/L (gas)0.89801 g/L at 20 °C (28% aqueous solution)Relative density (water = 1): 0.7 (-33 °C)1.023 g/mL at 25 °C |
| 香味料 | EU Flavoring substances |
| Viscosity | 0.475, 0.317, 0.276 and 0.255 cP at -69, -50, -40 and -33.5 °C, respectively |
| Color/Form | Colorless gasColorless gas or compressed liquid (compressed under its own pressure) |
| 溶解度 | 34 % (NIOSH, 2024)In water, 4.82X10+5 mg/L at 24 °CIn water, 47% at 0 °C38% at 15 °C34% at 20 °C31% at 25 °C28% at 30 °C18% at 50 °CSoluble in water forming alkaline solutionssoluble in oxygenated solvents.15% in 95% alcohol at 20 °C11% in alcohol at 30 °CFor more Solubility (Complete) data for Ammonia (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.エタノール (95%) および水と混和します。溶ける |
| 融点 | −78 °C(lit.) |
| 沸点 | 60 °C |
| 蒸気密度 | 0.6 (vs air) |
| 蒸気圧 | 8.75 atm ( 21 °C) |
| FEMA | 4494 | AMMONIA (ALSO INCLUDES AMMONIUM CHLORIDE) |
| 引火点 | 52 °F |
| 貯蔵条件 | 0-6°C |
| pKa（酸解離定数） | 38(at 25℃) |
| 外観・状態 | 液体 |
| 色 | 無色 |
| においのタイプ | アンモニア性の |
| 臭気閾値 | 1.5ppm |
| 爆発限界 | 25% |
| 比熱容量 | Cp(gas): 2.06 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,492 |
| BRN | 3587154 |
| ヘンリー定数 | 1.31 at 0 °C, 2.92 at 20 °C (droplet train apparatus, Shi et al., 1999) |
| 誘電率 | 25.0(-59℃) |
| 安定性 | 安定。吸湿性。可燃性。酸、強力な酸化剤と相容れない。酸、アルデヒド、酸化アルキレン、アミド、ホウ素、ハロゲン化ホウ素、カルシウム、アジ化塩素、塩素酸、一酸化塩素、亜塩素酸塩、ハロゲン、重金属、その他多くの物質と激しく反応する可能性があります。 |
| 化粧品成分の機能 | バッファリング香料 |
| InChI | 1S/H3N/h1H3 |
| InChIKey | QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | N |
| LogP（分配係数） | 0.23 at 20℃ |
| CAS データベース | 7664-41-7(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NISTの化学物質情報 | Ammonia(7664-41-7) |
| EPAの化学物質情報 | Ammonia (7664-41-7) |
化学的特性
アンモニア化学式NH3は窒素と水素が化合してできる無色の気体であり特有の刺激臭を持っています自然界では生物の代謝過程や大気中の窒素と水素が反応して生成されるほか工業的にも大量に生産されていますこの化合物はその独特な化学的性質から農業医薬品清掃剤といった幅広い用途で利用されています
化学的特性
Ammonia is a colorless, strongly alkaline, and extremely soluble gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. Strong ammonia solution occurs as a clear, colorless liquid having an exceedingly pungent, characteristic odor. It is lighter than air, and is formed as a result of the decomposition of most nitrogenous organic materials. The PhEur 6.0 states that concentrated ammonia solution contains not less than 25.0% and not more than 30.0% w/w of ammonia (NH3). The USP32– NF27 states that strong ammonia solution contains not less than 27.0% and not more than 31.0% w/w of ammonia (NH3). Anhydrous ammonia, a major commercial chemical, is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, HN03, acrylonitrile, and other products, and as an electrolytic solvent.
化学性质
常温常圧では，強い刺激臭のある色のガスであり，人体に有毒な可燃性ガスである。常圧での沸点は?33.4℃で，空気中での爆発範囲は15.5?28％（l atm，常温）であり，酸素中での爆発範囲は13.5?82％である。水溶液中では水酸化アンモニウムになり，弱塩基性を呈し金属塩水溶液から金属水酸化物を沈殿する。
安全性と法規制
| GHS 分類 | DangerH221: Flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]P210, P260, P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P363, P377, P381, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 3570) of reports.H221 (87.8%): Flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases] |
|---|---|
| Hazards Identification | Toxic/poison by inhalation (TIH/PIH) |
| 規制情報 | Chemical: AmmoniaHazard Traits - Environmental toxNeurotoxicityOcular ToxicityRespiratory ToxicityCommission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 (Repealed by Com. Implementing Reg. (EU) No 872/2012)Ammonia is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Ammonia are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 12-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15557Ammonia, anhydrous: HSNO Approval: HSR001035 Approved with controls |
| その他の安全情報 | IMAP assessments - Ammonia and Ammonium hydroxide: Human health tier II assessment- Indoor Air: Ammonia can be released into indoor air as a liquid spray (aerosol) or as a vapor. |
| 輸送ラベル（DOT） | Non-Flammable GasNon-Flammable Gas (domestic) Inhalation Hazard (Special Provision 13) (domestic) Poison Gas (international) Corrosive (international) |
| 火災危険 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 125 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]:Mixing of ammonia with several chemicals can cause severe fire hazards and/or explosions. Ammonia in container may explode in heat of fire. Incompatible with many materials including silver and gold salts, halogens, alkali metals, nitrogen trichloride, potassium chlorate, chromyl chloride, oxygen halides, acid vapors, azides, ethylene oxide, picric acid and many other chemicals. Mixing with other chemicals and water. Hazardous polymerization may not occur. (EPA, 1998)Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:· Some may burn but none ignite readily.Flammable. Cylinder may explode in heat of fire. Gas/air mixtures are explosive. |
| 火災の可能性 | Not flammable. |
| 健康有害性 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 125 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]:Vapors cause irritation of eyes and respiratory tract. Liquid will burn skin and eyes. Poisonousmay be fatal if inhaled. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with liquid may cause frostbite. (EPA, 1998)Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVEmay be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. |
| 有害性の概要 | Ammonia occurs naturally and is produced by human activity. It is an important source of nitrogen which is needed by plants and animals. Bacteria found in the intestines can produce ammonia. Ammonia is a colorless gas with a very distinct odor. This odor is familiar to many people because ammonia is used in smelling salts, many household and industrial cleaners, and window-cleaning products. Ammonia gas can be dissolved in water. This kind of ammonia is called liquid ammonia or aqueous ammonia. Once exposed to open air, liquid ammonia quickly turns into a gas. Ammonia is applied directly into soil on farm fields, and is used to make fertilizers for farm crops, lawns, and plants. Many household and industrial cleaners contain ammonia.Liquid causes first degree burns on short exposure[CHRIS] Ammonia gas and liquid are corrosive to skin. [Quick CPC] Ingestion of industrial strength ammonia (27-30%) causes esophageal burns with liquefaction necrosis and the possibility of later perforation and stricture formation. Inhalation of concentrated ammonia can cause acute lung injury. Household ammonia (5-10%) is not likely to cause serious burns. [HSDB] The concentration of aqueous ammonia solutions for household use is typically 5% to 10% (weight:volume), but solutions for commercial use may be 25% (weight:volume) or more and are corrosive. [ATSDR Medical Management] Listed as one of major irritant airborne toxicants[LaDou, p. 563] The following chemicals can release ammonia when spilled in water: Lithium nitride & Magnesium diamide. Ammonia solutions with more than 50% ammonia are classified as TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard). [ERG 2016] Ammonia is fibrogenic to the lungs in the context of an acute inhalation exposure complicated by bronchiolitis obliterans.The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of ammonia stem from its toxicologic properties and reactivity. Exposure to this colorless gas (liquid, if compressed or in aqueous solution) may occur from its use as a fertilizer, chemical intermediate, alkalizer, metal treating/extraction agent, and common household cleaner. Ammonia is hazardous by all routes (ie, dermal, ingestion, inhalation), with the liquid capable of burning the skin, causing permanent eye damage, or corroding the digestive tract upon contactand the gas capable of causing severe eye damage, pulmonary edema, and even death from spasm, inflammation, and edema of the larynx. OSHA has established an ammonia Permissible Exposure Level (PEL) of 50 ppm as an 8-hr time-weighted average (TWA). The ACGIH recommends an 8-hr TLV-TWA of 25 ppm. Ammonia levels should be controlled through process enclosure and the use of local exhaust and dilution ventilation, as necessary. While its offensive odor may serve as a warning, to assure against ammonia exposure, workers should wear chemical protective clothing composed of butyl rubber, natural rubber, neoprene, nitrile rubber, or polyvinyl chloride (not Viton), gloves, face protection, and, in emergency situations, a self-contained breathing apparatus. Facilities for quick-drenching the body, as well as eye-wash fountains, should be immediately at hand for the worker. Clothing that becomes wet with liquid ammonia should be placed in closed containers until it can be discarded. While this substance does not burn or ignite readily (autoignition temp: 1204 °F), containers of ammonia may explode in the heat of a fire. For small fires involving ammonia, extinguish with dry chemical or CO2, and for large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam, taking care to prevent fire control or dilution water from causing pollution. More hazardous than its fire potential is ammonia's reactivity with halogens, interhalogens, and oxidizers. These reactions may be violent and/or may form explosive products. Ammonia should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated location, away from sources of ignition, and separate from other chemicals, particularly oxidizing gases (chlorine, bromine, and iodine) and acids. Aqueous ammonia is commonly containerized in steel drums. Anhydrous ammonia is stored and shipped (prohibited in passenger planes) in pressurized containers, fitted with pressure-relief safety devices, and bearing the label, "Nonflammable Compressed Gas". For small spills of ammonia, isolate 80 feet in all directions from the spill, ventilate the area, and allow vapor or gas to disperse. For large spills, evacuate the area for 160 feet in all directions, and dike to contain the spill for later recovery or disposal and to prevent runoff from causing pollution. Stay upwind and wear positive-pressure breathing apparatus and full protective clothing, as necessary. |
| 輸送番号・ガイド（DOT） | 1005 1251005 125(anhydrous)2672 154(10-35% solution)2073 125(>35-50% solution)1005 125(>50% solution) |
| FDA 要件 | Ammonia is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. |
| 反応性グループ | Bases, Weak |
| EC 分類 | Symbol: T, NR: 10-23-34-50S: (1/2)-9-16-26-36/37/39-45-61Note: U |
| 消火 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 125 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]:Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and full protective clothing.Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water.- Ammonia is flammable. |
| 応急処置措置 | Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Administration of oxygen may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower for at least 15 minutes. ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer immediately for medical attention .Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention. |
| 漏出応急措置 | · CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.· Do not touch or walk through spilled material. |
| 応急処置 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 125 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]:Warning: Ammonia is extremely corrosive to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Contact with the liquified gas may cause frostbite. Caution is advised.Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:General First Aid:(General first aid procedures) |
| 安全保管 | Fireproof. Separated from oxidants, acids and halogens. Cool. Keep in a well-ventilated room. |
| Firefighting Hazards | Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.Presence of oil or other combustible materials will increase the fire hazard. |
| 暴露管理・個人防護 | · Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].303.0 [ppm]20.0 [ppm] |
| 消火手順 | Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.Use water spray to cool unopened containers.Firefighting gear (including SCBA) does not provide adequate protection ... If exposure occurs, remove and isolate gear immediately and thoroughly decontaminate personnel. Move container from fire area if you can do it without risk. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flash back. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. Do not put water on liquid ammonia: will increase evaporation. Small fires: dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. Apply water gently to the surface. Do not get water inside container. From a secure explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increased in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. Isolate until gas has dispersed.For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for Ammonia (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 保管条件 | Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Contents under pressure. Storage class (TRGS 510): GasesBefore entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Protect against physical damage. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a cool, well-ventilated, noncombustible location, preferably with automatic monitoring systems, away from all possible sources of ignition. Separate from other chemicals, particularly oxidizing gases, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and acids.SRP: Operations involving entry into tanks or closed vessels, and emergency situations, require consideration of potentially oxygen deficient, or "immediately dangerous to life and health" IDLH environments. This may necessitate use of a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), or a positive pressure supplied air respirator.Separate from other chemicals, particularly oxidizing materials, acids, and halogens. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location.For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for Ammonia (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 清掃方法 | ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.Wear a self-contained breathing apparatus, eye protection, laboratory coat, and nitrile rubber gloves (and rubber boots or overshoes if spillage is large). Cover the spill with a 1:1:1 mixture by weight of sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate, clay cat litter (bentonite), and sand. Scoop the mixture into a plastic pail and, in the fume hood, add to a pail of cold water. Neutralize the mixture with 5% hydrochloric acid, let stand overnight, and then pour liquid into the drain. Dispose of any solid with normal refuse. Wash area of the spill with plenty of water.Spill handling: evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Stop the flow of gas if it can be done safely. Stay upwindkeep out of low areas. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. If the leak is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove the leaking cylinder to a safe place in the open air and repair the leak or allow the cylinder to empty. For small liquid spills, neutralize with hydrochloric acid. Wipe or mop or use water aspirator. Drain into sewer with sufficient water. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. Initial isolation and protective action distances: distances shown are likely to be affected during the first 30 min after materials are spilled and could increase with time. If more than one tank car, cargo tank, portable tank, or large cylinder involved in the incident is leaking, the protective action distance may need to be increased ... Small spills (from a small package or a small leak from a large package): First isolate in all directions 100 ft. Then protect persons downwind 0.1 mile (day), 0.1 mile (night). Large spills (from a large package or from many small packages): First isolate in all directions 200 ft. Then protect persons downwind 0.4 miles (day), 1.4 miles (night).For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Ammonia (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 非火災時の漏出対応 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 125 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]:Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: |
| 処分方法 | SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in air, soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.Solutions of ammonia can be highly diluted with water, or alternatively, diluted with water and neutralized with HCl and then routed to the sewer system. The amount released to the receiving stream should not exceed the established limits for ammonia. Limited amounts of gaseous ammonia may be discharged to the atmosphere. Federal, state, and local guidelines should be consulted before disposal. Disposal of liquefied ammonia or of large quantities of gaseous or aqueous ammonia directly into water is not desirable, because of the large amount of heat generated. This generation of heat could increase exposure to personnel involved in the process. Recovery of ammonia from aqueous waste solutions is a viable option for many industries.For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Ammonia (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 毒性学的情報 | CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile |
| 体内負荷 | Therapeutic or normal blood level: 0.05-0.17 mg %0.5-1.7 ug/mL |
| Treatment | Acute Exposure: EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration. Chronic Exposure: Intravenous arginine (argininosuccinase deficiency), sodium phenylbutyrate and sodium benzoate (ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency) are pharmacologic agents commonly used as adjunctive therapy to treat hyperammonemia in patients. |
| 相互作用 | The present study investigated the simultaneous influence of particulate matter (PM10) and ammonia (NH3) on performance, lung lesions and the presence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) in finishing pigs. A pig herd experiencing clinical problems of M. hyopneumoniae infections was selected. In total, 1095 finishing pigs of two replicates in eight compartments each were investigated during the entire finishing period (FP). Indoor PM10 and NH3 were measured at regular intervals during the FP with two Grimm spectrometers and two Graywolf Particle Counters (PM10) and an Innova photoacoustic gas monitor (NH3). Average daily weight gain (ADG) and mortality were calculated and associated with PM10 and NH3 during the FP. Nasal swabs (10 pigs/compartment) were collected one week prior to slaughter to detect DNA of M. hyopneumoniae with nested PCR (nPCR). The prevalence and extent of pneumonia lesions, and prevalence of fissures and pleurisy were examined at slaughter (29 weeks). The results from the nasal swabs and lung lesions were associated with PM10 and NH3 during the FP and the second half of the FP. In the univariable model, increasing PM10 concentrations resulted in a higher odds of pneumonia lesions (second half of the FP: OR=8.72P=0.015), more severe pneumonia lesions (FP: P=0.04, second half of the FP: P=0.009), a higher odds of pleurisy lesions (FP: OR=20.91P<0.001 and second half of the FP: OR=40.85P<0.001) and a higher number of nPCR positive nasal samples (FP: OR=328.00P=0.01 and second half of the FP: OR=185.49P=0.02). Increasing NH3 concentrations in the univariable model resulted in a higher odds of pleurisy lesions (FP: OR=21.54P=0.003) and a higher number of nPCR positive nasal samples (FP: OR=70.39P=0.049second half of the FP: OR=8275.05P=0.01). In the multivariable model, an increasing PM10 concentration resulted in a higher odds of pleurisy lesions (FP: OR=8.85P=0.049). These findings indicate that the respiratory health of finishing pigs was significantly affected by PM10.Ammonia is metabolized by the liver and has established neurological effects. The current study examined the possibility that ammonia contributes to the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine (METH). The results show that a binge dosing regimen of METH to the rat increased plasma and brain ammonia concentrations that were paralleled by evidence of hepatotoxicity. The role of peripheral ammonia in the neurotoxic effects of METH was further substantiated by the demonstration that the enhancement of peripheral ammonia excretion blocked the increases in brain and plasma ammonia and attenuated the long-term depletions of dopamine and serotonin typically produced by METH. Conversely, the localized perfusion of ammonia in combination with METH, but not METH alone or ammonia alone, into the striatum recapitulated the neuronal damage produced by the systemic administration of METH. Furthermore, this damage produced by the local administration of ammonia and METH was blocked by the GYKI 52466 [4-(8-methyl-9H-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-h][2,3]benzodiazepin-5-yl)-benzamine hydrochloride], an AMPA receptor antagonist. These findings highlight the importance of ammonia derived from the periphery as a small-molecule mediator of METH neurotoxicity and more broadly emphasize the importance of peripheral organ damage as a possible mechanism that mediates the neuropathology produced by drugs of abuse and other neuroactive molecules.Ammonia is a bi-product of protein metabolism in the body. It is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and elevated ammonia levels are toxic to the brain. Rats with hyperammonemia showed impaired learning ability and impaired function of the glutamate-nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (glutamate-NO-cGMP) pathway in the brain. Chronic treatment with sildenafil restored learning ability. We therefore tested the hypothesis that sildenafil has a protective effect on the brains of hyperammonemic rats. Hyperammonemia was induced in male rats by daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of ammonium chloride (100 mg/kg body weight) for 8 weeks. Sildenafil citrate was administered intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg body weight/3 days) for 8 weeks. Treatment with sildenafil resulted in a significant reduction in plasma liver enzymes, lipid profile as well as brain lipid peroxidation and caspase-3 mRNA. Meanwhile, plasma NO as well as cGMP, antioxidants and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene expression were significantly elevated in the brains of hyperammonemic rats. Our results showed that sildenafil exerts a protective effect on the brain by reversing oxidative stress during hyperammonemia and this could be due to (i) cytoprotective, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects (ii) increasing cGMP and enhancing the proper metabolism of fats which could suppress oxygen radical generation and thus preventing oxidative damage in the brain. The exact protective mechanism of sildenafil has to be still investigated ... Consequently, therapeutic modulation of the NO/cGMP pathway might have important clinical applications to improve brain functions in patients with hyperammonemia or clinical hepatic encephalopathy. /Hyperammonemia/Ammonia is a key toxin in the precipitation of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), a neuropsychiatric disorder associated with liver failure. In response to ammonia, various toxic events are triggered in astroglial cells, and alterations in brain glutamate communication are common. Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound that has been extensively studied in pathological events because it presents several beneficial effects, including some in the central nervous system (CNS). We previously described that resveratrol is able to significantly modulate glial functioning and has a protective effect during ammonia challenge in vitro. In this study, we addressed the mechanisms by which resveratrol can protect C6 astroglial cells from glutamatergic alterations induced by ammonia. Resveratrol was able to prevent all the effects triggered by ammonia: (i) decrease in glutamate uptake activity and expression of the EAAC1 glutamate transporter, the main glutamate transporter present in C6 cells(ii) increase of glutamate release, which was also dependent on the activation of the Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) co-transporter NKCC1(iii) reduction in GS activity and intracellular GSH contentand (iv) impairment of Na(+)K(+)-ATPase activity. Interestingly, resveratrol, per se, also positively modulated the astroglial functions evaluated. Moreover, we demonstrated that heme oxygenase 1 (HO1), an enzyme that is part of the cellular defense system, mediated some of the effects of resveratrol. In conclusion, the mechanisms of the putative protective role of resveratrol against ammonia toxicity involve the modulation of pathways and molecules related to glutamate communication in astroglial cells.For more Interactions (Complete) data for Ammonia (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 標的器官 | Dermal (Skin), Neurological (Nervous System), Ocular (Eyes), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)Eyes, skin, respiratory system |
| 健康影響 | Acute exposure to high levels of ammonia in air may be irritating to skin, eyes, throat, and lungs and cause coughing and burns. Lung damage and death may occur after exposure to very high concentrations of ammonia. Swallowing concentrated solutions of ammonia can cause burns in mouth, throat, and stomach. Splashing ammonia into eyes can cause burns and even blindness. (L958) Chronically high levels of ammonia in the blood are associated with nearly 20 different inborn errors of metabolism including: 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase Deficiency, Argininemia, Argininosuccinic Aciduria, Beta-Ketothiolase Deficiency, Biotinidase deficiency, Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency, Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, Citrullinemia Type I, Hyperinsulinism-Hyperammonemia Syndrome, Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome, Isovaleric Aciduria, Lysinuric Protein Intolerance, Malonic Aciduria, Methylmalonic Aciduria, Methylmalonic Aciduria Due to Cobalamin-Related Disorders, Propionic acidemia, Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency and Short Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (SCAD Deficiency). Hyperammonemia is one of the metabolic derangements that contribute to hepatic encephalopathy. |
| 生態毒性値 | LC50Species: Campostoma anomalum (stoneroller)Concentration: 1.72 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/Species: Carassius auratus (goldfish)Concentration: 2-2.5 mg/L for 24-96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/Concentration: 7.2 mg/L for 24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/Species: Catostomus commersoni (White sucker)Concentration: 0.79 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Ammonia (126 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 環境中動態 | TERRESTRIAL FATE: In soil, ammonia may either volatilize to the atmosphere, adsorb to particulate matter, or undergo microbial transformation to nitrate or nitrite anions(1). Volatilization of ammonia from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.61X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(2). Ammonia is a gas with a vapor pressure of 7500 mm Hg at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure(3), and therefore, is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC). In soil, ammonia can serve as a nutrient source for plants, which can be taken up by plants and microorganisms and converted to organic-nitrogen compounds(1). Ammonia in soil can be rapidly transformed to nitrate by the microbial population through nitrification(1). The nitrate formed will either leach through the soil or be taken up by plants or other microorganisms(1). Ammonia at natural concentrations in soil is not believed to have a very long half-life. If ammonia is distributed to soil in large concentrations (such as following an ammonia-containing fertilizer application), the natural biological transformation processes can be overwhelmed, and the environmental fate of ammonia will become dependent upon the physical and chemical properties of ammonia, until the ammonia concentration returns to background levels(1).AQUATIC FATE: Ammonia is lost from water by volatilization(1) and volatilization is expected(2) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.61X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(3). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(2), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.4 and 12 days, respectively(SRC). In water, ammonia is in equilibrium with the ammonium ion (NH4+), and the ammonia-ammonium ion equilibrium is dependent on the pH(4). The pKa of ammonia is 9.25(5). The proportion of un-ionized ammonia in water increases with increasing temperature and pH, but decreases with increasing salinity(1). At pH 8.5, the proportion of un-ionized ammonia is approximately 10 times that at pH 7.5 and, for every 9 °C increase in temperature, the proportion of un-ionized ammonia approximately doubles(1). In surface water, groundwater, or sediment, ammonia can undergo sequential transformation by two processes in the nitrogen cycle, nitrification and denitrification, which would produce ionic nitrogen compounds, and from these, elemental nitrogen(4). The ionic nitrogen compounds formed from the aerobic process of nitrification (nitrate and nitrite anions) can leach through the sediment or be taken up by aquatic plants or other organisms(4). Removal of ammonium from water can also occur by adsorption to sediments or suspended organic material(4).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ammonia, which has a vapor pressure of 7500 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase ammonia is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 100 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.60X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Gas-phase ammonia is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with nitrate radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 54 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.99X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Ammonia reacts rapidly in the atmosphere with both sulfuric and nitric acids to form fine particles(4). In most of the US the majority of aerosol ammonium is associated with sulfate ion(4). Once released into the atmosphere, ammonia is returned to the surface as either gaseous ammonia or as an ammonium ion(4). The ammonium ion can be associated with nitrate, sulfate, or some other anion and incorporated into an aerosol or as part of the ionic mix found in cloud and raindrops(4). Ammonia can dissolve in the water in the atmosphere and form clouds or fog(5). The half-life for ammonia in the atmosphere has been estimated to be a few daysthe reaction with acidic substances in the air results in the formation of ammonium aerosols that can be removed by wet or dry deposition(5). Vapor deposition of ammonia from air to surface (to vegetation, soil, etc) also occurs(4). Ammonia does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). |
| 食品調査値 | The US FDA states that the levels of ammonia and ammonium compounds normally found in food do not pose a health risk(1). Maximum allowable ammonia levels in processed foods are as follows: 0.04-3.2% ammonium bicarbonate in baked goods, grain, snack foods, and reconstituted vegetables2.0% ammonium carbonate in baked goods, gelatins, and puddings0.001% ammonium chloride in baked goods and 0.8% in condiments and relishes0.6-0.8% ammonium hydroxide in baked goods, cheeses, gelatins, and puddings0.01% monobasic ammonium phosphate in baked goodsand 1.1% dibasic ammonium phosphate in baked goods, 0.003% in nonalcoholic beverages, and 0.012% in condiments and relishes(1). |
| 有害作用 | Chronic Bronchitis - Chronic bronchitis is persistent coughing and production of phlegm for at least 3 months out of the year for at least two successive years. (American Thoracic Society). |
| 暴露経路 | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.inhalation, ingestion (solution), skin and/or eye contact (solution/liquid)Ammonia can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, ingestion, eye contact, and skin contact. Ingestion is an uncommon route of exposure. Absorption by eye contact may be limited by severe corrosive injury and/or by significant spasmodic blinking (blepharospasm), even with mild exposures.Oral (L958)inhalation (L958)dermal (L958) |
| 毒性の概要 | The CIR Expert Panel concluded that Ammonia and Ammonium Hydroxide are safe as used in hair dyes and colors and safe in cosmetics applied directly to the skin in the present practices of use and concentration described in the safety assessment when formulated to be non-irritating.Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualificationsIDENTIFICATION AND USE: Ammonia is a colorless gas or liquid. Ammonia is used in the production of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate for fertilizersand in the manufacture of nitric acid, soda, synthetic urea, synthetic fibers, dyes, and plastics. Ammonia, or dissociated ammonia, is used in such metal treating operations as nitriding, carbo-nitriding, bright annealing, furnace brazing, sintering, sodium hydride descaling, atomic hydrogen welding, and other applications where protective atmospheres are required. The petroleum industry utilizes anhydrous ammonia in neutralizing the acid constituents of crude oil and in protecting equipment such as bubble plate towers, heat exchangers, condensers, and storage tanks from corrosion. It is also used as medication. Ammonia in an aqueous environment exists in equilibrium between ionized ammonium cation and the non-ionized ammonia. This equilibrium can be affected by buffers, pH, temperature, and salinity. Thus, in many cases it is not possible to assign the associated toxicity to the ionized or non-ionized form of the ammonia-nitrogen. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Studies using low levels of ammonia show that inhaled ammonia is temporarily dissolved in the mucus of the upper respiratory tract, and then a high percentage of it is released back into the expired air. Following exposure to 500 ppm ammonia for 10-27 min, healthy male subjects eliminated 70-80% of the inspired ammonia by this route. Short term exposure: eye or skin contact with ammonia can cause irritation, burns, frostbite (anhydrous), and permanent damage. Irritates the respiratory tract causing coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Higher exposure can cause pulmonary edema, a medical emergency, that can be delayed for several hours and is life-threatening. Exposure can cause headache, loss of sense of smell, nausea, and vomiting. Inhalation: nose and throat irritation have been reported at 72 ppm after 5 min exposure. Exposures of 500 ppm for 30 min have caused upper respiratory irritation, tearing, increased pulse rate, and blood pressure. Death has been reported after an exposure to 10,000 ppm for an unknown duration. Skin: Solutions of 2% ammonia can cause burns and blisters after 15 min of exposure. These burns may be slow to heal. Anhydrous ammonia may cause skin to freeze. Eyes: Levels of 70 ppm (gas) have caused eye irritation. If not flushed with water immediately, contact with eye may cause partial or complete blindness. Ingestion: ammonia will cause pain if swallowed and burning of the throat and stomach. May cause vomiting. One teaspoon of 28% aqua ammonia may cause death. Long term exposure: repeated exposure can cause chronic eye, nose, and throat irritation. Repeated lung irritation can result in bronchitis with coughing, shortness of breath, and phlegm. Analysis of blood samples from 22 workers exposed to ammonia in a fertilizer factory and 42 control workers not exposed to ammonia showed increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), increased mitotic index (MI), and increased frequency of CAs and SCEs with increasing length of exposure. ANIMAL STUDIES: Analysis of endogenous ammonia levels in the expired air of rats showed concentrations ranging from 10-353 ppb (mean = 78 ppb) in nose-breathing animals. The quantitative difference between inspired and expired ammonia suggests that small amounts are absorbed across the nasopharyngeal membranes into the systemic circulation. Absorbed ammonia is excreted by the kidneys as urea and urinary ammonium compounds, as urea in feces, and as components of sweat. Toxic levels do not develop as a result of chronic inhalation exposure because the body has multiple effective mechanisms for detoxifying and excreting it. Cardiovascular changes that may be analogous to those observed in humans have been observed in rabbits exposed to high concentrations of ammonia. Bradycardia was seen at 2,500 ppm, and hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias leading to cardiovascular collapse followed acute exposures to concentrations exceeding 5,000 ppm. Pathological correlates for these effects have not been demonstrated. Atrophy of pericardial fat has been observed in mice exposed to 4,000 ppm ammonia. Hepatic effects are usually not seen in animals exposed to ammonia gas. Liver necrosis has been observed following acute lethal exposure of mice to 3,440 ppm ammonia for 1 hour. Levels of 170 ppm of ammonia vapor caused mild changes in the spleens, kidneys, and livers of guinea pigs. Static exposures of cats and rabbits for 1 hr at 7000 mg/cu m resulted in the death of approx 50%. Postmortem exam showed severe effects on the upper respiratory tract. Less severe effects in the lower respiratory tract included damage to bronchioles and alveolar congestion, edema, atelectasis, hemorrhage, emphysema, and fluid. The search for the peripheral toxins responsible for the CNS impairment present in hepatic encephalopathy has shown that the administration of ammonia in normal rats reproduced behavioral and electrophysiological changes similar to those seen in galactosamine induced encephalopathy. No statistically significant differences were noted in ovarian or uterine weights of pigs exposed to about 7 or 35 ppm ammonia for 6 weeks. Female pigs that were continuously exposed to about 35 ppm ammonia from 6 weeks before breeding until day 30 of gestation had no statistically significant differences in age at puberty, number of live fetuses, or fetus-to-corpus luteum ratio compared to pigs exposed to only about 7 ppm. No unexposed controls were included in that study. No statistically significant difference in fetal length was evident at 30 days of gestation in offspring of pig dams that were continuously exposed to about 7 or 35 ppm ammonia from 6 weeks before breeding until day 30 of gestation. The mutagenicity of anhydrous ammonia was investigated in a Ames test in S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538, and in E. coli WP2uvrA. The test method was modified appropriately to investigate a volatile test substance. Studies were performed in duplicate in the presence and absence of an exogenous metabolic activation system. No evidence of mutagenicity was seen under the conditions of this assay. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Ammonia is an environmental pollutant that is toxic to all aquatic animals. The major sources for atmospheric NH3 are agricultural activities and animal feedlot operations, followed by biomass burning (including forest fires) and to a lesser extent fossil fuel combustion. Close to its sources, acute exposures to NH3 can result in visible foliar injury on vegetation.The topical damage caused by ammonia is probably due mainly to its alkaline properties. Its high water solubility allows it to dissolve in moisture on the mucous membranes, skin, and eyes, forming ammonium hydroxide. Ammonium hydroxide causes saponification of cell membrane lipids, resulting in cell disruption and death. Additionally, it extracts water from the cells and initiates an inflammatory response, which further damages the surrounding tissues. Excess circulating levels of ammonia (hyperammonemia) can cause serious neurological effects. This is thought to involve the alteration of glutamate metabolism in the brain and resultant increased activation of NMDA receptors, which causes decreased protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of Na+/K+ ATPase, increased activity of Na+/K+ ATPase, and depletion of ATP. Ammonia can chemically interact with an internal thiolester bond of complement 3 (C3). This causes a conformation change in C3, which activates the alternative complement pathway, causing the release of chemoattractants and the assembly of the membrane attack complex of complement. The altered C3 can also bind directly to phagocyte complement receptors, which causes the release of toxic oxygen species. (L958) |
| FIFRA 要件 | New Active Ingredients ... includes chemicals not previously registered as pesticides, as well as pesticide active ingredients initially registered after November 1, 1984 and that currently have active product registrations. By law, these pesticides must meet new safety standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 and, if new safety standards are met, will be reviewed again on a 15-year cycle. Ammonia is designated by EPA as a New Pesticide Active Ingredient. Active Ingredient Number: 005302Type of Pesticide: insecticideUse Site: non-food useYear: 1994. |
| CERCLA 報告数量 | Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Ammonia is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 lbs. |
| 清浄水法要件 | Ammonia is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance. |
| DHS Chemicals of Interest (COI) | Ammonia (anhydrous)110000Toxic chemical that can be released at a facility.Ammonia (conc. 20% or greater)20.00 |
| 職業暴露区分（OEB） | A |
| 職業暴露限界（OEL） | TWA: 25 ppm (18 mg/m3), STEL: 35 ppm (27 mg/m3) |
| 水環境危害等級（WGK） | 2 |
| 生命健康即時危険濃度 | 300 ppm |
| TSCA 収載状態 | TSCA listed |
| RTECS 番号 | BO0875000 |
| 輸送番号（UN） | UN 1005 |
| 毒性 | LD50 oral (rat) 350 mg/kg LC50 inhal (rat) 2000 ppm (4 h) PEL (OSHA) 35 ppm (27 mg/m3) TLV-TWA (ACGIH) 25 ppm (17 mg/m3) STEL (ACGIH) 35 ppm (27 mg/m3) |
| 税関コード | 28141000 |
| 危険文句（R） | 11-20-36/37/38-67-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-10-50-34-23-36-66-40-36/37-19 |
| 化審法 | (1)-391 |
| 安衛法 | 有機則 第二種有機溶剤等 特化則 特定化学物質(第3類) |
| 消防法 | 危-4-A-II |
| 危険表示 | F,N,T,Xn |
| 安全措置（S） | 26-7-45-36/37/39-16-9-61-36/37 |
| 危険等級 | 2.3Carc. 1BEye Irrit. 2Flam. Liq. 2STOT SE 3 |
| DOT Classification | 2.2 (Non-flammable gas) |
| 毒劇物取締法 | III |
| 特定化学物質 | 特38-301 |
| 自然発火温度 | 690 °C |
| 貯蔵分類 | 3 - Flammable liquids |
| 有害物質データ | 7664-41-7(Hazardous Substances Data) |
用途
解説
液安ともいう。強いアンモニア臭を有する無色，流動性の液体。沸点－33.35℃，凝固点－77.7℃，臨界温度132.4℃，臨界圧112気圧，比重0.817(－79℃)，屈折率nD＝1.325(－15℃)，粘度0.2543センチポアズ(－33.5℃)(水の粘度は常温で約1センチポアズ)，誘電率22.7(－50℃)(水の誘電率は常温で約80)。ドライアイス‐メチルアルコールなどの冷媒を用いアンモニアNH3を液化して容易に得られる。
用途
農業用の液体肥料、窒素質肥料、化学繊維。
用途
化学原料 アンモニアは硝酸などの基礎化学品、硫安などチッソ肥料の原料となるため、工業的に極めて重要な物質である。 液化したアンモニアはバーチ還元の溶媒として使用される。 火力発電用燃料 前述のようにアンモニアは条件次第で燃焼し、燃やしても代表的な温暖化ガスである二酸化炭素が発生しない。このためアンモニアを火力発電用燃料として使う技術開発が行われている。 環境に有害な窒素酸化物の発生を抑制するために火力発電所のボイラーなどに設置される、選択触媒還元脱硝装置の還元剤として使用される。
説明
Ammonia is a colorless, pungent-smelling gas that is one of the most important industrial inorganic chemicals. It is widely used in fertilizers, refrigerants, explosives, cleaning agents, and as a feedstock to produce numerous other chemicals. Ammonia ranks as one of the top 10 chemicals produced annually.
来歴
During the Middle Ages ammonia was produced by the distillation of animal dung, hooves, and horn. Its preparation from horn gave it another name: spirit of hartshorn. Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) isolated ammonia in 1774 and called the compound alkaline air. The modern name ammonia was given to the compound in 1782 by the Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman (1735–1784). The exact chemical composition was determined by Claude-Louis Berthollet (1748–1822) in 1785. During the 19th century ammonia was obtained from the distillation of coal tar. The importance of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture was established during the mid-1800s, and this coupled with the growth of the chemical industry provided incentive to find a method for fixing nitrogen.
使用
Ammonia is a large-tonnage industrial product and finds its major use in the manufacture of nitric acid and fertilizers. It is the most commonly used refrigerant, particularly for large industrial installations.
一般的な説明
The product is a 0.4 M solution of ammonia in dioxane. Ammonia is a colorless gas with a characteristic strong odor. It is highly soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform and ether. It is extensively sold in the form of solution.1 Ammonia molecule is pyramidal in shape with nitrogen in the center and the three hydrogen atoms along the three vertices and the lone pair of electrons on the fourth vertex. Ammonia solution is commonly used as a base.
使用用途
1. 肥料 最も一般的なアンモニアの使用用途は化学肥料です。世界で生産されたアンモニアのうち、約8割は肥料として消費されます。残り2割は工業用として、化学製品の基礎材料に使用されています。 世界の人口増加を支えてきた食糧増産技術ですが、中でもアンモニアを原料とする窒素化合物を使った化学肥料は農業に大きく貢献しました。現在も世界の人口は増え続けています。食料確保の必要性から、農産物肥料としてのアンモニアの重要性は今後も変わらないと考えられます。 2. 燃料アンモニア 近年、地球温暖化対策への新たな取り組みの一つとして、アンモニアを燃料エネルギーとして利用する研究が注目されています。アンモニアは燃焼時に、を排出しないカーボンフリー物質であるためです。現在、技術開発が進んでいるのが、石炭火力発電のボイラーにアンモニアを混ぜて燃焼させる「火力混焼」です。将来的には、エネルギー源をすべてアンモニアとする専焼発電を視野に入れた技術開発が進められています。 3. エネルギーキャリア 二酸化炭素の排出量を減らすために、水素をエネルギーとして使用するものも増えてきています。大量輸送が難しい水素を別の材料に変換したものを「水素キャリア」と呼びます。 輸送媒体として水素分子 (H) を含むアンモニア (NH3) が役立つ可能性が高いです。アンモニアは前述したように、肥料用途を中心に世界で輸出入が行われていることから、輸送の既存技術は確立しています。 輸送後、触媒の存在下で熱分解によって再び水素に戻し、などに利用する使い方とアンモニアのまま燃料にしてしまう使い方が考えられています。
製法・合成法
調製方法
Ammonia is obtained commercially chiefly by synthesis from its constituent elements, nitrogen and hydrogen, which are combined under high pressure and temperature in the presence of a catalyst. Ammonia solution is produced by dissolving ammonia gas in water.
合成方法
合成ガス圧縮機を出たガスは循環ガス圧縮機からのアンモニアを含んだ未反応ガスと混合され，次に?5??20℃までアンモニア冷凍機により冷却され，製品アンモニアの凝縮分離と微量のCO，CO2や水分を除去する。
純化方法
Dry the liquid, and store it, with sodium in a steel cylinder, then distil and condense it by means of liquid air, the non-condensable gases being pumped off. In order to obtain liquid NH3 from a cylinder, turn the cylinder upside-down (i.e. with the valve at the bottom, use a metal stand to secure it in this position) and lead a plastic tube from the tap to a measuring cylinder placed in an efficient fume cupboard which is kept running. Turn the tap on and allow the ammonia to be released. At first, gas and liquid will splatter out (make sure that the plastic tube is secure), but soon the liquid will drip into the measuring cylinder. The high latent heat of evaporation will cool the ammonia so that the liquid will remain cool and not boil vigorously. If the ammonia is required dry, the necessary precautions should be taken, i.e. the gas is allowed to flow through tubes packed with coarse CaO pellets. AMMONIA (gas, liquid or aqueous solution) is very irritating and should not be inhaled in any quantity as it can lead to olfactory paralysis (temporary or permanent).