イリジウム
イリジウム · イリジウム標準原液 · イリジウム(0)ブラック · イリジウムブラック · イリジウム(粉末) 250メッシュ · イリジウム, 粉末, -45ΜM · イリジウム, ワイヤー · イリジウム powder, -60 mesh, 99.95% (metals basis)
識別子と物理属性
| CAS No. | 22542-08-1 |
|---|---|
| 分子式 | Ir |
| 平均分子量 | 192.22 g/mol |
| 単同位体質量 | 192.9629264 g/mol |
| SMILES | [Ir] |
| InChIKey | GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 23924 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:49666 |
| EC No. | 231-095-9 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID0064674 |
| 現地名 | イリジウム |
化学・物理的性質
| 極性表面積 | 0 |
|---|---|
| 水素結合供与体数 | 0 |
| 水素結合受容体数 | 0 |
| 回転可能結合数 | 0 |
| 重原子数 | 1 |
| 形式電荷 | 0 |
| 複雑度 | 0 |
| 物質分類 | Metals -> Elements, Metallic |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | electron density of states |
| 密度 | 22.42 at 17 °C21.56 @25 °C22.65 g/cm3 (lit.) |
| Color/Form | Silver-white, face-centered cubic lattice |
| Corrosivity | Not attacked by any acid or by aqua regia. |
| 沸点 | 4,428 °C4428 °C @760 [mm Hg]4130 °C (lit.) |
| 融点 | 2,446 °C2450 °C (lit.) |
| 蒸気圧 | 0.467 Pa at melting point |
| Physical Description | Silver-white metal[Hawley] |
| Other Experimental Properties | Powdered iridium metal can ignite in air.Enthalpy of fusion 41.12 kJ/molSpecific heat 0.0307 cal/g/deg CMohs' hardness 6.5Best solvent: concentrated hydrochloric acid and sodium perchlorate at 125 to 150 °CFor more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for IRIDIUM, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 貯蔵条件 | Flammables area |
| 溶解度 | 王水に溶ける。不溶性 |
| 外観・状態 | ワイヤー |
| 色 | 白色～淡黄色 |
| 比重 | 22.421 |
| 比熱容量 | Cp(crystal): 0.13 J/(g·K)Cp(gas): 0.11 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 13,5102 |
| InChI | 1S/Ir |
| InChIKey | GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [Ir] |
| Hardness, Brinell | 352, Converted from Vickers for 3000 kg load/10 mm ball Brinell test. |
| Hardness, Rockwell A | 69, Converted from Vickers. |
| Hardness, Rockwell C | 37, Converted from Vickers. |
| Hardness, Vickers | 370 |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 524 GPa |
| Poissons Ratio | 0.26 |
| Shear Modulus | 208 GPa, Calculated |
| CAS データベース | 7439-88-5(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NISTの化学物質情報 | Iridium(7439-88-5) |
| EPAの化学物質情報 | Iridium (7439-88-5) |
化学的特性
Black Powder
安全性と法規制
| GHS 分類 | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 36.9% (92 of 249) of reports.DangerH228 (18.1%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]P210, P240, P241, P264+P265, P273, P280, P305+P351+P338, P337+P317, P370+P378, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 249 reports by companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies. |
|---|---|
| 規制情報 | Chemical: IridiumStatus: Active Update: 17-03-2021 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/17763Iridium, powder: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
| その他の安全情報 | IMAP assessments - Iridium: Human health tier I assessment |
| 火災の可能性 | The finely divided catalytic metal may be pyrophoric. |
| 有害性の概要 | Iridium salts can cause immunologic, occupational contact urticaria[Kanerva, p. 219] The metals in this group [platinum, palladium, iridium, osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium] generally are nontoxic in the metallic state, but the soluble halide salts (particularly of Pt) and osmium tetroxide are highly reactive. Exposure to these elements results in hypersensitivity allergic reactions in susceptible individuals. [Sullivan, p. 911] See Iridium-192. |
| Hazard Classes and Categories | Flam. Sol. 1 (18.1%) |
| Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities | A catalytic metal. The powdered metal may ignite spontaneously in air. Violent reaction or ignition on contact with interhalogens (e.g., bromine pentafluoridechlorine trifluoride). |
| 処分方法 | SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic, and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations |
| Protective Action Criteria (PAC) | 12 [mg/m3]130 [mg/m3]790 [mg/m3] |
| Antidote and Emergency Treatment | Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /"To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/ |
| 水環境危害等級（WGK） | 3 |
| TSCA 収載状態 | TSCA listed |
| 輸送番号（UN） | UN 3089 4.1/PG 2 |
| 税関コード | 28439000 |
| 危険文句（R） | 36-36/37/38-11 |
| 危険表示 | F,Xi |
| 安全措置（S） | 16-26-36/37/39 |
| 危険等級 | 4.1 |
| 包装等級 | III |
| 有害物質データ | 7439-88-5(Hazardous Substances Data) |
用途
解説
Ir．原子番号77の元素．電子配置[Xe]4f 145d76s2の周期表9族(白金族)貴金属元素．元素名は，イリジウム化合物の多彩な色彩から虹の女神を意味するギリシア語Ιριζ"(Iris)から命名された．宇田川榕菴は天保8年(1837年)に出版した「舎密開宗」で，意利胄母(イリヂュウム)としている．原子量192.217(3)．質量数191(37.3(2)％)，193(62.7(2)％)の安定同位体のほか，質量数164～198の放射性同位体が知られている．1804年，S. Tennantが発見．白金鉱中に単体あるいは合金として存在する．地殻中の存在度0.0001 ppm．ニッケルや銅の製造の際に副産物として得られる．銀白色のもろい金属．融点2410 ℃，沸点約4130 ℃．密度22.67 g cm－3(20 ℃)．硬さ6.5．標準電極電位 Ir3＋/Ir 1.156 V．第一イオン化エネルギー9.02 eV．酸化数1～4．ロジウム同様耐酸性が大きく，粉末にしないと王水にも溶けない．イリジウム海綿は水素を吸収する．高温では酸化物は揮発性を示す．Irの多い地層は宇宙物質起源のものを含むと考えられている．白金族元素との合金として利用される．オスミウムとの合金イリドスミンは万年筆のペン先に利用されている．石油改質触媒に白金とともに用いられる．半導体結晶生成用のるつぼ材，自動車用点火プラグ材料に用いられる．192Ir は非破壊検査用γ線源．白金との合金はかつてメートル原器に用いられた．森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）
用途
合金材料、水素貯蔵合金研究、触媒研究用。
用途
イリジウムやイリジウムを用いた合金は、その硬度や融点の高さから耐熱性や耐摩耗性が求められる用途で使用されることが多い。 LEDなどの原料として使用する人工サファイアの単結晶を製造するための工業用のるつぼは非常に高い耐熱性が求められるため、イリジウムはるつぼの材料[7]として欠かせない存在となっており、イリジウムの用途として最も一般的である。 耐食性?耐摩耗性に優れていることから高級万年筆のペン先の材料としてオスミウムなどと共に用いられることもある。 白金とイリジウムの合金(Pt-10Ir)は、キログラム原器やメートル原器の材料として使われていることでも知られている。 人工的に作った放射性同位体のイリジウム192(192Ir)は、非破壊検査の際の線源として利用されている。 イリジウムは、白金の割り金として使用されることが多く、指輪やネックレスなどの多くの宝飾品に用いられている。 また、近年ではイリジウムそのものが結婚指輪などの材料として用いられることもある。
用途
純イリジウムは分析用、高温反応用るつぼ、高溶融点ガラスの押し出し用ダイスなど特別の用途がある。主要な需要は白金との合金で、装身具、外科手術用の針、旋回軸、電気接点などに用いられる。メートル原器も10％イリジウム合金である。オスミウムとの合金は万年筆のペン先として普及している。
天然物の起源
Iridium is the 83rd most abundant element and is found mixed with platinum, osmium,and nickel ores. The minerals containing iridium are found in Russia, South Africa, Canada,and Alaska.Iridium metal is separated from its other metal ores when the combined minerals aredissolved with a strong acid know as aqua regia, which is a mixture of 25% nitric acid and75% hydrochloric acid. Aqua regia is the only acid that will dissolve platinum and gold.Once the platinum and other metals are dissolved, the iridium, which is insoluble in thisstrong acid, becomes the residue. The refined iridium ends up in the form of either powderor crystals.An interesting story as to how most of the iridium appeared on Earth was explainedrecently by scientists who discovered a thin layer of iridium in the sediments that were laiddown in the Earth’s crust at the end of the Cretaceous period. This was a period about 65 millionyears ago when meteors and asteroids crashed into the Earth. These extraterrestrial bodiescontained a high percentage of iridium. Dust from the impact spread around the Earth andblocked the sun for months, resulting in the extinction of many plants and animals, includingthe dinosaurs. This extensive dust cloud also deposited a thin coat of the element iridium thatwas contained in the fiery bolides.
使用
Iridium’s most common use is as an alloy metal that, when added to platinum, makes itharder and more durable. It is also mixed with other metals to make electrical contacts, thermocouples(two dissimilar metals joined to form a special type of thermometer), and instrumentsthat will withstand high temperatures without breaking down. It is also used to makespecial laboratory vessels because iridium will not react with most chemical substances. Analloy of iridium and platinum is used as the standard kilogram weight because it is noncorrosiveand will not oxidize and, thus, change its weight over long periods of time.The radioisotope, iridium-192, is used to treat cancer and to take X-ray pictures of metalcastings to detect flaws. Iridium is also used as a catalyst for several chemical reactions.
製法・合成法
純化方法
Iridium is a silver white hard solid which oxidises on the surface in air. Scrape the outer tarnished layer until silver clear and store it under paraffin. It is stable to acids but dissolves in aqua regia. [Gilchrist Chem Rev 32 277 1943.]