Manganese

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:

Use dry sand, special powder.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn):

(General first aid procedures)

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.2 [mg/m3], as Mn (inhalable fraction), 0.02 mg/m3, as Mn (respirable fraction)[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Manganese must be stored to avoid contact with water and steam since flammable hydrogen gas is produce. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well ventilated area away from oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates). Protect storage against physical damage.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

Prevention of manganese poisoning is primarily a question of suppression of toxic dusts & fumes. Good general ventilation of dust & fumes at source is essential. Airline respiratory protection equipment as well as independent respirators have to be used in specific situations to avoid excessive short-term exposures. /Manganese, alloys and cmpd/

High std of personal hygiene is essential, & personal cleanliness & adequate sanitary facilities, clothing & time must be provided so that compulsory showering after work, a change of clothes & a ban on eating at work place can be effected. Smoking at work should be prohibited as well. /Manganese, alloys and cmpd/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Developmental (effects while organs are developing), Neurological (Nervous System), Reproductive (Producing Children), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Nervous

respiratory system, central nervous system, blood, kidneys

Manganese mainly affects the nervous system and may cause behavioral changes and other nervous system effects, which include movements that may become slow and clumsy. This combination of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as “manganism”. High levels of manganese may also cause damage to the reproductive system. (L228)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion

Oral (L228) ; inhalation (L228)

Manganese is a metal required for numerous biochemical processes and its functions arise secondarily from its inclusion within protein structures as a cofactor. This includes for immune function and for the biochemical regulation of energy consumption, growth potential, coagulation, and hemostatic function. Also, manganese is involved with mechanisms to remove byproducts of aberrant oxidative stress. Plants are the main source of manganese in the diet. Other sources include vitamins, health products, drinking water that might contain trace amounts, and breast milk and formula for infants. Manganese toxicity, called manganism, is rare but might occur from occupational, accidental, and iatrogenic exposures. The main toxicity includes extra-pyramidal side-effects that closely resemble symptoms of Parkinson syndrome. This i secondary to deposition in specific components of the basal ganglia and the alteration of dopaminergic neuronal enzyme activity. Other noteworthy effects include cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and increased mortality in infants. Examples of exposures for the development of manganism include from chronic total parenteral nutrition (TPN) use in critically ill patients, the consumption of contaminated well-water, and exposure through welding, smelting, and mining. Manganese is readily absorbed through the intestinal tract, and absorption is variable based on the level of dietary intake, with biliary and pancreatic metabolism affecting excretion. However, these mechanisms are bypassed with IV administration, owing to the potentiality for manganism with IV preparations containing the essential metal.

Manganese is a cellular toxicant that can impair transport systems, enzyme activities, and receptor functions. It primarily targets the central nervous system, particularily the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia. It is believed that the manganese ion, Mn(II), enhances the autoxidation or turnover of various intracellular catecholamines, leading to increased production of free radicals, reactive oxygen species, and other cytotoxic metabolites, along with a depletion of cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to oxidative damage and selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons. In addition to dopamine, manganese is thought to interact with other neurotransmitters, such as GABA and glutamate. Manganese overwhelms the manganese superoxide dismutase and produce oxidative damage. The neurotoxicity of Mn(II) has also been linked to its ability to substitute for Ca(II) under physiological conditions. It can enter mitochondria via the calcium uniporter and inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. It may also inhibit the efflux of Ca(II), which can result in a loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity. Mn(II) has been shown to inhibit mitochondrial aconitase activity to a significant level, altering amino acid metabolism and cellular iron homeostasis. (L228)

Cough.

Abdominal pain. Nausea.

Manganism; asthenia, insomnia, mental confusion; metal fume fever: dry throat, cough, chest tightness, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), rales, flu-like fever; low-back pain; vomiting; malaise (vague feeling of discomfort); lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); kidney damage

Manganese mainly affects the nervous system and may cause behavioral changes and other nervous system effects, which include movements that may become slow and clumsy. This combination of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as “manganism”. (L228)

Manganese

Nervous

1.4 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

5 x 10 ^-5 mg/m^3

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In its acute form, manganese poisoning has the effect, characteristic of other heavy metals if /dust or fume is/ inhaled in sufficient quantity, of producing "metal fume fever".

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The authors ... compared the clinical features of 15 career welders, who were ascertained through an academic movement disorders center and compared to two control groups with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). One control group was ascertained sequentially to compare the frequency of clinical features, and the second control group was sex- and age-matched to compare the frequency of motor fluctuations. ... Welders were exposed to a mean of 47,144 welding hours. Welders had a younger age at onset (46 years) of PD compared with sequentially ascertained controls (63 years; p < 0.0001). There was no difference in frequency of tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, asymmetric onset, postural instability, family history, clinical depression, dementia, or drug-induced psychosis between the welders and the two control groups. All treated welders responded to levodopa. Motor fluctuations and dyskinesias occurred at a similar frequency in welders and the two control groups. PET with 6-[18F]fluorodopa obtained in two of the welders showed findings typical of idiopathic PD, with greatest loss in posterior putamen. /The authors concluded that/ Parkinsonism in welders is distinguished clinically only by age at onset, suggesting welding may be a risk factor for PD. These preliminary data cannot exclude a genetic contribution to susceptibility in these exposed individuals.

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ In a cross-sectional study, the serum concentrations of inhibin B and prolactin of 96 male current welders were compared with the concentrations measured in 96 age-matched referents. Also, 23 patients who were all former welders diagnosed as having welding-related manganism were studied. The current welders' geometric mean (GM) airborne exposure to manganese (Mn) was 121 ug/cu m (range 7-2320). The serum concentrations of prolactin adjusted for age and smoking habits (GM 193 mIU/L vs. 166 mIU/L; p=0.047) and inhibin B adjusted for alcohol consumption (arithmetic mean (AM) 151 ng/L vs. 123 ng/L; p=0.001) were higher in the welders compared with the referents. The whole blood Mn concentration was associated with the serum prolactin concentrations. Tobacco smoking resulted in lower serum prolactin concentrations. The GM serum prolactin concentrations of the patients did not significantly differ from that of the referents, but their AM serum inhibin B concentration was statistically significantly lower. The results may suggest an effect of Mn on the pituitary that is reversible upon cessation of exposure. Lower inhibin B concentrations in the patients could point to a functional impairment of the testicular Sertoli cells, that may be caused by a welding fume component or other factors in their work environment.

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to a group of 61 ferroalloy male workers and 87 controls. The average (geometric mean) manganese concentrations in total dust at the plant have changed from 1981 to 1997 respectively from 1597.03 ug/cu m to 239 ug/cu m at the furnace area; from 151.53 to 255.76 ug/cu m at the casting area; from 167 to 54.7 ug/cu m at the maintenance (welding operations), yielding a current overall value of 54.25 ug/cu m. A cumulative exposure index was calculated for each alloy worker and the average value (geometric mean) resulted to be 1204.87 ug/cu m x years, which divided by the average length of exposure (15.17 years), showed the concentration of 70.83 ug/cu m of manganese in total dust. Blood and urinary manganese geometric means resulted significantly higher in the exposed workers (9.18 ug/L and 1.53 ug/g creatinine, respectively) than in controls (5.74 ug/L and 0.40 ug/g creatinine, respectively). A positive correlation was observed between the airborne manganese concentrations in total dust and blood manganese (n = 55; R = 0.36; R2 = 0.13; p = 0.0068), whereas no association resulted between cumulative exposure index and both blood manganese and urinary manganese. Higher prevalence of symptoms reporting was observed in the alloy workers concerning irritability, loss of equilibrium and rigidity. Tremor parameters including the central frequency and its dispersion, resulted to be statistically different in the exposed workers compared to the controls. Motor functions exploring the coordination of rapid and alternating movements and memory functions resulted to be impaired in the manganese workers. Dose-effect relationships were observed between the cumulative exposure index and some of the test results, whereas no relationship was found with the airborne manganese concentrations and the biological indicators of exposure. These findings are consistent with the existing knowledge of a cumulative mechanism of action of manganese, which must be carefully considered when setting safe exposure levels. ...

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Manganese is included on this list.

... Substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, form ambient air exposure to the substance. Manganese (50 FR 32627; Aug. 13, 1985) is included on this list.

(CA) CALIFORNIA 500 ug/l

(CT) CONNECTICUT 500 ug/l

(ME) MAINE 500 ug/l

(MN) MINNESOTA 300 ug/L

(NH) NEW HAMPSHIRE 840 ug/l

Metallic manganese is used primarily in steel production to improve hardness, stiffness, and strength. It is also used in carbon steel, stainless steel, and high-temperature steel, along with cast iron and superalloys.

MINING, SMELTING, AND METALLURGY: Ore mining and crushing operations; Iron and steel production; Ferrous & nonferrous alloys (for rock crushers, railroad points and crossings, etc.); MANUFACTURING: Dry-cell batteries; Anti-knock gasoline additive; Incendiary devices; Matches; Pigments for ceramics, glass, or paints; Dyes & inks; Pesticides; USING: Grind, drill, or arc weld Mn alloy; use Mn welding rods;

Steel Producing [Category: Industry]

Ceramics making [Category: Hobbies]

Most of the manganese produced is used in the iron and steel industry in steel alloys, e.g., ferromanganese, silicomanganese, Manganin, spiegeleisen, and as an agent to reduce oxygen and sulfur content of molten steel. ...

... Manganese and its compounds are utilized in the manufacture of dry cell batteries (MnO2), paints, varnishes, inks, dyes, matches and fireworks, as a fertilizer, disinfectant, bleaching agent, laboratory reagent, drier for oils, an oxidizing agent in the chemical industry particularly in the sythesis of potassium permanganate, and as a decolorizer and coloring agent in the glass and ceramics industry. ...

2023: 400,000,000 - <550,000,000 lb

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#1632]

41% IS USED IN ALLOYS (OTHER THAN STEEL, CAST IRON, AND SUPERALLOYS); 24% FOR CARBON STEEL ALLOYS; 22% FOR STAINLESS AND HEAT RESISTING STEEL ALLOYS; 4% FOR MAKING FULL ALLOYS OF STEEL; 1% FOR HIGH STRENGTH LOW ALLOY STEEL; 3% FOR ELECTRIC AND TOOL STEEL ALLOYS; 1% FOR CAST IRON ALLOYS AND SUPERALLOYS; 4% IN MISC AND UNSPECIFIED APPLICATIONS (1972).

Construction, machinery, and transportation end uses accounted for about 24%, 9%, and 9%, respectively, of manganese demand. Most of the rest went to a variety of other iron and steel applications.

A number of methods for the production of relatively pure manganese metal are known: 1) Electrolysis of aqueous manganese salts; 2) Electrothermal decomposition of manganese ores; 3) Silicothermic reduction of manganese ores or slags; 4) Aluminothermic reduction of manganese ores or slags; 5) Distillation of ferromanganese; 6) Electrolysis of fused salts Techniques (1) and (2) are the most important; methods (3) - (6) are not of economic significance.

John et al, cited by Mellor, Comprehensive Treatise on Inorg and Theoretical Chem, 12, 163 (1932); AH Sully, Manganese (Academic Press, New York, 1955) 305 pp. ...

PRODUCTION OF ... METAL OF 97 TO 98% PURITY IS MADE BY ALUMINUM REDUCTION OF HIGH GRADE MANGANESE ORE OF VERY LOW IRON CONTENT. MANGANESE OF HIGHER PURITY IS MADE BY ELECTROLYSIS OF MANGANESE(2+) SULFATE SOLN, WHICH IS PRODUCED BY LEACHING ROASTED HIGH PURITY ORE. MANGANESE SO PRODUCED HAS LESS THAN 0.1% METALLIC IMPURITIES.

Smelting of manganese ore is similar to that of iron ore ... principal metallurgic form ... is ferromanganese which contains 80% or more of manganese ... there are fume losses in ferromanganese operation ... to minimize manganese dust losses, hard, coarse ores are mixed with fine ores. ... /also/ 5-10% dust and fume losses /occur/ in electric furnace.

For more Methods of Manufacturing (Complete) data for MANGANESE, ELEMENTAL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cosmetics product ingredient: Manganese and manganese compounds

Information on 8 consumer products that contain Manganese in the following categories is provided:

Wholesale and Retail Trade

Manganese: ACTIVE

High-carbon ferromanganese (or standard ferromanganese), which contains up to 7.5 percent carbon, is used in larger quantities (primarily by the steel industry) than any other form of manganese.