水銀
クイックシルバー · 水銀 · クエックシルバー · ｱﾙｷﾙ水銀化合物 · 水銀及びその化合物 · 水銀, 99.9% · 水銀 , 1000 UG/ML IN 10% NITRIC ACID · 水銀, 1000 µg/mL in 10% Nitric acid
識別子と物理属性
| CAS No. | 7439-97-6 |
|---|---|
| 分子式 | Hg |
| 平均分子量 | 200.59 g/mol |
| 単同位体質量 | 201.970643 g/mol |
| SMILES | [Hg] |
| InChIKey | QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 23931 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:16170 |
| EC No. | 231-106-7 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID1024172 |
| 現地名 | 水銀 |
化学・物理的性質
| 極性表面積 | 0 |
|---|---|
| 水素結合供与体数 | 0 |
| 水素結合受容体数 | 0 |
| 回転可能結合数 | 0 |
| 重原子数 | 1 |
| 形式電荷 | 0 |
| 複雑度 | 0 |
| 物質分類 | Metals -> Elements, MetallicCorrosives-> NIOSH Emergency Response CategoriesTrace element |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | thermal expansion coefficient |
| 農薬 | Pesticide -> EPA IRIS |
| 臭い | Odorless無臭 |
| 密度 | 13.55 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than waterwill sink13.534 @ 25 °C13.5 g/cm³Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.00913.6 (metal)13.54 |
| Viscosity | 1.55 mPa.sec (15.5 millipoise) at 20 °C |
| Color/Form | Silver-white, heavy, mobile, liquid metalsolid mercury is tin-whiteMetal: silver-white, heavy liquid. |
| 溶解度 | Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)0.28 umoles/l of water at 25 °CSOL IN NITRIC ACIDINSOL IN THE FOLLOWING: DILUTE HYDROCHLORIC ACID, HYDROGEN BROMIDE, HYDROGEN IODIDE, COLD SULFURIC ACIDDISSOLVES TO SOME EXTENT IN LIPIDS2.7 MG/L IN PENTANESolubility in water: noneH2O: 可溶水に20～30μg/L、沸騰H2SO4、HNO3に溶解 [KIR81] [HAW93] |
| Corrosivity | The high mobility and tendency to dispersion exhibited by mercury, and the ease with which it forms alloys (amalga) with many laboratory and electrical contact metals, can cause severe corrosion problems in laboratories.Special precautions: Mercury can attack copper and copper alloy materials. |
| 沸点 | 675 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)356.73 °C357 °C266 °F674 °F356.6 °C(lit.) |
| 融点 | -38 °F (USCG, 1999)-38.87 °C-39 °C-38.9 °C |
| 蒸気密度 | Relative vapor density (air = 1): 6.937 (vs air) |
| 蒸気圧 | <0.01 mm Hg ( 20 °C) |
| 貯蔵条件 | Poison room |
| 外観・状態 | 三重蒸留液 |
| 比重 | 13.5 (20/4℃) |
| 色 | 銀色 |
| Flame Color | Red |
| 比熱容量 | Cp(liquid): 0.14 J/(g·K)Cp(gas): 0.1 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 13,5925 |
| ヘンリー定数 | 1.3×10-3 mol/(m3Pa) at 25℃, Burkholder et al. (2019) |
| 誘電率 | 1.0(148℃) |
| 安定性 | 安定。強酸、チオ硫酸ナトリウム、水酸化アンモニウムとは相容れない。 |
| InChI | 1S/Hg |
| InChIKey | QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [Hg] |
| 表面張力 | 425.41mN/m at 20°C |
| CAS データベース | 7439-97-6(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| EPAの化学物質情報 | Mercury (7439-97-6) |
化学的特性
Mercury is a silvery, mobile, odorless, extremely heavy liquid , sometimes found native. Insoluble in hydrochloric acid; soluble in sulfuric acid upon boiling; readily soluble in nitric acid; insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether; soluble in lipids; extremely high surface tension.
安全性と法規制
| GHS 分類 | DangerH330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]P203, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)H290 (18.2%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]P203, P234, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P390, P391, P403+P233, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement) |
|---|---|
| 規制情報 | Chemical: MercuryMercury is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Mercury are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)S - indicates a substance that is identified in a final Significant New Use Rule.Status: Active Update: 20-11-2010 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/5169Restricted substance: MercuryMercury: HSNO Approval: HSR003014 Approved with controls |
| その他の安全情報 | IMAP assessments - Mercury: Human health tier II assessment- Indoor Air: Mercury can be released into indoor air as a liquid spray (aerosol) or as a vapor. |
| 輸送ラベル（DOT） | Corrosive Poison |
| 火災危険 | Behavior in Fire: Not flammable (USCG, 1999)· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may react upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Risk of fire and explosion. |
| 健康有害性 | No immediate symptoms. As poisoning becomes established, slight muscular tremor, loss of appetite, nausea, and diarrhea are observed. Psychic, kidney, and cardiovascular disturbances may occur. (USCG, 1999)· Inhalation of vapors or contact with substance will result in contamination and potential harmful effects. |
| 有害性の概要 | Mercurycombines with other elements, such as chlorine, sulfur, or oxygen, to form inorganic mercury compounds or "salts", which are usually white powders or crystals. Mercury also combines with carbon to make organic mercury compounds. The most common one, methylmercury, is produced mainly by microscopic organisms in the water and soil. More mercury in the environment can increase the amounts of methylmercury that these small organisms make.Metallic Mercuryis a dense liquid that vaporizes easily at room temperature. Metallic mercury is not easily absorbed into unbroken skin. However, it vaporizes, even at room temperature. The higher the temperature, the more vapors are released. Mercury vapors are colorless and odorless, though they can be seen with the aid of an ultraviolet light.Metallic mercury is used to produce chlorine gas and caustic soda, and is also used in thermometers, dental fillings, and batteries. Mercury salts are sometimes used in skin lightening creams and as antiseptic creams and ointments. |
用途
解説
水銀元素記号 Hg ，原子番号 80，原子量 200.59。周期表 12族，亜鉛族元素の1つ。天然には自然水銀などが鉱石としてまれに採取されるが，主要鉱石は辰砂である。地殻の平均水銀含有量 0.08ppm，海水中には 0.03 μg/l 程度含まれる。単体は銀白色の重い液状の金属。比重 13.6，融点－38.87℃，沸点 356.58℃。鉄を除く多くの金属とアマルガムをつくる。沸点近くまで熱すると酸化水銀になる。硝酸，熱濃硫酸，王水に可溶。酸化数は1と2。水銀の蒸気圧は小さいが，長期間吸入すると危険。膨張率が大きく，広い温度範囲で一定であるから，温度計に用いられるほか，気圧計，水銀ランプ，電気スイッチ，鏡，水銀ポンプ，水銀塩の製造，触媒，鉱石からの金，銀の抽出，整流器，アマルガム，電極など，非常に広い用途がある。
用途
乾電池、水銀塩類(昇汞,銀朱など)、蛍光灯、体温計および計量器、電気機器用、アマルガム(歯科用、合金用)等
説明
Elemental mercury, a silver-white metal, is also known ‘quicksilver’ or ‘hydrargyrum.’ Mercury has been discovered in Egyptian tombs dating as far back as 1500 BC. The chemical symbol, Hg, is derived from the Greek word hydrargyros, meaning ‘water silver.’ Mercury was known in antiquity and used by alchemists. Its neurological effects were recognized early, and its use in the hat-making trade gave rise to the phrase ‘mad as a hatter.’ Mercury has been used commercially and medically for centuries. In the past it was a common constituent of many medications, for example, it was used in the treatment of syphilis. Use of mercury has been drastically reduced in recent years. Within the twentieth century, mercury used to be in every physician’s or pharmacist’s armamentarium, for example, calomel was commonly used in infant teething powders in the 1930s and 1940s.
来歴
The name of Hg derives from the Roman god “Mercury”, the nimble messenger of the gods, since the ancients used that name for the element, which was known from prehistoric times. The name mercury originated in 6th-century alchemy, in which the symbol of the planet was used to represent the metal; the chemical symbol Hg derives from the Latin hydrargyrum, “liquid silver or quick silver.” Although its toxicity was recognized at an early date, its main application was for medical purposes.
使用
Amalgams, catalyst, electrical apparatus, cathodes for production of chlorine and caustic soda, instruments (thermometers, barometers, etc.), mercury vapor lamps, extractive metallurgy, mirror coating, arc lamps, boilers, coolant, and neutron absorber in nuclear power plants.
用途
金属の状態で、温度計、気圧計や多くの理化学器械、水銀灯、整流器、真空ポンプなどその用途は広い。工業的には食塩水の電解によるカ性ソーダ製造に用いられたことがあり（水銀による環境汚染の原因となるとして使用されなくなった）、各種薬品製造にも用いられる。そのほか農薬、火薬、歯科用アマルガムとして用いられる。
一般的な説明
An odorless, silvery metallic liquid. Insoluble in water. Toxic by ingestion, absorption and inhalation of the fumes. Corrosive to aluminum. Used as a catalyst in instruments, boilers, mirror coatings.
製法・合成法
調製方法
Mercury is mined primarily in underground mines as the metal or as the red sulfide cinnabar (HgS). Like HgO, the sulfide decomposes at higher temperatures. Heating of the ore and condensation of the mercury vapor constitute a convenient procedure for reducing, extracting, and purifying mercury from its ore. In the United States, mercury is produced primarily from secondary sources; this involves recycling a variety of industrial waste products. A survey in 1980 conducted by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health suggested that about 70,000 workers were exposed to mercury and its compounds; the majority of these exposures involves mercury vapor. However, this number has probably already decreased considerably, and occupational mercury vapor exposure has now become fairly rare in industrialized countries. On the other hand, numbers of workers exposed to mercury vapor from informal mining in developing countries has increased disproportionally and is causing health risks to workers and their families, including children.
純化方法
After air has been bubbled through mercury for several hours to oxidise metallic impurities, it is filtered to remove coarser particles of oxide and dirt, then sprayed through a 4-ft column containing 10% HNO3. It is washed with distilled water, dried with filter paper and distilled under vacuum. [Schenk in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p8 1963.]