白金
白金 · 白金炭素 · パラジウム黒(粉末) · 白金/活性炭 · 白金黒 · プラチナ · 白金板 · 白金粉末
識別子と物理属性
| CAS No. | 7440-06-4 |
|---|---|
| 分子式 | Pt |
| 平均分子量 | 195.08 g/mol |
| 単同位体質量 | 194.964794 g/mol |
| SMILES | [Pt] |
| InChIKey | BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 23939 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:33364 |
| EC No. | 231-116-1 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID9064681 |
| 現地名 | 白金 |
化学・物理的性質
| 極性表面積 | 0 |
|---|---|
| 水素結合供与体数 | 0 |
| 水素結合受容体数 | 0 |
| 回転可能結合数 | 0 |
| 重原子数 | 1 |
| 形式電荷 | 0 |
| 複雑度 | 0 |
| LogP（分配係数） | 0.03 |
| 密度 | 21.45 (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than waterwill sink21.447 (calc)21.45 g/cm³21.45 @25 °C21.45 g/cm3 (lit.) |
| Color/Form | Silver-gray, lustrous, malleable and ductile metalface-centered cubic structure. Also prepd in the form of a black powder (platinum black) and as spongy masses (platinum sponge). |
| 溶解度 | Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)Soluble in aqua regia. Insoluble in mineral and organic acids.Solubility in water: insoluble熱い王水に溶ける。不溶性 |
| Corrosivity | Does not corrode or tarnish |
| 沸点 | 6921 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)3825 °C3827 °C3825 °C @760 [mm Hg]3827 °C (lit.) |
| 融点 | 3222 °F (NIOSH, 2024)1772 °C.1768.4 °C1768.3 °C1769 °C1772 °C (lit.) |
| 蒸気圧 | 0 mmHg (approx) (NIOSH, 2024)0.0187 Pa @ melting pointdepends upon the specific compound |
| Physical Description | Silvery, whitish-gray, malleable, ductile metal. Mp: 1772 °Cbp: 2187 °C. Density: 21.45 g cm-3 at room conditions (very dense). Also shipped as a finely divided powder (platinum black), as a sponge, and as particles deposited on a supporting material such as alumina. Has strong catalytic activity in these formsfinely divided platinum can be dangerous to handle in the vicinity of other chemicals on this account. Used platinum catalysts are particularly dangerous and can be explosive.Appearance and odor vary depending upon the specific soluble platinum salt. [NIOSH]Silver-grey lustrous solidAlso available as black powder (platinum black) and spongy solid (platinum sponge)[Merck Index]BLACK POWDER.Silvery, whitish-gray, malleable, ductile metal. |
| Other Experimental Properties | Sp heat: 0.0314 cal/g at 0 °C. Electrical resistivity: (20 deg) 10.6 uohm-cm./Platinum/ occurs naturally mainly as the isotopes (194)Pt, (195)Pt, and (196)Pt.Heated platinum adsorbs large amounts of hydrogenit is a strong complexing agent. |
| 屈折率 | n20/D 1.347 |
| 引火点 | 3825°C |
| 貯蔵条件 | 2-8°C |
| 外観・状態 | ワイヤー |
| 色 | 白い |
| 比重 | 21.45 |
| pH | 0.5 (20°C in H2O) |
| 比熱容量 | Cp(crystal): 0.13 J/(g·K)Cp(gas): 0.13 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,7529 |
| 誘電率 | 6.5(Ambient) |
| 安定性 | 安定。プラチナブラックは可燃性が高い。 |
| 化粧品成分の機能 | スキンコンディショニングスキンコンディショニング - その他デオドラント抗菌剤研磨剤抗酸化物質 |
| InChI | 1S/Pt |
| InChIKey | BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [Pt] |
| CAS データベース | 7440-06-4(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NISTの化学物質情報 | Platinum(7440-06-4) |
| EPAの化学物質情報 | Platinum (7440-06-4) |
化学的特性
Platinum is a soft, ductile, malleable, silverwhite metal. It is found in the metallic form and as the arsenide, sperrylite. It forms complex soluble salts, such as Na2PtCl6. It also forms halides. Metallic platinum is insoluble in water. Platinum(IV) chloride is red-brown crystals or powder.
安全性と法規制
| GHS 分類 | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 81.3% (410 of 504) of all reports.DangerH228 (10.7%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]P210, P240, P241, P280, and P370+P378 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 504 reports by companies from 13 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 410 of 504 reports by companies.There are 11 notifications provided by 94 of 504 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website. |
|---|---|
| 規制情報 | Chemical: PlatinumStatus: Active Update: 28-09-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/19458Platinum: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standardThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.) |
| その他の安全情報 | IMAP assessments - Platinum: Human health tier I assessmentIMAP assessments - Platinum: Environment tier I assessment |
| 輸送ラベル（DOT） | Flammable Solid |
| 火災危険 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:May react violently or explosively on contact with water. Some are transported in flammable liquids. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some of these materials will burn with intense heat. Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air. Containers may explode when heated. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. (ERG, 2024)See Chemical dangers |
| 火災の可能性 | Flammable in a state of powder. |
| 健康有害性 | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Platinum:Exposure Routes: Inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contactSymptoms: Irritation skin, respiratory systemdermatitisTarget Organs: Eyes, skin, respiratory system (NIOSH, 2024) |
| 有害性の概要 | The allergenic compounds appear to be limited to the coordination complexes containing halogen ligands as leaving groups with the most potent examples being hexa- and tetrachloroplatinates. [Nordberg, p. 1138] Occupational asthma reported in platinum refinery[Malo] Allergic contact dermatitis in electronics workers[Marks] Platinum salts can cause immunologic, occupational contact urticaria[Kanerva, p. 219] There is evidence from pharmacologic use that platinum is nephrotoxic. [Rosenstock, p. 572]A skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant[Merck Index] Catalytic material that is fire and explosion hazard on contact with many organic and inorganic substancesAn eye and respiratory tract irritant(powdered form) [ICSC] Platinum oxides and soluble platinum salts are sensitizers. Platinum is nontoxic in the metallic state, except possibly for the fine powdered form. [Sullivan, p. 911, 913] Platinum dust is inert and nonallergenic[Nordberg, p. 1136] Tram drivers in Rome were exposed to Pt, Rh and Pd from catalytic converters at levels about 10 times lower than those known to cause adverse effects in workers. [PMID 18849761] In a study of platinum nanoparticles, platinum ions were not released into the culture media suggesting minimal cellular influence[PMID 21804981] See Platinum, soluble salts. |
| 反応性グループ | Metals, Less Reactive |
| Reactivity Alerts | Known Catalytic Activity |
| Reactivity Profile | Massive platinum (lump, ingot, etc.) is generally inert. Dissolves readily in aqua regia (mixture of concentrated hydrochloride and concentrated nitric acids). Reacts rapidly with molten alkali metal oxides and peroxides. Reacts with F2 and Cl2 at red heat. Absorbs large volumes of hydrogen when hot. Catalyzes the exothermic oxidation of ammonia by air. Finely divided platinum is incompatible with aluminum, acetone, arsenic, ethane, hydrazine, hydrogen peroxide, lithium, phosphorus, selenium, tellurium and many fluorides. Explosion can occur upon contact with hydrogen peroxide. Platinum black, sponge and supported catalysts have strong catalytic activitycan be dangerous to handle in the vicinity of other chemicals on this account. Used platinum catalysts are particularly dangerous and can cause explosions. Ethanol or methanol can ignite on contact with a platinum-black catalyst. (Urben 1794). |
| Chemical Dangers | Platinium is a catalytic substance and may cause reaction in contact with many organic and inorganic substances, causing fire and explosion hazard. |
| Flammable Limits | Noncombustible Solid in bulk form, but finely divided powder can be dangerous to handle. |
| 消火 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:DO NOT USE WATER, FOAM OR CO2. Dousing metallic fires with water will generate hydrogen gas, an extremely dangerous explosion hazard, particularly if fire is in a confined environment (i.e., building, cargo hold, etc.). Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride-based extinguishers, or class D extinguishers. Confining and smothering metal fires is preferable rather than applying water. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: If impossible to extinguish, protect surroundings and allow fire to burn itself out. (ERG, 2024)In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. |
| 応急処置措置 | Fresh air, rest.Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention . |
| 応急処置 | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Platinum:Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.Skin: SOAP WASH - If this chemical contacts the skin, wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)(General first aid procedures)Breathing: Respiratory supportSwallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. |
| 安全保管 | Well closed. |
| 清掃方法 | Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from areas of spills until cleanup has been completed. If soluble platinum salts or liquids containing soluble salts are spilled, the following steps should be taken: 1. Ventilate area of spill2. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquids containing soluble platinum salts should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material, /Soluble platinum salts/ |
| 非火災時の漏出対応 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024) |
| 処分方法 | SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. |
| 漏出処分 | Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. |
| Preventive Measures | Adequate ventilation and protectors. Induce workers to wash constantly.Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas where soluble platinum salts or liquids containing soluble platinum salts are handled, processed, or stored. Employees who handle soluble platinum salts or liquids containing soluble platinum salts should wash their hands thoroughly before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities. /Soluble platinum salts/Respirators may be used when engineering and work practice controls are not technically feasible, when such controls are in the process of being installed, or when they fail and need to be supplemented. ... If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that have been approved by the Mine Safety and Health Admin (formerly Mining Enforcement & Safety Admin) or by the National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. In addition to respirator selection, a complete respiratory protection program should be instituted which includes regular training, maintenance, inspection, cleaning, and evaluation. /Soluble platinum salts/Control can only be achieved by preventing the release of the soluble complex platinum salts to the atmosphere of the workshop. Good exhaust ventilation is necessary in platinum refineries. Chemical procedures which may generate these salts should be carried out in ventilated fume cupboards. Open centrifuges should not be used. Good personal hygiene is important. /Platinum compounds/For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PLATINUM (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Isolation and Evacuation | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 50 meters (160 feet).FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directionsalso, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024) |
| Eye Prevention | Wear safety goggles. |
| Inhalation Risk | Evaporation at 20 °C is negligiblea nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly , especially if powdered. |
| 標的器官 | Eyes, skin, respiratory system |
| 有害作用 | Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents. |
| 暴露経路 | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact |
| Signs and Symptoms | Cough. Sore throat.Redness. Pain.irritation skin, respiratory systemdermatitis |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | Platinum metal itself is not associated with any neurological diseases ... .Clinical signs & symptoms of platinum exposure & toxicity via inhalation & dermal routes are those of classic allergic reactions & include irritation of the eyes & nosecough, dyspnea, wheezing, & cyanosisskin sensitization& lymphocytosis.Effects on human sperm motility were investigated ... Fresh sperm were incubated for up to5 hr in the presence of strips of platinum or other metals. Motility after 2 and 5 hr was 60 and 30%, respectively, compared to 10 and 0% for copper, 40 and 7% for silver, and 90 and 65% for gold.Some workers may show ... allergic manifestations with involvement of the nasal mucosa, bronchi and skin. /Platinum cmpd/ |
| Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts | Platinum wire inserted into the uterus of rats was reported to reduce the implantation of fertilized ova. An 83% reduction in the number of implantation sites in the affected uterine horn, compared to the unoperated horn, was found in rats unilaterally implanted on day 3. ... No effect /was found/ on embryonic or fetal survival if platinum wire was inserted after implantation on day 6.... Normal fertility /was found/ in male rabbits with open tube gold/platinum devices inserted into the vas deferens. There was an initial decrease in sperm count and motility, but these parameters returned to normal after three weeks. At 117-426 days after insertion, 7 out of 9 animals were fertile in numerous matings. |
| Antidote and Emergency Treatment | Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/ |
| 職業暴露区分（OEB） | C |
| 職業暴露限界（OEL） | TWA: 1 mg/m3 |
| 水環境危害等級（WGK） | 3 |
| 生命健康即時危険濃度 | 4 mg Pt/m3 |
| TSCA 収載状態 | TSCA listed |
| RTECS 番号 | TP2160000 |
| 輸送番号（UN） | UN 3264 8/PG 3 |
| 税関コード | 28439000 |
| 危険文句（R） | 11-37-20-36/37/38-36/37-40-42/43-22-50/53 |
| 安衛法 | 57-2 |
| 危険表示 | F,Xi,Xn,N |
| 安全措置（S） | 36-7/9-33-16-38-22-26-14-36/37/39-27-24/25-36/37-45-23-61-60 |
| 危険等級 | 4.1 |
| 包装等級 | III |
| 貯蔵分類 | 13 - Non Combustible Solids |
| 有害物質データ | 7440-06-4(Hazardous Substances Data) |
用途
解説
白金，おもな酸化数＝II，IV周期表第VIII族，第6周期(重白金族)に属する金属元素。俗にプラチナplatinaともいう。白金は古くから用いられていたが，確実な記録としては，スペインのウロアDon Antonio de Ulloa(1716‐95)が1748年に出版した本の中で，1735年コロンビアのピント川の近くで銀によく似た新しい金属が発見されたと記しているのが最も古いといわれている。株式会社平凡社 世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報
用途
石油化学や自動車排気ガス処理用触媒、度量衡原器、白金抵抗温度計、熱電対、電気接点材料、発火セン、電極、ルツボ、化学装置の内張り、光学ガラスの溶解、歯科医療材料、装飾用貴金属類等
用途
有機合成用触媒。
説明
Platinum was discovered in Colombia, South America by Ulloa in 1735 and six years later in 1741 by Wood. The metal was isolated from native platinum by Delisle in 1775 and produced in malleable form by Chabaneau in 1786. Wollaston in 1803 developed a method of obtaining pure malleable platinum from crude platinum by extraction with aqua regia. The process led to the discovery of two other platinum group metals, palladium and rhodium, that were found in the aqua regia extract after platinum precipitated. Platinum derived its name from platina originating from the Spanish word plata for silver, because it was thought to be a trivial unwanted material associated with gold in gold mines of Central America. Platinum occurs in nature as a bright-white cubic crystalline solid with metallic luster associated with other noble metals of its group. Platinum also occurs as the mineral sperrylite, PtAs2, found as tin-white brittle cubic crystals containing 52−57% platinum in certain nickel-bearing deposits. Some other minerals of platinum are cooperite PtS (Pt 80-86%); and braggite(Pt, Pd, Ni)S (Pt 58-60%). The abundance of platinum in the earth’s crust is estimated to be 0.005 mg/kg.
天然物の起源
Platinum is the 75th most abundant element and, unlike many elements, is found in itspure elemental form in nature, as are deposits of silver and gold. Platinum is widely distributedover the Earth and is mined mainly in the Ural Mountains in Russia and in South Africa,Alaska, the western United States, Columbia in South America, and Ontario in Canada.When found in the mineral sperrylite (PtAs2), it is dissolved with aqua regia to form a precipitatecalled “sponge” that is then converted into platinum metal. It is also recovered as aby-product of nickel mining, mainly in Ontario, Canada.
使用
manufacture of apparatus for laboratory and industrial use, thermocouples, platinum resistance thermometers, acidproof containers, electrodes, etc. In dentistry; jewelry; electroplating. As oxidation catalyst in manufacture of acetic acid, nitric acid from ammonia, manufacture of sulfuric acid; control of automotive emissions.
一般的な説明
Silvery, whitish-gray, malleable, ductile metal. Mp: 1772°C; bp: 2187°C. Density: 21.45 g cm-3 at room conditions (very dense). Also shipped as a finely divided powder (Platinum black), as a sponge, and as particles deposited on a supporting material such as alumina. Has strong catalytic activity in these forms; finely divided Platinum can be dangerous to handle in the vicinity of other chemicals on this account. Used Platinum catalysts are particularly dangerous and can be explosive.
製法・合成法
調製方法
Platinum is obtained mainly from copper and nickel ores, and platinum alloys and by recovery from the catalyst and other waste. The main stages of platinum production include extraction of the precious metal concentrate from the ore followed by separation through a complex refining process, during which the concentrate is dissolved in aqua regia, and the platinum is precipitated in the form of ammonium(IV) hexachloroplatinate. The precipitate is then calcinated at 600–700 °C to give platinum sponge, which is then hardened by melting at high temperatures, such as in the electric arc. The resultant gray platinum sponge contains 99.95–99.9% pure metal. Another method of platinum production involves its reduction to metal from the aqueous platinum salts by zinc, magnesium, iron, or aluminum. Similar procedures are used to recover platinum from the catalytic converters and other waste. The hexachloroplatinic(IV) acid produced by treating platinum with aqua regia is an important chemical platinum compound used to obtain various platinum salts.