ロジウム
ロジウム / 炭素 (Rh5%) (約55%水湿潤品) · ロジウム（金属ガスおよび粉体） · ロジウム活性炭 · ロジウム/アルミナ(粉末) · ロジウム/炭素 · ロジウム,粉末 · ロジウム / 炭素 (Rh 5%) (約55%水湿潤品) · ロジウム/チタン酸ストロンチウム
識別子と物理属性
| CAS No. | 7440-16-6 |
|---|---|
| 分子式 | Rh |
| 平均分子量 | 102.9055 g/mol |
| 単同位体質量 | 102.90549 g/mol |
| SMILES | [Rh] |
| InChIKey | MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 23948 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:33359 |
| EC No. | 231-125-0 |
| 現地名 | ロジウム |
化学・物理的性質
| 極性表面積 | 0 |
|---|---|
| 水素結合供与体数 | 0 |
| 水素結合受容体数 | 0 |
| 回転可能結合数 | 0 |
| 重原子数 | 1 |
| 形式電荷 | 0 |
| 複雑度 | 0 |
| 密度 | 12.41 (metal) (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than waterwill sink12.41 g/cu cm @ 20 °C12.4 g/cm³12.41 @25 °C12.41 g/cm3 (lit.) |
| Color/Form | Silvery-white, soft, ductile, malleable metalface-centered cubic structure...In air, it occurs in the form of gray fume or dust. |
| 溶解度 | Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)Insoluble in acids and aqua regiasoluble in fused potassium bisulfate.Insoluble in hot or cold watersoluble in concentrations of sulfuric acid and in sulfuric acid + hydrochloric acid.Solubility in water: noneinsoluble in acid solutions, slightly soluble in aqua regia不溶性 |
| 沸点 | 6741 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)3695 °C3727 °C @760 [mm Hg]3727 °C (lit.) |
| 融点 | 3571 °F (NIOSH, 2024)1964 °C1965 °C1966 °C1966 °C (lit.) |
| 蒸気圧 | 0 mmHg (approx) (NIOSH, 2024)1 Pa @ 2015 °C10 Pa @ 2223 °C100 Pa @ 2476 °C1 kPa @ 2790 °C10 kPa @ 3132 °C100 kPa @ 3724 °Cdepends upon the specific compound |
| Physical Description | Rhodium metal fume is a reddish-gray to black dust-like powder. mp: 1966 °C, bp: 3727 °C. Insoluble in water. Bulk rhodium is a white or blueish-white, hard, ductile, malleable metal. The appearance and other properties of insoluble Rh compounds varies depending upon the specific compound.Dry PowderOther SolidMetal: White, hard, ductile, malleable solid with a bluish-gray luster[NIOSH]GREY-TO-BLACK POWDER.White, hard, ductile, malleable solid with a bluish-gray luster. Metal fume is a reddish-gray to black dust-like powder.Appearance and odor vary depending upon the specific soluble rhodium compound. |
| Stability/Shelf Life | Absorbs oxygen when meltedat a red heat is slowly oxidized to the sesquioxide.Converted to trihalide by chlorine or bromine at a red heatnot attacked by fluorine. |
| Other Experimental Properties | Atomic number 45valences 1-6most common states 1, 3One naturally occurring isotope:103artificial radioactive isotopes: 97-102104-110Electrical resistivity 4.51 microohm-cm @ 0 °CBrinell hardness: 100Not attacked by acids even aqua regia when in compact formthe finely divided metal reacts with aqua regiaAbsorbs oxygen when meltedat a read heat is slowly oxidized to the sesquioxideConverted to the trihalide by chlorine or bromine at a red heatnot attacked by fluorine.Enthalpy of formation: 556.9 kJ/mol (gas)Heat capacity: 25.0 J/mol K (crystal)21.0 J/mol K (gas)Enthalpy of fusion: 26.59 kJ/molFor more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for RHODIUM (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 貯蔵条件 | Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature |
| 外観・状態 | ワイヤー |
| 色 | 赤 |
| 比重 | 12.41 |
| pH | 0.5 (20°C in H2O) |
| 比熱容量 | Cp(crystal): 0.24 J/(g·K)Cp(gas): 0.2 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,8186 |
| InChI | 1S/Rh |
| InChIKey | MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [Rh] |
| Hardness, Brinell | 722, Converted from Vickers for 3000 kg load/10 mm ball Brinell test. |
| Hardness, Rockwell A | 83, Converted from Vickers. |
| Hardness, Rockwell C | 63, Converted from Vickers. |
| Hardness, Vickers | 800 |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 359 GPa |
| Hardness, Rockwell B | 51, Converted from Vickers. |
| CAS データベース | 7440-16-6(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NISTの化学物質情報 | Rhodium(7440-16-6) |
| EPAの化学物質情報 | Rhodium (7440-16-6) |
化学的特性
Rhodium, together with platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, and osmium, is one of the platinum-group metals in Group VIII of the Periodic Table. Rhodium metal is a white, hard, ductile, malleable solid with a bluish-gray luster. soluble in ether, alcohol, and water. The alloys of rhodium can also be used in high temperature conditions (i.e., thermocouples and crucibles). It also can be used in electroplating glass products due to its reflective properties.
安全性と法規制
| GHS 分類 | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 81.3% (239 of 294) of all reports.DangerH228 (15.3%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]P210, P240, P241, P280, and P370+P378 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 294 reports by companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 239 of 294 reports by companies.There are 9 notifications provided by 55 of 294 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website. |
|---|---|
| 規制情報 | Chemical: RhodiumRhodium is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Rhodium are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 21-06-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/21075Rhodium: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
| その他の安全情報 | IMAP assessments - Rhodium: Environment tier I assessmentIMAP assessments - Rhodium: Human health tier I assessment |
| 輸送ラベル（DOT） | Flammable Solid |
| 火災危険 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:May react violently or explosively on contact with water. Some are transported in flammable liquids. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some of these materials will burn with intense heat. Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air. Containers may explode when heated. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. (ERG, 2024)Many reactions may cause fire or explosion. |
| 火災の可能性 | Moderate when exposed to heat or flame.Flammable in powder form. |
| 健康有害性 | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Rhodium (metal fume and insoluble compounds, as Rh):Exposure Routes: InhalationSymptoms: Possible respiratory sensitizationTarget Organs: Respiratory system (NIOSH, 2024) |
| 有害性の概要 | Can cause occupational contact urticaria[Kanerva, p. 219] The metals in this group [platinum, palladium, iridium, osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium] generally are nontoxic in the metallic state, but the soluble halide salts (particularly of Pt) and osmium tetroxide are highly reactive. Exposure to these elements results in hypersensitivity allergic reactions in susceptible individuals. [Sullivan, p. 911] Tram drivers in Rome were exposed to Pt, Rh and Pd from catalytic converters at levels about 10 times lower than those known to cause adverse effects in workers. [PMID 18849761] Occupational asthma in a electroplating worker confirmed by bronchoprovocation testing[Malo] |
| 反応性グループ | Metals, Less Reactive |
| Reactivity Alerts | Highly FlammableStrong Reducing AgentKnown Catalytic Activity |
| OSHA Standards | Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-Hour Time Weighted Avg: 0.1 mg/cu m. /Rhodium (as Rh), metal fume and insoluble compounds/ |
| Reactivity Profile | RHODIUM (METAL FUME) is flammable. Acts as a reducing agent. Reacts violently with BrF5, ClF3 and OF2. Reacts with fluorine, with chlorine (when heated), hydrogen peroxide, sulfur dioxide (when heated), and nitrogen dioxide. Also incompatible with Zn. May catalyze reactions between other materials.Reactivity may be altered by the presence of insoluble rhodium compounds depending on the specific compounds and their proportions in the mixture. |
| Chemical Dangers | Reacts violently with halogens. This generates fire hazard. Rhodium is a catalytic substance and may cause reaction in contact with many organic and inorganic substances, causing fire and explosion hazard. |
| 消火 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:DO NOT USE WATER, FOAM OR CO2. Dousing metallic fires with water will generate hydrogen gas, an extremely dangerous explosion hazard, particularly if fire is in a confined environment (i.e., building, cargo hold, etc.). Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride-based extinguishers, or class D extinguishers. Confining and smothering metal fires is preferable rather than applying water. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: If impossible to extinguish, protect surroundings and allow fire to burn itself out. (ERG, 2024)In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. |
| 応急処置措置 | Fresh air, rest.Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. |
| 応急処置 | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Rhodium (metal fume and insoluble compounds, as Rh):Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)(General first aid procedures)Breathing: Respiratory supportSwallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. |
| 安全保管 | See Chemical Dangers. |
| 非火災時の漏出対応 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024) |
| 処分方法 | SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. |
| 漏出処分 | Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. |
| Isolation and Evacuation | Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 50 meters (160 feet).FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directionsalso, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024) |
| Eye Prevention | Wear safety goggles. |
| Inhalation Risk | A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed. |
| Skin Prevention | Protective gloves. |
| Exposure Prevention | PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! |
| 標的器官 | respiratory system |
| 有害作用 | Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable. |
| 暴露経路 | inhalation |
| Signs and Symptoms | Cough.Redness.Possible resp sensitization |
| Natural Pollution Sources | Belongs to the platinum group of metals. One of rarest elementsconstitutes about 1x10-7% of the crust of the earthfound in small quantities associated with all native platinum: in minerals rhodite, sperrylite and iridosmine... Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston......Obtained from South America. ...In river sands of the Urals and in North America and South America. ...With other platinum metals in copper-nickel sulfide ores of the Sudbury, Ontario, region. |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ No toxic effects of rhodium have been reported from...observations of human beings./HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Workers wearing rings coated with rhodium showed negative rhodium patch tests though all other metals of which rings were constituted gave positive results./HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Potential symptom of overexposure to metal fumes and insoluble compounds is respiratory sensitization. |
| Evidence for Carcinogenicity | A4Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Rhodium metal & insol and sol cmpd, as Rh/ |
| Antidote and Emergency Treatment | Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/ |
| 職業暴露区分（OEB） | D |
| 職業暴露限界（OEL） | TWA: 0.1 mg/m3 |
| 水環境危害等級（WGK） | 3 |
| 生命健康即時危険濃度 | 100 mg Rh/m3 |
| TSCA 収載状態 | TSCA listed |
| RTECS 番号 | VI9069000 |
| 輸送番号（UN） | UN 3089 4.1/PG 2 |
| 税関コード | 7110390000 |
| 危険文句（R） | 36/38-11-36/37/38-36-34-23 |
| 安衛法 | 57,57-2 |
| 消防法 | 危-2-M-1-II |
| 危険表示 | C,Xi,F |
| 安全措置（S） | 26-24/25-16-22-36-17-45-36/37/39 |
| 危険等級 | 4.1 |
| 包装等級 | III |
| 貯蔵分類 | 13 - Non Combustible Solids |
| 有害物質データ | 7440-16-6(Hazardous Substances Data) |
用途
解説
ロジウムは，周期表第9族に属し、白金族元素の一つ。1804年、イギリスのウォラストンは白金鉱の中から新しい金属元素を単離したが、その塩類の多くがバラ色をしていることから、ギリシア語のバラ色rodeosにちなんでロジウムと命名した。白金鉱およびイリドスミン中に含まれ、ときには金と自然合金をつくって産出する。 ニッケル、銅の電解精錬の際に得られる陽極泥や白金鉱を王水処理してほかの金属を除き、塩化ロジウムとすると、ロジウムはスルファト錯体として溶液中に抽出される。これをヘキサクロロロジウム(Ⅲ)酸アンモニウム(NH4)3［RhCl6］に変え、精製したのち、水素中で熱還元すれば海綿状のロジウムが得られる。 銀白色の軟らかい金属で延性がある。その化合物を適当な還元剤で処理して得られたものは黒色の粉末で、ロジウム黒(こく)といわれる。化学的性質は周期表直下のイリジウムに似ており、酸に対してはきわめて抵抗力が大きく、酸素に対しては比較的弱い。すなわち塊状のものはどんな酸にも溶けず、王水にも侵されない。しかし酸化力の強い熱濃硫酸や塩素酸ナトリウムを含む熱濃塩酸（封管中125～150℃）には溶ける。粉末状のものはより活性である。空気中、常温では酸化されないが、強熱するとしだいに酸化されて酸化ロジウム(Ⅲ)Rh2O3を生じ、これはさらに強熱すると分解して酸素を放出する。白金の硬化元素として使われるが、白金‐ロジウム合金は耐食性、耐熱性に優れている。そのほか各種触媒、熱電対などの用途がある。［鳥居泰男］[補完資料] | ロジウム（データノート） "周期表小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) ）
解説
Rh．原子番号45の元素．電子配置[Kr]4d85s1の周期表9族貴金属または白金族元素．原子量102.90550(2)．安定核種が質量数103の同位体のみの単核種元素．質量数89～122の放射性同位体が知られている．1804年，イギリスのW.H. Wollastonが粗白金試料中に発見，塩化物RhCl3の赤色から，ギリシア語の“バラ色”ροδον(rodon)をとって命名．宇田川榕菴は天保8年(1837年)出版の「舎密開宗」巻十五で，新金属として羅冑母(ロヂウム)と記載している．地殻中の存在度の低い白金族中でもきわめて存在度が低く ppb 以下とされる．世界の知られている埋蔵量の約90％ を南アフリカが占め，ついでロシア，カナダの順である．単体は立方最密構造の銀白色の金属．白金族精鉱から溶媒抽出法で相互分離し，(NH4)3RhCl6としてとりだし，水素還元して金属を得る．融点1966 ℃，沸点3695 ℃．密度12.41 g cm－3．第一イオン化エネルギー7.46 eV．酸化数1～4，通常3．化学的にきわめて安定で，二元化合物の数は少ないが錯体は多数存在する．酸化して600 ℃ 以上で酸素と反応してRh2O3となるが，1200 ℃ 以上で分解してRhに戻る．塩素とも300 ℃ で反応してRhⅢ Cl3となるが，318 ℃ で逆反応を起こしてRhとなる．塊は王水にも不溶．熱硫酸に可溶．自動車排気ガス浄化用3元触媒のNOx還元用成分として不可欠で，わが国の需要の80％ を占める．ついで液晶ディスプレイ用高級ガラス製造用るつぼ材のPt-Rh合金原料として10％，ほか化学工業用触媒に用いられる．2005年には，わが国は全輸入量9.5 t 中，6.5 t を南アフリカ，0.8 t をアメリカ，0.7 t をロシアから輸入した．
用途
高純度金属、白金硬化材、合金材料、電気部品材料、蒸着材。
用途
用途としては排ガス制御の触媒として重要。また、めっき(ロジウムめっき)にも使われ、 特に銀やプラチナ、ホワイトゴールドなどの銀白色の貴金属製装身具の着色、保護用に 多用される。プラチナとの合金は、るつぼや熱電対に利用される
説明
Rhodium is one of the platinum group elements, and is found at very low concentrations in the Earths crust. Rhodium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston (England) in 1804. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word rhodon, meaning rose. The plated solid is very corrosion resistant and exceptionally hard. While inert in air and acids, it can produce a violent reaction to chlorine, bromine pentafluoride, bromine trifluoride, and fluorine monoxide.
天然物の起源
Rhodium is rare, but not as rare as ruthenium. It makes up only 1 part in 20 million of theelements found in the Earth’s crust. Even so, it is considered the 79th most abundant elementand is found mixed with platinum ore, and to a lesser extent, it is found with copper andnickel ores. It is found in Siberia, South Africa, and Ontario, Canada.Rhodium is recovered from platinum and other ores by refining and purification processesthat start by dissolving the other platinum group metals and related impurities with strongacids that do not affect the rhodium itself. Any remaining platinum group elements areremoved by oxidation and bathing the mixture in chlorine and ammonia.Rhodium is usually produced as a powder and can be formed by either casting or powdermetallurgy.
来歴
Wollaston discovered rhodium in 1803-4 in crude platinum ore he presumably obtained from South America. Rhodium occurs native with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide ores of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring here is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium in 1999 was only about 9000 kg. The metal is silvery white and at red heat slowly changes in air to the sesquioxide. At higher temperatures it converts back to the element. Rhodium has a higher melting point and lower density than platinum. Its major use is as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Such alloys are used for furnace windings, thermocouple elements, bushings for glass fiber production, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles. It is useful as an electrical contact material as it has a low electrical resistance, a low and stable contact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Plated rhodium, produced by electroplating or evaporation, is exceptionally hard and is used for optical instruments. It has a high reflectance and is hard and durable. Rhodium is also used for jewelry, for decoration, and as a catalyst. Fifty-two and isomers are now known. Rhodium metal (powder) costs about $180/g (99.9%).isotopes
使用
Rhodium is a transition metal catalyst used in a multitude of inorganic synthesis.
一般的な説明
This product has been enhanced for energy efficiency.
使用用途
ロジウムは、装飾品の着色や強化のため、メッキとして使用されています。また、硬度や耐食性の高さ・電気抵抗の低さから、コンピューターのにも利用されています。その他にもロジウムは、反射鏡や熱電対、干渉フィルタ、ガラス繊維製造用ノズルなど、さまざまな分野で幅広く使用可能です。 ロジウムは、自動車の排気ガス中に含まれる有害物質である窒素酸化物を窒素に変える働きがあることから、自動車排気ガスの有害性を弱めるための三元触媒 (英: three-way catalyst) としても使われています。また、オキソアルコールやを生産する反応過程でも、ロジウムを触媒として用いることが可能です。
製法・合成法
調製方法
Pure rhodium is prepared by the reduction of its ammonium salt (dichloropentaaminorhodium).