硫酸鉛(II)

Metals -> Lead Compounds, Inorganic

Carcinogens

6.2 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

6.2 g/cu cm

6.2 @25 °C

White, heavy crystal powder

White monoclinic or rhombic crystals

In water, 0.0404 g/100 mL at 25 °C; slightly soluble in alkaline solutions.

Soluble in about 2225 parts water; more soluble in nitric acid; soluble in sodium hydroxide, ammonium acetate or tartrate solution; soluble in concentrated hydriodic acid; insoluble in alcohol.

In water, 32 mg/L at 15 °C

2138 °F (USCG, 1999)

1170 °C

1087 °C

Lead sulfate appears as a white crystalline solid. Insoluble in water and sinks in water. Contact may irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. May be mildly toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. Used to make other chemicals. Use: in lithography, battery acid solution treated fabrics, used in varnishes.

Dry Powder; Wet Solid; Other Solid; Wet Solid; Liquid; Other Solid

Wet Solid; Dry Powder

Wet Solid

White powder that is insoluble in water; [CAMEO]

Lead is derived from the decay of radon. /Inorganic lead/

Natural lead is a mixture of four stable isotopes: Pb-204 (1.4%), Pb-206 (25.2%), Pb-207 (21.7%) and Pb-208 (51.7%). Lead isotopes are the end-products of each of the three series of naturally occurring radioactive elements: Pb-206 for the uranium series, Pb-207 for the actinium series and Pb-208 for the thorium series. Forty-three other isotopes of lead, all of which are radioactive, are recognized.

Divalent lead has a strong affinity for inorganic ions containing oxygen (eg, carbonate) or sulfur (sulfide). Lead can also complex with electron rich ligands in many organic cmpd such as amino acids, proteins, and humic acid.

Danger

H302+H332 (59.1%): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P330, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 215 reports by companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

Chemical: Sulfuric acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1)

Chemical: Sulfuric acid, lead salt

Chemical: Sulfuric acid, lead salt, tetrabasic

Sulfuric acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Sulfuric acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Sulfuric acid, lead salt, tetrabasic is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Sulfuric acid, lead salt, tetrabasic are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Sulfuric acid, lead salt (1:?) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Sulfuric acid, lead salt (1:?) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

IMAP assessments - Selected lead-based pigments: Human health tier II assessment

IMAP assessments - Selected lead-based pigments: Human health tier II assessment

IMAP assessments - Selected lead-based pigments: Human health tier II assessment

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic metal fumes (USCG, 1999)

· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.

INHALATION: Joint and muscle pains, headache, dizziness and insomnia. Weakness, frequently of extensor muscles of hand and wrist (unilateral or bilateral). Heavy contamination. Brain damage. Stupor progressing to coma - with or without convulsion, often death. Excitation, confusion, and mania less common. Cerebrospinal pressure may be increased. EYES: Caused a moderat purulent reaction and general inflammation of the rabbit eye. INGESTION: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, loss of appetite, muscular weakness, headache, blue line on gums, metallic taste, nausea and vomiting. (USCG, 1999)

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.

National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Lead and Lead Compounds are listed as reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens. /Lead and Lead Compounds/[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s101lead.pdf]

WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 85: Lead - Environmental Aspects (1989). EHC are designed for scientists and administrators responsible for the establishment of safety standards and regulations and provide basic scientific risk evaluations of a wide range of chemicals and groups of chemicals.

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/

The Environmental Protection Agency is ... /promulgated/ regulations concerning ground-water monitoring with regard to screening suspected contamination at land based hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. ... /There are/ new requirements to analyze for a specified core list of chemicals plus those chemicals specified by the Regional Administrator on a site-specific basis. ... /Total lead (all species) is included on this list./ /Total lead (all species)/

Permissible Exposure Limit: The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than 50 ug/cu m of air averaged over an 8-hr period. If an employee is exposed to lead for more than 8 hr in any work day, the permissible exposure limit, as a TWA for that day, shall be reduced according to the following formula: Maximum permissible limit (in ug/cu m)=400 divided by the number of hours worked in the day. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb/

The employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that a periodic and a follow-up blood sampling test conducted pursuant to this section indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 60 ug/100 g of whole blood; and, the employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that the average of the last three blood sampling tests conducted pursuant to this section (or the average of all blood sampling tests conducted over the previous six (6) months, whichever is longer) indicates that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 50 ug/100 g of whole blood; provided, however, that an employee need not be removed if the last blood sampling test indicates a blood lead level at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall return an employee to his or her former job status: ... when two consecutive blood sampling tests indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall provide to an employee up to eighteen (18) months of medical removal protection benefits on each occasion that an employee is removed from exposure to lead or otherwise limited pursuant to this section. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb/

Permissible Exposure Limit: The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than 50 ug/cu m of air averaged over an 8-hr period. If an employee is exposed to lead for more than 8 hr in any work day, the permissible exposure limit, as a TWA for that day, shall be reduced according to the following formula: Maximum permissible limit (in ug/cu m)=400 divided by the number of hours worked in the day. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb; Shipyard Employment/

The employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that a periodic and a follow-up blood sampling test conducted pursuant to this section indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 60 ug/100 g of whole blood; and, the employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that the average of the last three blood sampling tests conducted pursuant to this section (or the average of all blood sampling tests conducted over the previous six (6) months, whichever is longer) indicates that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 50 ug/100 g of whole blood; provided, however, that an employee need not be removed if the last blood sampling test indicates a blood lead level at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall return an employee to his or her former job status: ... when two consecutive blood sampling tests indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall provide to an employee up to eighteen (18) months of medical removal protection benefits on each occasion that an employee is removed from exposure to lead or otherwise limited pursuant to this section. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb; Shipyard Empolyment/

For more OSHA Standards (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Get medical aid.

General First Aid:

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Lead in blood = 200 ug/L (20 ug/100 ml); sampling time not critical; [ACGIH]

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Lead sulfate (containing more than 3% free acid)/

Lead sulfate is not combustible. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam extinguishers ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

Lead sulfate must be stored to avoid contact with oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates) and chemically active metals (such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, and zinc) since violent reactions occur ... A regulated, marked area should be established with this chemical is handled, used, or stored ...

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations - land spill: Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Lead sulfate (containing more that 3% free acid)/

Environmental considerations - water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Environmental considerations - air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Lead sulfate (containing more than 3% free acid./

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.

Personnel protection: Keep upwind ... Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner so that results in no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose of, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance procedures to confirm the efficacy of the cleaning procedures should be implemented prior to the decontaminated protective clothing being returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing (including shoes/socks) should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Immediate precautionary measure

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. (L21)

LC50; Species: Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Green algae, strain No. 366); Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 6.5; Concentration: 25 ug/L for 14 days /100% purity/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, pH 7.5-9.1; Concentration: 392 ug/L for 48 hr /100% purity finely ground dust/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, pH 7.5-9.1; Concentration: 3166000 ug/L for 48 hr /as total lead ion/

LC50; Species: Cynoglossus joyneri (Red Tongue Sole, larvae); Conditions: saltwater, static; Concentration: 1000 ug/L for 72 hr /total lead ion/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: It was reported that after adding 3,000-4,000 mg/kg of lead in the form of PbSO4 to soil, subsequent extractions revealed that the lead sulfate was rapidly transformed to other lead compounds in the soil(1).

AQUATIC FATE: If released into water, lead sulfate will mostly precipitate out due to its low solubility. (SRC)

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: In the atmosphere, lead most likely exists primarily as PbSO4 and PbCO3 and is deposited onto soil as lead sulfates and lead carbonates(1). Lead sulfate is a major species of lead in the atmosphere, either being emitted in that form or possibly being formed from the sulfide or other lead species with atmospheric SO2 and oxygen. Lead sulfate is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere, and will be subject to washout and gravitational settling. Transformations in the atmosphere to the carbonate and oxide may be expected(2).

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. (T4, A20, A22, L136)

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... Female mallards /were dosed/ with 100 mg lead/kg diet. This was added as a mixture of 43 mg/kg lead carbonate, 37 mg/kg lead oxide, and 49 mg/kg lead sulfate, each salt contributing one-third of the total lead. No significant effect on eggshell thickness was found when it was measured on days 76 and 85 of treatment. When lead was added to the diet along with DDE at 40 mg/kg, lead did not increase the effect of the organochlorine on shell thickness.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Nymphs of stonefly (Acroneuria lycorias), mayfly (Ephemerella subvaria), and caddisfly (Hydropsyche betteni) /were exposed/ to lead sulfate in static bioassays ... 50% survival times /were reported/ of > 14 days at 64 mg/L, 7 days at 16 mg/L, and 7 days at 32 mg/L. There was a considerable decrease in the metal concn in solution over the 2 wk experimental period ...; nominal concentrations were /considered/ unreliable after 96 hr.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ In a series of experiments, the toxicity of lead to worms in soil was determined following the draft OECD earthworm reproduction toxicity protocol except that lead was added as solid lead nitrate, carbonate and sulfide ... The compounds were added to the test soil to give lead concn of 625-12 500 ug Pb/g of soil. Calculated toxicities of the lead decreased in the order nitrate > carbonate > sulfide, the same order as the decrease in the solubility of the metal compounds used. The 7-day LC50 ... for the nitrate was 5,321 +/- 275 ug Pb/g of soil, and this did not change with time. The LC50 values for carbonate and sulfide could not be determined at the concn ranges used. The only parameter sensitive enough to distinguish the toxicities of the three compounds was cocoon (egg) production. The EC50s for cocoon production (the concn to produce a 50% reduction in cocoon production) were 993, 8,604, and 10,246 pg Pb/g of soil for lead nitrate, carbonate, and sulfide, respectively ...

/PLANTS/ ... Maize (Zea mays), sugarbeet, bean, and wheat /were sown/ in soil dosed with lead nitrate or sulfate (0 to 5,000 mg lead/kg). Lead uptake into shoots and roots (on a dry wt basis) was measured 30 days after emergence. It was found that more lead was taken up into the roots than into the shoots ...

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Symptions of chronic lead poisoning include reduced cognitive abilities, nausea, abdominal pain, irritability, insomnia, metal taste in the mouth, excess lethargy or hyperactivity, chest pain, headache and, in extreme cases, seizures, comas, and death. There are also associated gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, which are common in acute poisoning. (A2, L21)

The chemical composition of baghouse effluent from smelting and refining operations has been examined in one study which found that elemental lead composed 15-20% of the emissions in some cases; with PbS, PbSO4, and PbO.PbSO4 also being present(1). The form of lead in emissions from a lead smelter contained 41.2% of the lead as PbSO4, 48.8% as PbS and 10.1% as PbO(2). Bulk dust samples collected from different areas of a primary lead smelter contained lead in the ore storage area, sinter area, and the blast and dross furnace; lead particles emitted from the smelter would primarily be in the form of lead sulfur compounds, PbSO4, PbO.PbSO4, and PbS(3).

Extent of occurrence of /lead/ in earth's crust is about 15 g/ton, also expressed as 0.002% (depth of crust: 16 km). Occurs chiefly as sulfide in galena, other minerals include anglesite (PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3), mimetite (PbCl2.3Pb3-(AsO4)2) and pyromorphite [PbCl2.3Pb3(PO4)2)].

Lead sulfate occurs naturally in anglesite, one of three lead ores found in sufficient abundance to form mineable deposits(1). It also occurs in the mineral lanarkite, in which it is combined with PbO(2). Lead sulfate is a major component of more than 200 identified minerals(1).

The percent composition of airborne lead particles at a site near a road, 400 yds from a road, and at a rural site were, respectively: 2.2, 6.0 and 3.2 for PbSO4; and 1.0, 4.6 and 5.0 for PbO.PbSO4(1). An air filter containing particles with 2.3% lead, collected near a lead smelter, was rinsed so as to separate the Pb particles by density; the heavy and light fractions contained 61.5% and 7.8% of the original Pb, respectively, with 37% and 84% of these fractions being PbSO4(2).

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/

The Environmental Protection Agency is ... /promulgated/ regulations concerning ground-water monitoring with regard to screening suspected contamination at land based hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. ... /There are/ new requirements to analyze for a specified core list of chemicals plus those chemicals specified by the Regional Administrator on a site-specific basis. ... /Total lead (all species) is included on this list./ /Total lead (all species)/

National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds, measured as elemental lead by a reference method based on appendix G to this part, or by an equivalent method, are: 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter, maximum arithmetic mean averaged over a calendar quarter. /Lead and its compounds, as Pb/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Lead compounds are included on this list. /Lead compounds/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Lead sulfate is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Lead and compounds/

(AZ) ARIZONA 20 ug/L /Lead/

(ME) MAINE 10 ug/L /Lead/

Lead is absorbed following inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure. It is then distributed mainly to the bones and red blood cells. In the blood lead may be found bound to serum albumin or the metal-binding protein metallothionein. Organic lead is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 enzymes, whereas inorganic lead forms complexes with delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Lead is excreted mainly in the urine and faeces. (L136)

... The lead content on the skin surface of 10 lead-battery workers was measured by the method of skin stripping, and urinary lead content of rats was measured with epicutaneous application of four lead compounds: lead sulfate, lead oxide, lead powder, and lead stearate. There were significant amounts of lead on the 9th and 10th skin strippings of the dorsal hand and the back of lead workers. The amount of lead on the dorsal hand was significantly correlated with the amount in the blood (n = 10, r 2 = 0.66, p < 0.05, linear regression). In rats, after lead compounds were applied for 12 days, total lead amount in urine significantly increased to 146.0 +/- 6.4 ng (SD) for lead stearate, 123.1 +/- 7.2 ng for lead sulfate, 115.9 +/- 5.3 ng for lead oxide, 47.8 +/- 6.9 ng for lead powder, and 10.3 ng for the control, which indicated significant skin absorption. It was concluded that significant amounts of inorganic lead compounds can be absorbed through the skin, and skin protection in lead-working or any contaminated environment should be carefully considered.

Used to stabilize clay soils, and to weight fabrics; Also used in galvanic batteries and rapidly drying varnishes; Has been used in lithography and with silver bromide in photography; [HSDB] Used in storage batteries and paint (pigment); [Hawley] Workers are exposed in mines and smelters and during production of lead storage batteries; [HSDB]

Battery Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Has been used in photography in combination with silver bromide and is used in the stabilization of clay soil for adobe structures, in earth-fill dams, and roads.

Instead of white lead as pigment; with zinc in galvanic batteries; manuf minium, in lithography; preparing rapidly drying oil varnishes; weighting fabrics.[The Merck Index, Fourteenth Edition (2006)

Storage batteries, paints, ceramics, pigments, electrical and other vinyl compounds requiring high heat stability.

Lead sulphate is found in lead-acid batteries. (L416)

2023: 100,000,000 - <500,000,000 lb

2023: 10,953,825 lb

2023: 178,623,686 lb

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Sulfuric acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1). Aggreated National Production Volume: 500 million to <1 billion pounds.

Chemical reaction regulator

Intermediate

Intermediate

Intermediate

Other

Intermediate

Treating lead oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with warm sulfuric acid, or by treating a soluble lead salt with sulfuric acid.

Interaction of solutions of lead nitrate and sodium sulfate.

Other (requires additional information)

Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing

Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing

Sulfuric acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1): ACTIVE

Sulfuric acid, lead salt (1:?): ACTIVE

Sulfuric acid, lead salt, tetrabasic: ACTIVE