基本情報
- 標準SMILES
[O-][Cl+3]([O-])([O-])O- InChIKey
VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N- 分子式
- ClHO4
- 平均分子量
- 100.46 g/mol
- 単同位体質量
- 99.95633619
概要
Perchloric acid, with more than 50% but not more than 72% acid appears as a clear colorless odorless aqueous solution. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Closed containers may rupture violently under prolonged exposure to heat.
名称と識別子
- 優先名称
- Perchloric Acid
- IUPAC
- perchloric acid
- 現地名
- 過塩素酸塩
- 英語名
- PERCHLORIC ACID
- 分子式
- ClHO4
- 分子量
- 100.46
名称と別名
PERCHLORIC ACID7601-90-3V561V90BG2CHEBI:29221DTXSID8047004RefChem:6111Dioxonium perchlorate solutionDTXCID6027004231-512-4HSDB 1140EINECS 231-512-4UN1802
名称をさらに表示
過塩素酸過塩素酸塩過塩素酸(60%)過塩素酸(70%)過塩素酸 (濃度が50質量%を超え72質量%以下のもの)0.1MOL/L(N/10) 過塩素酸水溶液0.5MOL/L(N/2) 過塩素酸水溶液10% 過塩素酸過塩素酸 67-72%,TRACESELECT ULTRA,FOR ULTRATRACE ANALYSIS過塩素酸 67-72%,TRACESELECT,FOR TRACE ANALYSIS過塩素酸 ACS REAGENT,60%過塩素酸 PURISS. P.A.,ACS REAGENT,PACKED IN COATED,SHOCK- AND LEAK-PROTECTED GLASS BOTTLE,≥60% (T)過塩素酸 PURISS. P.A.,ACS REAGENT,REAG. ISO,REAG. PH. EUR.,70.0-72.0%過塩素酸 SOLUTION VOLUMETRIC,0.01 M HCLO4 IN 酢酸 (0.01N),FOR TITRATION IN NON-AQUEOUS LIQUIDS過塩素酸 SOLUTION VOLUMETRIC,0.1 M HCLO4 IN GLACIAL 酢酸 (0.1N),FOR TITRATION IN NON-AQUEOUS MEDIUM過塩素酸 SOLUTION VOLUMETRIC,1.0 M HCLO4 (1.0N)過塩素酸濃縮溶液 FOR 1L STANDARD SOLUTION,0.1 M HCLO4 (0.1N),FOR TITRATION IN NON-AQUEOUS MEDIUM過塩素酸60%過塩素酸70%0.1MOL/L 過塩素酸?酢酸溶液(N/10)HCLO4PERCHLORIC ACID 70%Perchloric acid, ca. 70% Solution in WaterPerchloric acid, Puriss. p.a., ACS Reagent, 70% (Hg ?0.0000005%), packed in coated, shock- and leak-protected glass bottle70-72%GR，70-72%PerchlorsureFraude's reagentacideperchlorique
UNII-V561V90BG2MFCD00011325Perchloric Acid (60%)Perchloric Acid (70%)EC 231-512-4Perchloric acid, >72% acid by mass [Forbidden]Perchloric acid, >72% acid by mass0.5N Perchloric Acid
データベース識別子
- CAS
7601-90-3- PubChem CID
- 24247
- DTXSID
DTXSID8047004- ChEBI
CHEBI:29221- UNII
- V561V90BG2
- EC Number
- 231-512-4
- Nikkaji
- J43.590B
物性
構造計算による物性
- XLogP
- 2.3
- 極性表面積
- 71.4 Ų
- 水素結合供与体数
- 1
- 水素結合受容体数
- 4
- 回転可能結合数
- 0
- 重原子数
- 5
- 形式電荷
- 0
- 複雑度
- 114
実験および物理化学的性質
Chemical Classes
Toxic Gases & Vapors -> Oxidizers
Reactive agents - 3rd degree
Odorodorless
Density
1.6 to 1.7 at 77 °F (USCG, 1999)
1.768 @ 22 °C
VERY HYGROSCOPIC; COMBINES VIGOROUSLY WITH WATER WITH EVOLUTION OF HEAT; AQ ACID IS VERY CAUSTIC; DECOMP WHEN DISTILLED @ ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; DENSITY OF AQ SOLN @ 25 °C: 65.0%= 1.597; 70.0%= 1.664; 75.0%= 1.731; DENSITY OF AQ SOLN @ 15 °C: 1%= 1.0050; 10%= 1.0597; 20%= 1.1279; 30%= 1.2067; 40%= 1.2991; 50%= 1.4103; 60%= 1.5389; 70%= 1.6736
Relative density (water = 1): 1.76 (22 °C)
1.77 @25 °C
Color/FormCOLORLESS, OILY LIQUID
Solubility
MISCIBLE IN COLD WATER
Solubility in water: miscible
Boiling Point19 °C @ 11 MM HG
Decomposition19 °C
Melting Point
-170 °F (USCG, 1999)
-112 °C
-112 °C
-112 °C
Vapor DensityRelative vapor density (air = 1): 3.5
Vapor Pressure6.8 [mmHg]
Physical Description
Perchloric acid, with more than 50% but not more than 72% acid appears as a clear colorless odorless aqueous solution. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Closed containers may rupture violently under prolonged exposure to heat.
Perchloric acid, with not more than 50% acid appears as a clear colorless odorless aqueous solution. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Closed containers may rupture violently under prolonged exposure to heat.
Colorless, odorless oily liquid; [HSDB] Highly hygroscopic; [Merck Index]
COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.
Stability/Shelf Life
VOLATILE
ON STORAGE EVEN IN DARK, ANHYDROUS ACID BECOMES DISCOLORED OWING TO DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS & MAY EXPLODE SPONTANEOUSLY
UNSTABLE IN CONCENTRATED FORM
fuming
物理化学的性質
- 融点
- -18 °C · -18 °C
- 沸点
- 203 °C · 203 °C
- 比重(密度)
- 1.664 g/mL · 1.664 g/mL at 25 °C
- 蒸気密度
- 2.1 · ~2.1 (vs air)
- 蒸気圧
- 6.8 mm · 6.8 mm Hg ( 25 °C)
- 屈折率
- 1.419 · 1.419
- 闪点
- 104 °F · 104 °F
- 貯蔵温度
- Flammables area
- 溶解性
- Water (Sparingly)
- 酸解離定数(Pka)
- -7 · -7[at 20 ℃]
- 外見
- 解決
- 色
- 10 · APHA: ≤10
- 比重
- 1.54 · approximate 1.54
- 臭い (Odor)
- 無臭
- PH
- 0.1 · 0.1 (H2O, 20°C)
- 水溶解度
- 水と混和します。
- Merck
- 14 · 14,7153
- Henry's Law Constant
- 9.9 · 9.9×103 mol/(m3Pa) at 25℃, Jaeglé et al. (1996)
- 安定性
- 安定。高温を避けてください。爆発性過酸化物を形成する可能性があります。有機物質、アルコール、アミン、強酸、強塩基、酸無水物、微粉金属、強力な還元剤など、多くの物質と相溶性がありません。
- InChI
- 1S/ClHO4/c2-1(3,4)5/h(H,2,3,4,5)
- InChIKey
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- SMILES
- OCl(=O)(=O)=O
- LogP
- -4.62 · -4.62
- CAS データベース
- 7601 · 7601-90-3(CAS DataBase Reference)
- NISTの化学物質情報
- Perchloric acid(7601-90-3)
- EPAの化学物質情報
- Perchloric acid (7601-90-3)
化学的性質
化学的特性過塩素酸Perchlorateは化学式でClO4−と表される無機化合物ですこの化合物は主に工業や軍事そして航空宇宙産業で利用される強力な酸化剤として知られています過塩素酸塩は自然界にも存在し多くの環境中で検出されていますが人間の健康に及ぼす潜在的な影響が懸念されています
化学的特性Perchloric acid, HCIO4, also known as Fraude's reagent,is a colorless, fuming,hygroscopic liquid that boils at 16°C(61OF). It is a strong oxidizer and is soluble in water. Cold dilute perchloric acid reacts with metals such as zinc and iron to yield hydrogen gas and the metallic perchlorate. Perchloric acid is used in electrolytic baths, electropolishing, explosives, analytical chemistry, and medicine.
安全と法規制
GHS分類
GHS Classification
Danger
H271: May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]
P210, P220, P260, P264, P280, P283, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P306+P360, P316, P321, P363, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P405, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)
Danger
H271 (100%): May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]
P210, P220, P234, P260, P264, P270, P280, P283, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P306+P360, P316, P321, P330, P363, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P390, P405, P406, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)
危険有害性情報
Regulatory Information
Chemical: Perchloric acid
Status: Active Update: 30-05-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/8872
Perchloric acid: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard
The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)
Other Safety InformationIMAP assessments - Perchloric acid: Human health tier II assessment
DOT Label
Oxidizer Corrosive
Corrosive Oxidizer
Fire Hazards
Behavior in Fire: Above 160 °C (320 °F) will react with combustible material and increase intensity of fire. Containers may explode. (USCG, 1999)
Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:
· May explode from friction, heat or contamination.
· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
Not combustible but enhances combustion of other substances. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with metals, reducing agents or organic materials.
Fire Potential
AQ ACID...MAY DEFLAGRATE IN CONTACT WITH OXIDIZABLE SUBSTANCES. /AQUEOUS SOLN/
WILL INCREASE THE INTENSITY OF A FIRE. MAY CAUSE FIRE ON CONTACT WITH COMBUSTIBLES. /AQUEOUS SOLN/
ANHYDROUS ACID IGNITES IN CONTACT WITH SODIUM IODIDE OR HYDRIODIC ACID. ...MIXTURES OF 2-METHYLPROPENE & PERCHLORIC ACID VAPOR (5:1 MOLAR) IN NITROGEN IGNITE SPONTANEOUSLY @ 250 °C.
ANHYDROUS ACID IGNITES SULFINYL CHLORIDE.
...will ignite...by shock or heat.
Health Hazards
Inhalation of vapors or mist causes burning sensation of nose and throat, and lung irritation with coughing; prolonged or excessive exposure could cause vomiting and severe coughing. Ingestion causes blistering and burns of mouth and stomach. Contact with eyes or skin causes blistering and burns. (USCG, 1999)
Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:
· TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.
· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.
Hazards Summary
Highly corrosive to skin; [Quick CPC] High inhalation exposure can cause pneumonitis and pulmonary edema; Causes liver injury in high-dose animal studies; [HSDB] Evolves heat when mixed with water--may explode; [Merck Index] A strong oxidant--a fire and explosion hazard; Corrosive to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract; Inhalation may cause pulmonary edema; [ICSC]
DOT ID and Guide
1873 143
1802 157
Reactive Group
Acids, Strong Oxidizing
Acids, Strong Oxidizing
EC ClassificationSymbol: O, C; R: 5-8-35; S: (1/2)-23-26-36-45
UN ClassificationUN Hazard Class: 5.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 8; UN Pack Group: I
Special Reports
A REVIEW OF THE TOXICITY & HEALTH HAZARD OF PERCHLORIC ACID (17 REFERENCES).[MOREL C ET AL; TOXICOLOGICAL PAPER, NO 141: PERCHLORIC ACID (HCLO4); CAH NOTES DOC 94: 173-6 (1979)]
This data sheet describes the hazards of perchloric acid and the procedures necessary to avoid physical harm. Contents: Properties; uses; containers; shipping regulations; storage; personal hazards; handling; personal protective equipment; ventilation; fire and explosion hazards; symptoms of poisoning; first aid; toxicity; medical examinations; waste disposal.[Perchloric acid; National Safety Council, 444 North Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA, 4 pages (1982)]
安全と保護具
Fire Fighting
Excerpt from ERG Guide 143 [Oxidizers (Unstable)]:
Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:
In case of fire in the surroundings: water in large amounts, water spray. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.
First Aid Measures
Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.
Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .
Accidental Release Measures
· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.
· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.
· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
First Aid
Get medical attention following all exposures to this compound.
Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:
General First Aid:
General First Aid:
Safe StorageFireproof. See Chemical Dangers. Well closed.
Firefighting HazardsASSUME THAT ORGANIC MATERIALS ARE INVOLVED & THAT AN EXPLOSION MAY OCCUR. USE CAUTION IN APPROACHING THE FIRE.
Exposure Control and Personal Protection
· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Fire Fighting Procedures
COMBAT FIRES FROM SAFE DISTANCE OR PROTECTED LOCATION. FLOOD DISCHARGE AREA WITH WATER. COOL EXPOSED CONTAINERS WITH WATER. /AQUEOUS SOLN/
USE WATER SPRAY.
Storage Conditions
REAGENT BOTTLE--MAX 1-LB, GLASS-STOPPERED, GLASS BOTTLE; KEPT IN A HEAVY GLASS TRAY WITH LARGER CAPACITY. ADDN LAB STORAGE SHOULD BE IN ORIGINAL BOTTLES INSIDE A GLASS CONTAINER PADDED WITH GLASS WOOL & HAVING GREATER CAPACITY THAN THE CONTAINER. CARBOYS & LARGE BOTTLES SHOULD BE STORED ON ACID-RESISTING NONCOMBUSTIBLE SHELVES, IN A NONCOMBUSTIBLE STRUCTURE. ALL STORAGE MUST BE SEPARATED FROM COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS, ORG MATERIALS, STRONG DEHYDRATING AGENTS, OXIDIZING & REDUCING AGENTS. ...MUST BE STORED WHERE IT WILL NOT FREEZE... PROTECT AGAINST PHYSICAL DAMAGE. ELECTRICAL WIRING...IN STORAGE AREAS MUST BE OF WATERTIGHT TYPE TO PROTECT AGAINST CORROSIVE ACTION OF VAPORS.
...SHOULD BE STORED & USED IN GLASS OR OTHER INERT CONTAINERS (PREFERABLY UNBREAKABLE), & CORKS & RUBBER STOPPERS SHOULD NOT BE USED.
Cleanup Methods
NEUTRALIZING AGENTS FOR ACIDS & CAUSTICS: FLUSH WITH WATER & RINSE WITH DILUTE SODIUM BICARBONATE OR SODA ASH SOLUTION.
REMOVE SPILLED PERCHLORIC ACID BY IMMEDIATE & THOROUGH WASHING WITH LARGE AMT OF WATER.
RADIOACTIVE WASTEWATER CONTAINING PERCHLORIC ACID IS TREATED BY SN, TI3+ OR MOO3, & AQ HCL. AFTER 2 HR 92.3% OF PERCHLORIC ACID WAS REDUCED.
Nonfire Spill Response
Excerpt from ERG Guide 143 [Oxidizers (Unstable)]:
Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:
Disposal Methods
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
Neutralization, landfill, & discharge to sewer: Reduce perchloric acid with weak reducing agent (hypobisulfite or ferrous salt, plus sulfuric acid as accelerator have been recommended), neutralize with sodium carbonate or calcium oxide. The reduced neutralized slurry may be flushed to the drain with high dilution; otherwise deposit in an approved landfill.
毒性情報
Ecotoxicity ValuesLC100 CYPRINUS CARPIO 180 PPM/24 HR @ 25 °C
Adverse EffectsOccupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.
Exposure RoutesThe substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.
Signs and Symptoms
Sore throat. Burning sensation. Cough. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.
Redness. Pain. Serious skin burns.
Redness. Pain. Loss of vision. Severe deep burns.
Sore throat. Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Diarrhoea. Shock or collapse. Vomiting.
ICSC Environmental DataThe substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.
Human Toxicity Excerpts
SYMPTOMATOLOGY (...INGESTION OR SKIN CONTACT): 1. CORROSION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF MOUTH, THROAT AND ESOPHAGUS, WITH IMMEDIATE PAIN AND DYSPHAGIA. NECROTIC AREAS...GRAYISH WHITE BUT SOON ACQUIRE A BLACKISH DISCOLORATION (YELLOW IN CASE OF NITRIC ACID) & SOMETIMES SHRUNKEN OR WRINKLED TEXTURE... 2. EPIGASTRIC PAIN...MAY BE ASSOC WITH NAUSEA & VOMITING... AT TIMES, GASTRIC HEMORRHAGE MAY BE INTENSE, AND VOMITUS THEN CONTAINS FRESH BLOOD. PROFOUND THIRST. 3. ULCERATION OF ALL MEMBRANES AND TISSUES WITH WHICH THE ACID COMES IN CONTACT. AFTER THE INGESTION OF CONCN MINERAL ACID, THIS CORROSION MAY LEAD WITHIN A FEW HR OR A FEW DAYS TO GASTRIC PERFORATION AND PERITONITIS. 4. CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE WITH CLAMMY SKIN, WEAK & RAPID PULSE, SHALLOW RESP, AND SCANTY URINE. CIRCULATORY SHOCK IS OFTEN IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF DEATH. /ACIDS/
Non-Human Toxicity ExcerptsPERCHLORIC ACID, GIVEN ORALLY OR SC TO RATS & MICE, SHOWED IN ADDITION TO ITS IRRITATING EFFECT A SPECIFIC ANTITHYROID ACTION, & ALSO INDUCED ABNORMALITIES IN HEPATIC, RENAL, CARDIOVASCULAR, & HEMOPOIETIC FUNCTIONS.
法規制情報
State Drinking Water Standards
(CA) CALIFORNIA 6 ug/L /Perchlorate ion/
(MA) MASSACHUSETTS 2 ug/L /Perchlorate ion/
State Drinking Water Guidelines
(CA) CALIFORNIA 6 ug/L /Perchlorate ion/
(ME) MAINE 1 ug/L /Perchlorate ion/
安全データ
- F
- 3
- wgk
- 1
- tsca
- TSCA listed
- rtecs
- SC7500000
- ridadr
- UN 1873 5.1/PG I (PERCHLORIC ACID with more than 50 % but not more than 72 % acid, by mass)
- 毒性
- LD50 oral (rat) 1100 mg/kg LD50 oral (dog) 400 mg/kg
- hs_code
- 3822 00 00
- risk_code
- 5-8-35-10-34-36/38
- 消防法
- 危険物第6類
- hazard_code
- C,O,Xi
- safety_code
- 23-26-36-45-36/37/39
- hazard_class
- 8
- packing_group
- II
- 自然発火温度
- 485 °C
- 環境リスク評価
- 過塩素酸(7601-90-3)
- Hazard Classifications
- Acute Tox. 4 OralEye Dam. 1Met. Corr. 1Ox. Liq. 1Skin Corr. 1ASTOT RE 2
- ストレージクラス
- 5.1A - Strongly oxidizing hazardous materials
- 有毒物質データの
- 7601-90-3(Hazardous Substances Data)
毒性と防護
毒性過塩素酸は高濃度では酸化力が非常に高く、有機物を腐食します。皮膚なども腐食するため、使用の際には保護手袋や保護メガネなど、保護具の着用が必須です。 また、呼吸器への刺激性があるため、局所排気装置下など換気の良い場所で使用する必要があります。
化学と産業
用途と製造
Uses
Used as an oxidizer in analytical chemistry; its salts are used in explosives and electroplating baths; [Merck Index] Used as a catalyst, to make various esters, and in electrolytic bathes for lead deposition; [HSDB]
Electroplating [Category: Plate]
IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AS AN OXIDIZER & FOR SEPARATION OF POTASSIUM FROM SODIUM
EXPLOSIVES & FOR PLATING OF METALS /PERCHLORATE SALTS/
TITRATION REAGENT IN DETERMINATION OF 1H-BENZOTRIAZOLE IN AIR
CATALYST; MFR OF VARIOUS ESTERS; INGREDIENT OF ELECTROLYTIC BATH IN DEPOSITION OF LEAD
U.S. Exports(1986) No Data
U.S. Imports(1986) No Data
U.S. Production(1986) No Data
Methods of Manufacturing
...FROM POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE & SULFURIC ACID: HANDBOOK OF PREPARATIVE INORGANIC CHEMISTRY VOL 1, G BRAUER, ED (ACADEMIC PRESS, NEW YORK, 2ND ED, 1963) PAGES 318-320. COMPREHENSIVE MONOGRAPH: JC SCHUMACHER, PERCHLORATES (REINHOLD, NEW YORK, 1960).
Chemical reaction of sodium perchlorate and hydrochloric acid; direct electrolytic oxidation of cold (18 °C), very dilute (0.5N) hydrochloric acid; irradiating aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide; passing ozonized air through a solution of hydrochloric acid or sodium hypochloride; electrodialysis of perchlorate salts using ion-selective membranes
Formulations/Preparations
GRADES: TECHNICAL; CP
...MARKETED ONLY IN MIXTURE WITH WATER CONTAINING 60-70% PERCHLORIC ACID, DENSITY 1.5 & 1.6, RESPECTIVELY.
DIOXONIUM PERCHLORATE SOLUTION; PERCHLORIC ACID SOLUTION
Technical grade, CP; commercial aqueous solutions contain 65-70% HClO4
General Manufacturing Information
Perchloric acid: ACTIVE
METHOD OF PURIFICATION: RECTIFICATION
応用分野
解説過塩素酸，過塩素酸カリウムに濃硫酸を加えて真空蒸留すると得られる．無水状態で単離できる唯一の塩素の酸素酸で，無色の流動発煙性の液体．密度1.768 g cm－3(22 ℃)．融点－112 ℃，沸点7.5 kPa(56 Torr)で39 ℃．1 atm 下での蒸留では分解を伴う．無水物はきわめて分解しやすく，危険である．強い酸化力をもち有機物質とは爆発的に反応する．また，皮膚を腐食する．水に加えると発熱し，多くの水和物HClO4･nH2O(n ＝ 1，2，2.5，3，3.5)をつくる．市販品は60～70％ 水溶液である．熱時濃厚水溶液では酸化力が非常に強いが，冷時希薄水溶液では弱く安定である．水溶液は強い酸で多くの金属と水素を発生して反応し，過塩素酸塩を生じる．電解浴，電解研磨，過塩素酸塩の製造，酸化剤として用いられるほか，分析化学で試料の溶解，カリウムの分離定量試薬として用いられる．過塩素酸一水和物を過塩素酸オキソニウムといい，その結晶は[H3O]＋[ClO4－]の構造となっている．吸湿性固体．融点50 ℃，沸点110 ℃．
用途有機合成用触媒、メッキ用
用途有害金属測定用試料の前処理。
用途火薬、爆薬、燃料、酸化剤
用途大量の酸を用いる試料の前処理、高感度比色分析、高感度機器分析等。
用途汎用試薬、有機及び無機合成用原料、過塩素酸塩の製造原料。
使用Perchloric acid salts are used as explosivesand in metal plating. They are also used as anoxidizer and as a reagent in chemical analysis. These salts are produced by distillingpotassium chlorate with concentrated H2SO4under reduced pressure..
一般的な説明A clear colorless odorless aqueous solution. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Closed containers may rupture violently under prolonged exposure to heat.
使用用途過塩素酸の主な用途は、分析化学用試薬 (イオン交換クロマトグラフィーの溶離液など) 、金属・合金・鉱石などの溶解、有機合成用触媒、過塩素酸塩 (など) またはその誘導体の製造原料です。 そのほか、ロケットやミサイルの推進剤、エアバック、火薬、花火、マッチ、信号炎管、金属の電解研磨やエッチングなど工業的な用途もあります。
調製方法
純化方法The 72% acid is been purified by double distillation from silver oxide under vacuum: this frees the acid from metal contamination. Distillation at atmospheric pressure is dangerous and explosive. The anhydrous acid is obtained by adding gradually 400-500mL of oleum (20% fuming H2SO4) to 100-120mL of 72% HClO4 in a reaction flask cooled in an ice-bath. The pressure is reduced to 1mm (or less), with the reaction mixture at 20-25o. The temperature is gradually raised during 2hours to 85o; the distillate is collected in a receiver cooled in Dry-ice. For further details of the distillation apparatus see Smith [J Am Chem Soc 75 184 1953]. It is HIGHLY EXPLOSIVE; a strong protective screen should be used at all times. [Schmeisser in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I pp 318-320 1963.]
上流・下流製品情報
上流原料
下流製品
関連反応
1,030 件
関連ノート
読み込み中…