ジクロロ鉛(II)

Metals -> Lead Compounds, Inorganic

Carcinogens

5.85 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

5.85 g/cu cm

5.85 @25 °C

White crystalline powder

White orthorhombic needles

Slightly sol in dilute HCl and ammonia; insoluble in alcohol

Soluble in 93 parts cold water, 30 parts boiling water; readily soluble in solution of ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, alkali hydroxide; slowly soluble in glycerol

In water: 0.673 g/100 mL water at 0 °C; 0.99 g/100 mL water at 20 °C; 3.34 g/100 mL water at 100 °C

1742 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

950 °C

950 °C @760 [mm Hg]

933.8 °F (USCG, 1999)

501 °C

501 °C

Lead chloride appears as a white solid.

Dry Powder

White solid; [Merck Index] Slightly soluble in water (9,900 mg/L at 20 deg C); [ATSDR ToxProfiles]

Danger

H302+H332 (64.2%): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

P203, P260, P261, P263, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P330, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 162 reports by companies from 14 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

Chemical: Lead chloride (PbCl2)

Lead chloride (PbCl2) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Lead chloride (PbCl2) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

REACH registered substance: Lead dichloride (EC: 231-845-5)

Restricted substance: Lead dichloride

Lead (II) chloride, anhydrous: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Lead and Lead Compounds are listed as reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens. /Lead and Lead Compounds/[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s101lead.pdf]

WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 85: Lead - Environmental Aspects (1989). EHC are designed for scientists and administrators responsible for the establishment of safety standards and regulations and provide basic scientific risk evaluations of a wide range of chemicals and groups of chemicals.

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/

The Environmental Protection Agency is ... /promulgated/ regulations concerning ground-water monitoring with regard to screening suspected contamination at land based hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. ... /There are/ new requirements to analyze for a specified core list of chemicals plus those chemicals specified by the Regional Administrator on a site-specific basis. ... /Total lead (all species) is included on this list./ /Total lead (all species)/

Permissible Exposure Limit: The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than 50 ug/cu m of air averaged over an 8-hr period. If an employee is exposed to lead for more than 8 hr in any work day, the permissible exposure limit, as a TWA for that day, shall be reduced according to the following formula: Maximum permissible limit (in ug/cu m)=400 divided by the number of hours worked in the day. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb/

The employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that a periodic and a follow-up blood sampling test conducted pursuant to this section indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 60 ug/100 g of whole blood; and, the employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that the average of the last three blood sampling tests conducted pursuant to this section (or the average of all blood sampling tests conducted over the previous six (6) months, whichever is longer) indicates that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 50 ug/100 g of whole blood; provided, however, that an employee need not be removed if the last blood sampling test indicates a blood lead level at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall return an employee to his or her former job status: ... when two consecutive blood sampling tests indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall provide to an employee up to eighteen (18) months of medical removal protection benefits on each occasion that an employee is removed from exposure to lead or otherwise limited pursuant to this section. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb/

Permissible Exposure Limit: The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than 50 ug/cu m of air averaged over an 8-hr period. If an employee is exposed to lead for more than 8 hr in any work day, the permissible exposure limit, as a TWA for that day, shall be reduced according to the following formula: Maximum permissible limit (in ug/cu m)=400 divided by the number of hours worked in the day. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb; Shipyard Employment/

The employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that a periodic and a follow-up blood sampling test conducted pursuant to this section indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 60 ug/100 g of whole blood; and, the employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that the average of the last three blood sampling tests conducted pursuant to this section (or the average of all blood sampling tests conducted over the previous six (6) months, whichever is longer) indicates that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 50 ug/100 g of whole blood; provided, however, that an employee need not be removed if the last blood sampling test indicates a blood lead level at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall return an employee to his or her former job status: ... when two consecutive blood sampling tests indicate that the employee's blood lead level is at or below 40 ug/100 g of whole blood. ... The employer shall provide to an employee up to eighteen (18) months of medical removal protection benefits on each occasion that an employee is removed from exposure to lead or otherwise limited pursuant to this section. /Lead, inorganic, as Pb; Shipyard Empolyment/

For more OSHA Standards (Complete) data for LEAD CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds, measured as elemental lead by a reference method based on appendix G to this part, or by an equivalent method, are: 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter, maximum arithmetic mean averaged over a calendar quarter. /Lead and its compounds, as Pb/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Lead compounds are included on this list. /Lead compounds/

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty).

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam extinguishers ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Use vacuum or a wet method to reduce dust. Do not dry sweep. When vacuuming, a HEPA filter should be used, not a standard shop vac. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Environmental considerations land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting watet.

Environmental considerations, water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime, crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Avoid contact with solid and dust. Keep people away. Wear goggles, self-contained breathing apparatus, rubber overclothing (including gloves). Stop discharge if possible. Isolate and remove discharged material. Notify local health and pollution control agencies. (USCG, 1999)

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

Water sprays may be used in large quantities to prevent the formation of dust and to prevent it from becoming airborne.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for LEAD CHLORIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

0.05 [mg/m3], as Pb

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.05 mg/cu m. /Lead, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Lead, inorganic compounds, as Pb/

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Lead, elemental, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: lead in blood; Sampling Time: not critical; BEI: 30 ug/100 mL. [Note: Women of child bearing potential, whose blood Pb exceeds 10 ug/dL, are at risk of delivering a child with a blood Pb over the current Centers for Disease Control guideline of 10 ug/dL. If the blood Pb of such children remains elevated, they may be at increased risk of cognitive deficits. The blood Pb of these children should be closely monitored and appropriate steps should be taken to minimize the child's exposure to environmental lead.] /Lead, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/

Eight-month old dogs maintained on a high fat low calcium diet were administered a mixture of lead chloride, lead bromide and lead sulfate for prolonged periods at 4 different dose levels. Dogs on high levels of leads showed marked weight loss and GI symptoms followed by death. Two dogs on low lead levels developed neurological signs. Radiological investigations showed radiopaque particles in 27% of abdominal radiographs and "lead lines' in the distal radius of 3 dogs. Highest tissue lead levels were found in bones followed by liver and kidney, brain and spinal cord.

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. (L21)

EC50; Species: Chlorella vulgaris (Green algae, initial concentration (2.0-3.5)x10+5 cells/40 mL); Conditions: freshwater, static, 21 °C, pH 7.0-9.5; Concentration: >100 mg/L for 33 days; Effect: depressed cell division /Total lead ion/

EC50; Species: Chlorella vulgaris (Green algae, initial concentration (2.0-3.5)x10+5 cells/40 mL); Conditions: freshwater, static, 21 °C, pH 7.0-9.5; Concentration: 32 mg/L for 33 days; Effect: decreased chlorophyll a content per cell /Total lead ion/

EC50; Species: Ceriodaphnia dubia (Water flea, neonate <24 hr old); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 140 ug/L for 60 min; Effect: decreased feeding behavior, general /Total lead ion/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age 12 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 18 °C, pH 7.74, hardness 45.3 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 42.3 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen: 9 mg/L; Concentration: 450 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for LEAD CHLORIDE (37 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Only a small fraction of lead in lead-contaminated soil appears to be in water-soluble form, 0.2-1% according to one report, although the fraction soluble in EDTA ranged from 43-67% of the total lead in soil. The EDTA extractable material should include the chelated metals ions held in the soil organic and organomineral complexes, although there is some evidence that the metal adsorbed on colloidal surfaces such as insoluble inorganic compounds may also be extracted. When 500 ppm lead was added to soil as the soluble chloride, it became insoluble within an hour of contact with the soil; this insolubility lasted the duration of a 42-day experiment. After 42 days, 0.7 and 70% were in the water-soluble and EDTA-soluble fractions, respectively. The percentage of lead in water-soluble and EDTA-extractable fraction were similar when the insoluble PbO was added to soil rather than the soluble chloride(1).

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. (T4, A20, A22, L136)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effects of in vitro exposure of beluga whale splenocytes and thymocytes to different concentrations of mercury chloride (HgCl2), cadmium chloride (CdCl2), and lead chloride (PbCl2) were evaluated. The cells were cultured for 66 hr with either concanavalin A (Con-A), phytohemagglutinin-P, or without mitogen, after which percentage of cell death and proliferation were evaluated. Increased percentage of cell death was observed in Con-A-stimulated thymocytes cultured with HgCl2, while the viability of splenocytes was not affected by exposure to metals. Decreased splenocyte and thymocyte proliferation was observed with the highest concentration of HgCl2 and CdCl2 (10-5 M), while lower concentrations of these metals (10-6 and 10-7 M) as well as all the different concentrations of PbCl2 (10-4, 10-5, and 10-6 M) did not significantly influence cell proliferation. Concentrations of metals that were found to affect the proliferation of beluga lymphocytes are similar to those found in the liver of beluga whales from wild populations.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... The effects of lead chloride on reproduction in the marine ciliate Euplotes vannus /was examined/ by estimating the number of generations produced after culture for 48 hr. The Euplotes cultures were exposed to 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1,10, or 100 mg lead chloride/L. Reproduction was unaffected by lead at concn up to 0.1 mg/L in the culture medium. At 1 mg/L, the lead caused approx 15% inhibition of reproduction and, at 10 mg/L, 30% inhibition. At 100 mg lead chloride/L, all the ciliates died.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... A marine unicellular green flagellate alga (Platymonas subcordiformis) to lead chloride at concentrations of 100, 500, and 1000 mg lead/L of sea-water medium. There was precipitation of lead from solution, and these doses gave corresponding values for lead in solution of 2.5, 10, and 60 mg/L, respectively. Log-phase cells, growing exponentially, were more sensitive to lead than stationary-phase cells. At 2.5 and 10 mg/L, lead retarded population growth by delaying cell division and daughter cell separation. A concn of 60 mg/L caused complete inhibition of growth and cell death. Normal wild-type cells were more sensitive to lead than either cells sheared of their flagellae or cells of a mutant without flagellae.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... The effects of lead chloride /were investigated/ on a variety of species of filamentous green alga isolated from flowing streams in northern England; some were from metal-polluted streams and some from unpolluted ones. Results were expressed semi-quantitatively and a tolerance index was determined in terms of lead concn. This index is a geometric mean of codings indicating minimal and maximal effects. These values varied between 3 and 60 mg lead/L. The most sensitive species, Cladophora, and the least sensitive species, Microspora, were unusual; all others tested gave values between 17 and 46 mg/L.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for LEAD CHLORIDE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Symptions of chronic lead poisoning include reduced cognitive abilities, nausea, abdominal pain, irritability, insomnia, metal taste in the mouth, excess lethargy or hyperactivity, chest pain, headache and, in extreme cases, seizures, comas, and death. There are also associated gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, which are common in acute poisoning. (A2, L21)

Extent of occurrence of /lead/ in earth's crust is about 15 g/ton, also expressed as 0.002% (depth of crust: 16 km). Occurs chiefly as sulfide in galena, other minerals include anglesite (PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3), mimetite (PbCl2.3Pb3-(AsO4)2) and pyromorphite [PbCl2.3Pb3(PO4)2)].

Occurs in nature as the mineral cotunnite.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Lead chloride can irritate the eyes on contact. Inhalation can irritate the nose and throat. Skin contact can cause burning, itching, rash, and pigment changes. Ingestion of large amounts of lead may lead to seizures, coma, and death. The effects of exposure to fumes and dusts of inorganic lead may not develop quickly. Symptoms may include decreased physical fitness, fatigue, sleep disturbance, headache, aching bones and muscles, constipation, abdominal pains, and decreased appetite.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... High levels can cause lead poisoning with symptoms of headache, irritability, disturbed sleep, tiredness, reduced memory, and personality changes. Higher levels can cause muscle or joint pains, weakness, nerve damage, and easy fatigue. Exposure can increase the risk of high blood pressure. May cause kidney and brain damage and anemia.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Lead can accumulate in the body over a period of time. Therefore, long term exposures to lower levels can result in a build-up of lead in the body and more severe symptoms. These may include anemia, pale skin, a blue line at the gum margin, decreased handgrip strength, abdominal pain, severe constipation, nausea, vomiting, and paralysis of the wrist joint. Prolonged exposure may also result in kidney and brain damage. If the nervous system is affected, usually due to very high exposures, the resulting effects include severe headache, convulsions, coma, delirium, and death. In non-fatal cases, recovery is slow and not always complete. Alcohol ingestion and physical exertion may bring on symptoms. Lead exposure increases the risk of high blood pressure.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Dust and fumes poisonous if inhaled. Solid: If swallowed, may cause metallic taste, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for LEAD CHLORIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/

The Environmental Protection Agency is ... /promulgated/ regulations concerning ground-water monitoring with regard to screening suspected contamination at land based hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. ... /There are/ new requirements to analyze for a specified core list of chemicals plus those chemicals specified by the Regional Administrator on a site-specific basis. ... /Total lead (all species) is included on this list./ /Total lead (all species)/

National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds, measured as elemental lead by a reference method based on appendix G to this part, or by an equivalent method, are: 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter, maximum arithmetic mean averaged over a calendar quarter. /Lead and its compounds, as Pb/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Lead compounds are included on this list. /Lead compounds/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Lead chloride is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Lead and compounds/

(AZ) ARIZONA 20 ug/L /Lead/

(ME) MAINE 10 ug/L /Lead/

Lead is absorbed following inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure. It is then distributed mainly to the bones and red blood cells. In the blood lead may be found bound to serum albumin or the metal-binding protein metallothionein. Organic lead is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 enzymes, whereas inorganic lead forms complexes with delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Lead is excreted mainly in the urine and faeces. (L136)

... There was a wide variation in absorption between individuals in most studies; absorption was up to 96% in subjects who ingested lead with alcohol while fasting ... but was generally less than 10% in subjects who received lead with food.

... The temporal distribution of lead ((203)Pb), injected iv at no-carrier-added (NCA) (0.6-0.7 umol/kg) and at carrier-added (7.0-62.3 umol/kg) levels was determined in mice. Concn of (203)Pb were measured in major organs and in different regions of the brain. Ex-vivo autoradiographic visualization was used to confirm and extend the brain distribution findings. The highest concn of NCA (203)Pb were observed initially in the kidneys (52% of the injected dose (ID)/g at 1 hr) and liver (10.5% ID/g at 30 min). Uptake into bone occurred gradually, reaching 25% ID/g at 24 hr. In accord with previous reports, excretion of the tracer was very slow. Approximately 80% of total ID remained in the body after 24 hr and 68% at 48 hr. Interestingly, in the mouse brain, the highest levels of (203)Pb were noted in the area of the hypothalamus. At all times between 30 min and 16 hr postinjection, and at all Pb dose levels injected, the accumulation of (203)Pb in the hypothalamic region exceeded that in all other brain regions examined. Autoradiography performed at the 16 hr time point confirmed the high uptake and strong retention of (203)Pb by the hypothalamus ...

The solubility of lead from various lead salts and vitrified slagged aggregate in aqueous solutions. The solubility and absorption of lead as lead acetate, lead chloride, lead superoxide, as well as vitrified slagged aggregate were studied. Solubility profiles at pH 1, 3, 5 and 7 differed for each compound. Maximal solubility of the lead salts ranged from 2.89 pH 3, with lead chloride, having intermediate values. In each case, the solubility of lead increased as pH decreased from pH 7 to pH 3. However, as pH was lowered further, solubility of lead decreased. Lead from vitrified slagged aggregate was found to be soluble at a maximal level of 2.3 ppm at pH 3. Mice were administered 10 mg of ground vitrified slagged aggregate by gavage and monitored for blood lead levels at 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hr. Peak blood lead levels of 13.8 ppb were found at 8 hr dropping to 3.4 ppb at 24 hr after administration. In other experiments, mice were given drinking water containing from approximately 100-1000 ppm of either lead chloride, lead acetate, or lead superoxide ad libitum for 30 consecutive days. The resulting blood lead levels at the end of this period appear to be a function of the concentration of the lead in the drinking water, as well as of the specific salt, with lead superoxide providing the lowest level of lead. These data further indicate that the lead in vitrified slagged aggregate, which reportedly exists as an oxide, is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following gavage.

In 1-week-old suckling rats, an absorption rate of about 52% was reported after a single oral dose of lead chloride, compared to 0.4% in 6-week-old animals.

Used to make solder, Pattison's white lead, Verona yellow, Turner's patent yellow, and lead oxychloride; [Merck Index] Used in the production of asbestos clutch or brake linings, acrylonitrile (co-catalyst), olefin polymers (catalyst), and magnesium-lead dichloride seawater batteries (cathode); Also used as a flame retardant (wire coatings), flux (galvanizing of steel), and photochemical (printed circuit boards); [HSDB]

Steel Producing [Category: Industry]

Manufacture of Pattison's white lead, Verona yellow, Turners Patent Yellow, lead oxychloride; as solder and flux.

Starting material for a number of organolead compounds. It is used in asbestos clutch or brake linings; as a co-catalyst for acrylonitrile production; as a catalyst for polymerization of olefins to highly crystalline, stereoregular polymers; as a cathode for magnesium-lead dichloride seawater batteries to make rectifying junctions on gallium arsenide; as a flame retardant in polycarbonates and nylon-6,6 wire coatings; as a flux for the galvanizing of steel; as a photochemical-sensitizing agent for metal patterns on printed circuit boards; and as a sterilization indicator on tapes that darken with zinc sulfide at 121 °C in moist air.

Preparation of lead salts, lead chromate pigments, analytical reagent.

Lead chloride is used in the synthesis of other lead compounds. It is also used in the production of certain types of glass and in white pigments. (L409)

2023: 468,100 lb

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#5851]

By the addition of hydrochloric acid or sodium chloride to a solution of a lead salt, with subsequent crystallization.

Reaction of lead monoxide or basic lead carbonate with hydrochloric acid or by treating a solution of lead acetate with hydrochloric acid and allowing the precipitate to settle.

All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing

Lead chloride (PbCl2): ACTIVE

Occurs in nature as the mineral cotunnite.