リグニンスルホン酸

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Lignosulfuric acid is a by-product of the pulp and paper industry. Worldwide, the single largest use of lignosulfonates is as water reducers for concrete. Additional large-volume uses of lignosulfonates include animal feed pellet binders, dispersants for gypsum board manufacture, thinners/fluid loss control agents for drilling muds, dispersants/grinding aids for cement manufacture, binders for granulated fertilizers and in dust control applications, particularly road dust abatement, and other specialty dust control applications. Lignosulfuric acid was extensively studied for its anti-HIV and anti-HSV activity in various cellular assays and demonstrated broad anti-HIV and anti-HSV activity. HUMAN STUDIES: There are no data available. ANIMAL STUDIES: Lignosulfuric acid inhibited loose sperm attachment and the development of tight binding on the zona pellucida. It was causing inhibition of fertilization and embryo development in a number of nonmammalian species. Due to the antifertility properties of this nontoxic molecule, lingosulfuric acid appears to have potential as a vaginal contraceptive.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Young S. gairdneri were exposed to lignosulfonates (LS (environmental pollutants)) at concentrations of 0, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640, 1280 and 1920 ppm for 35 or 60 days. At concentrations of 160 ppm LS and higher the growth rates were slower. The higher concentrations had the most retarding effect on growth, but a clear general relationship between LS concentration and growth retardation was not observed. The bacterial flora in the digestive tract of the fish was examined. The predominant micro-organisms were flavobacteria, bacilli, streptococci and yeasts (Cryptococcus spp.), which were also isolated from the diet. There were about 10,000 viable aerobic and 1000 anaerobic bacteria/g of intestinal contents. There was no significant difference in quantitative or qualitative composition of the intestinal flora of the different groups. The following groups of digestive enzymes were studied: proteinases, amylases, lipases and DNases. The activities of proteinases and nucleases were significantly impaired in fish exposed to concentrations of 1280 ppm LS and higher, and those of amylases at concentrations of 320 ppm LS and higher. A possible connection between the reduced growth rates and depressed activities of the digestive enzymes is discussed, but no firm conclusion regarding the mechanism by which LS effects fish growth can be made.

Ligninsulfonic acids are made from native lignon ... lignin made from sulfate pulping and ... lignin made from alkaline (kraft) pulping of wood

... Under optimal conditions, 1 kg wheat straw could produce 0.225 kg xylose with 95% purity, 4.16 kg hydrolyzate of sulfomethylation treatment containing 5.5% lignosulfonate, 0.183 kg ethanol and 0.05 kg lignin residue. Compared to present technology, this process is a potential economically profitable wheat straw biorefinery.

Use of lignosulfonates for various industrial applications is dependent on purity, degree of sulfonation, number of hydroxyl groups and molecular mass distribution of the sulfonates.

Most applications of lignin and lignosulfonates are based on their dispersing, binding, complexing, and emulsion-stabilizing properties. About 50% of all lignosulfonates produced worldwide are used for concrete mixtures, usually in the form of calcium or sodium salts. Addition of 0.1-0.3% lignosulfonates to cement retards the setting or hydration of concrete. The second most important application is as a binder for animal feed pellets, where mainly calcium and ammonium salts are applied in order to improve pellet durability and abrasive resistance. A maximum dosage of 4% is possible in finished pellets. Primarily chrome and ferrochrome salts of lignosulfonates function in oil well drilling muds as mud thinners, clay conditioners, viscosity-control agents, and fluid-loss additives. Mud systems conditioned with 0.2-0.5% lignosulfonates, applied in the crude oil industry, perform well at high pressures and at temperatures of up to 175 °C. Another major market, especially for crude lignosulfonate spent liquors, is the dust control application for stabilizing insurfaced roads. In addition to these bulk applications a variety of specialty markets exist. Lignosulfonates are used for the granulation, complexation, or encapsulation of pesticides and as additives for gypsum boards in order to disperse the stucco. Lignosulfonates are used as dispersant in water-based paints and inks. Lignosulfonates and spent sulfite liquors are used for water treatment plants and paper machines to reduce deposits and slime formation or to complex metals such as zinc in cooling-water cycles. They are used in industrial cleaner formulations, for the complexation of nutrients in soil stabilization, for dyes or as additives in the brick industry. Modified lignosulfonates are additives in lead - acid batteries, which extend the service life of the product significantly. As further future uses the stabilization of enzyme formulations, biocide neutralization, and applications exploiting the antiviral and the chelating properties have been targeted. /Lignosufonates/

Soil microcosms were constructed and monitored to evaluate the impact of substrate addition and transient aerobic and anaerobic conditions on TNT, RDX and HMX biodegradation in grenade range soils. ... glycerin and lignosulfonate can be potentially used to stimulate RDX and HMX biodegradation by increasing oxygen consumption rates in soil.

Recently, there has been a growing research interest on renewable composite due to sustainability concerns. This work demonstrated the possibility of using eucalyptus lignosulfonate calcium (HLS) particles as reinforcement in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. ...

For more Artificial Pollution Sources (Complete) data for Lignosulfuric acid (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Calcium lignosulfonate was 50% biodegraded in 24 hours by a mixed culture consisting of Trichosporin cutaneum, T. fermentans (yeasts) and Arthrobacter terregens, A. citreus, Pseudomonas purida and Chromobacterium violaceaum (bacteria). Degradation proceeded by demethylation of methoxyl groups, splitting of sulfur-carbon bonds and the appearance of carbonyl and carboxyl groups(1). /Calcium lignosulfonate/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Changes in binding affinity, acrosomal status, and motility of living sperm on the zona pellucida were for the first time in any mammalian species directly observed and analyzed with video microscopy. A single zona was air-dried and rehydrated on a microscope slide, and a coverslip supported by glass beads was added. Capacitated sperm were added together with Alexa-SBTI, a probe for acrosin that can detect the acrosome reaction. The heads of loosely attached sperm oscillated on the zona and the flagella beat symmetrically with a sigmoid-shaped waveform. Tight binding was observed after 16 sec as the sperm head became fixed in place on the zona. The shape of the flagellar beat simultaneously shifted to a more rigid, C-shaped waveform. The first signs of the acrosome reaction were detected within 11 sec of tight binding. Rapid flushing removed approximately 65% of sperm that were loosely attached but only 2% of those that were tightly bound. In the 2 min following the onset of tight binding, the lateral displacement of the flagellum increased by approximately 30% and the beat frequency decreased by 25%. Lignosulfonic acid (LSA) inhibited loose sperm attachment and the development of tight binding. LSA had no effect on the time of the acrosome reaction following tight binding or on changes in motility that followed tight binding. These data suggest that LSA affects the initial attachment or docking of sperm to the zona, a step that may align or recruit one or more specific zona receptors to be responsible for mediating the acrosome reaction.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Lignin-derived macromolecules (LDMs) are biologically active compounds that affect a variety of cell-to-cell interactions including the inhibition of fertilization and embryo development in a number of nonmammalian species. The effect of ligno-sulfonic acid (LSA), a highly sulfonated LDM, on cynomolgus macaque sperm-oocyte interaction was evaluated with a zona pellucida binding assay and by in vitro fertilization (IVF). Sperm were treated with LSA (1.5 mg/mL) either before washing or after capacitation. Capacitation included centrifugation through 80% Percoll followed by 2 consecutive washes with medium, overnight incubation, and activation with dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate and caffeine. The zona binding assay was performed using immature oocytes that had adhered to the center of glass "binding chambers." The number of capacitated sperm that attached to the zona over a 3-minute period was recorded. Sperm attachment was significantly inhibited by LSA as compared to controls whether treatment occurred after capacitation (92.5%; P <.001) or before washing (82.5%; P <.001). When sperm were treated similarly with fucoidin, a sulfated polysaccharide known to inhibit sperm-oocyte interaction, sperm-zona binding was significantly inhibited by postcapacitation treatment but not by prewash treatment. Treatment of sperm with LSA consistently blocked fertilization over 4 IVF cycles both before washing and after capacitation. Fertilization rate for controls was 65% +/- 17%. No LSA-treated sperm were observed on the surface of lightly rinsed oocytes after 4 hours of coincubation. Localization of biotinylated LSA showed labeling over the entire sperm surface with the greatest intensity observed over the head and midpiece. LSA treatment had no effect on the percentage of motile sperm or quality of sperm motility. Due to the antifertility properties of this nontoxic molecule, LSA appears to have potential as a vaginal contraceptive.

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 1 reporting facility estimated the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of lignosulfuric acid in the United States is fewer than 10 workers; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

Residues of lignosulfonic acid are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: Surfactant, related adjuvants of surfactants. Limit: None.

Residues of lignosulfonic acid are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: Surfactant, related adjuvants of surfactants. Limit: None.