Chromic Sulfate

Metals -> Chromium Compounds, Inorganic

Corrosives

3.012 at 68 °F for anhydrous salt; Hydrated: 1.867 at 17 °C for salt with 15 H2O; 1.7 at 22 °C for salt with 18 H2O (USCG, 1999)

3.012

3.012 @25 °C

Peach-colored solid

Red powder

Violet or red powder

Practically insoluble in water

Insoluble in water but dissolves to form complexes when reducing agents are added.

Practically insoluble in acids

Soluble in alcohol

212 °F (USCG, 1999)

Decomposes >700 °C

392.18 °C

Chromic sulfate is a dark green to violet crystalline material. Used in paints and inks, ceramics, and in textile dyeing. It is noncombustible. The primary hazard of this material is the potential for environmental damage if released. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment.

Chromosulfuric acid is a colorless, oily liquid. It is soluble in water with the release of heat. It is corrosive to skin and metals.

Dark-green to violet crystals; [CAMEO] Violet, red, peach solid; Insoluble in water; [ACGIH]

Hygroscopic in moist air

Green crystals; soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol /15 H20 Hydrate/

In water, 64 g/100g water at 25 °C /Chromium III sulfate hydrate/

Violet cubes; soluble in water and alcohol /18 H20 Hydrate/

Violet, amorphous scales; specific gravity: 1.867 at 17 °C; MP: 100 °C; BP: lose 10 waters at 100 °C; soluble in cold water; decomposes at 67 °C; insouble in alcohol /Cr2(SO4)3.15 H2O/

Blue violet, cubic octahedral; index of refraction: 1.564; specific gravity: 1.7 at 22 °C; MP: lose 12 water at 100 °C; 120 g/100 mL water at 20 °C; soluble in hot water and alcohol /Cr2(SO4)3.18 H2O/

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 93.6% (2019 of 2157) of all reports.

Not Classified

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2157 reports by companies from 13 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Danger

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P233, P260, P261, P264, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P363, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Status: Active Update: 08-06-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/25936

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Decomposes to chromic acid when heated. (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.

INHALATION: Corrosive action on mucous membranes. SKIN: May elicit an allergic reaction. Corrosive action on skin. Lesions confined to exposed parts. (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.

CrIII compounds do not cause chrome ulcerations but may cause allergic dermatitis in workers with prior sensitization to CrVI compounds. [ILO Encyclo] CrIII is an essential trace mineral in the human diet. [ATSDR Case Studies] Corrosive effects on mucous membranes and skin; [CAMEO] Toxic by ingestion; May be harmful if absorbed through skin or inhaled. Stable under recommended storage conditions. [MSDSonline] See Chromium.

Salts, Acidic

Acids, Strong Oxidizing

D007; A solid waste containing chromium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Chromium/

Acidic organic/inorganic salts, such as CHROMIC SULFATE, are generally soluble in water. The resulting solutions contain moderate to high concentrations of hydrogen ions and have pH's of less than 7.0. They react as acids to neutralize bases. These neutralizations generate heat, but less or far less than is generated by neutralization of inorganic acids, inorganic oxoacids, and carboxylic acid. They usually do not react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents but such behavior is not impossible. Many of these compounds catalyze organic reactions.

Oxidizing acids are generally soluble in water with the release of hydrogen ions. The resulting solutions have pH's of less than 7.0. Materials in this group react with chemical bases (for example: amines and inorganic hydroxides) to form salts. These neutralization reactions occur as the base accepts hydrogen ions that the acid donates. Neutralizations can generate dangerously large amounts of heat in small spaces. The dissolution of acids in water or the dilution of their concentrated solutions with water may generate significant heat. The addition of water acids often generates sufficient heat in the small region of mixing to boil some of the water explosively. The resulting "bumping" spatters acid widely. These materials have significant ability as oxidizing agents. but that ability varies (for example, from high for nitric acid to low for sulfuric acid and most sulfonic acids). They can react with active metals, including iron and aluminum, and also many less active metals, to dissolve the metal and liberate hydrogen and/or toxic gases. Like other acids, materials in this group can initiate polymerization in certain classes of organic compounds. Their reactions with cyanide salts and compounds release gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Flammable and/or toxic gases are also often generated by their reactions with dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, nitriles, sulfides, and weak or strong reducing agents. Additional gas-generating reactions occur with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), and even carbonates: the carbon dioxide gas from the last is nontoxic but the heat and spattering from the reaction can be troublesome. Acids often catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions.

Chromosulfuric acid

UN2240

Class 8 Corrosive material (49 eCFR § 173.136)

PG I: the degree of danger presented by the material is great

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Call a physician.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

General First Aid:

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary. /Chromium(III) sulfate hydrate/

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Chromium(III) sulfate hydrate/

Respiratory protection from chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts while fighting fires: self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/

Respiratory protection from soluble chromic and chromous salts while fighting fires: self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Sol chromic & chromous salts/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES; Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal. /Chromium(III) sulfate hydrate/

If chromium metal or insoluble chromium salts are spilled, the following steps should be taken: 1. Remove all ignition sources where metallic chromium has been spilled. 2. Ventilate area of spill. 3) Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing chromium metal or insoluble chromium salts should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product. /Chromium(III) sulfate hydrate/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chromium: Concentration process: Biological Treatment. /Chromium/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CHROMIUM (III) SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.Normal measures for preventive fire protection. /Chromium(III) sulfate hydrate/

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands. /Chromium(III) sulfate hydrate/

Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that engineering controls be used to reduce environmental concentrations to the permissible exposure level. ... In addition to respirator selection, a complete respiratory protection program should be instituted which includes regular training /sessions/, maintenance, inspection, cleaning, and evaluation /of the equipment/. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/

Control methods which may be effective include local exhaust ventilation, general dilution ventilation, & personal protective equipment. /Chromium metal and insol chromium salts/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CHROMIUM (III) SULFATE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Immediate precautionary measure

Infrared spectra of some unoriented films of DNA contained CrCl3, K2Cr2O7 and Cr2(SO4)3 have been obtained at relative humidities (r.h.) 0 to 93%. Chromium cations were shown to interact with phosphoric groups of DNA molecules. Cr2(SO4)3 or K2Cr2O7 content exceeds 0.1 Cr/P, the sugar-phosphate backbone of the double helix becomes irregular and nucleic bases unstacked, i.e. denaturation of DNA occurs. A very small amount of the salt, less than 0.01 Cr/P contained in DNA films prevents the conformational transition of the double helix from the B to A form induced by r.h. decreasing. The efficiency of the chromium salts in preventing the transition falls in the row: Cr2(SO4)3 > K2Cr2O7-CrCl3.

No fish deaths occurred in environments containing 5 or 10 ppm of chromic chloride and chromic sulfate alone, but the mortality with 20 ppm chromium showed a tendency to increase as time passed. The addition of sodium NTA (317 ppm) and sodium EDTA (522 ppm) produced a decrease in mortality of carp due to the toxicity of chromium(III) in either chromic chloride or chromic sulfate soln.

LC50; Species: Coturnix (Japanese quail) /dietary/ >5000 ppm for 5 days /Cr2(SO4)3.15H2O; technical grade, 100% AI/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea); Conditions: freshwater, static, 21-25 °C; Concentration: 100 ug/L for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea); Conditions: freshwater, static, 21-25 °C; Concentration: 30 ug/L for 48 hr

LC50; Species: Cyprinus carpio (Common Carp) length 4 cm; Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 371500000 ug/L for 24 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CHROMIUM (III) SULFATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chromium (III) sulfate forms red-brown hexagonal crystals. It is used in solubilization of gelatin; in catalyst preparation; as mordant in textile industry; in tanning of leather; in chrome plating; in manufacture of chromium, chromic trioxide and chromium alloys; to improve dispersibility of vinyl polymers in water; in manufacture green varnishes, paints, inks, glazes for porcelain. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Chronic exposure can produce contact dermatitis, asthma, induced pemphigus. Bronchial reactivity can be specifically induced by fumes of chromium sulfate, even in a previously nonallergic individual via IgE type I immunopathogenic mechanism. Fatal case was described, when a woman ingested 400 mL of leather tanning solution containing 48 g of basic chromium sulfate. Occupational exposure to trivalent chromium can lead to a detectable DNA damage of human peripheral lymphocytes. ANIMAL STUDIES: The toxicity of basic chromium sulfate, was investigated in rats in a 13-week nose-only inhalation study that included a 13-week recovery period. Basic chromium sulfate produced severe and widespread effects in the nasal cavity, larynx, lungs, and mediastinal lymph node. Effects were characterized by accumulation of foreign material, infiltration of alveolar macrophages, septal cell hyperplasia, and granulomatous and chronic inflammation. As little as 10 ug or Cr(III) (as chromic sulfate) elicited allergic responses in sensitized guinea pigs. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The effect of chromic sulfate on the common carp and bighead (Aristichthys nobilis) were studied. The carp was more susceptible then Aristichthys nobilis to chromic sulfate at the lowest concentrations tested (100 mg/L), whereas results obtained at other concentration were similar for both species. Damage to gills, liver, and intestine was observed by histopathological examination.

Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ No fish deaths occurred in environments containing 5 or 10 ppm of chromic chloride and chromic sulfate alone, but the mortality with 20 ppm chromium showed a tendency to increase as time passed. The addition of sodium NTA (317 ppm) and sodium EDTA (522 ppm) produced a decrease in mortality of carp due to the toxicity of chromium(III) in either chromic chloride or chromic sulfate soln.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effect of chromic sulfate on the common carp and bighead (Aristichthys nobilis) were studied. The carp was more susceptible then Aristichthys nobilis to chromic sulfate at the lowest concentrations tested (100 mg/L), whereas results obtained at other concentration were similar for both species. Damage to gills, liver, & intestine was observed by histopathological examination.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicity of chromium sulfate on plasma electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-) level and Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity of an economically important fish, Cyprinus carpio var. communis was evaluated. During sublethal treatment, plasma sodium level was increased, whereas plasma chloride level decreased throughout the experimental period. Plasma potassium level increased up to 10th day and then declined in the rest of the study period. The Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity decreased up to 15th day of treatment and slowly recovered showing significant increase upto 25th day of treatment. The significant changes in the plasma electrolytes levels and Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity can serve as a valuable biomarker of pollutant exposure and effects.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The combined effect of the trematode infection (Echinoparyphium sp.) and various concentrations of chromium sulfate (0.01, 1, 100 mg/L) onto the crude protein content in the hemolymph of the mollusc Viviparus viviparus was investigated. The normal contents of the crude protein is 0.7-1.22%. In adult specimens its concentration is 20-80% higher than in molluscs of junior age group. Sex difference by this index, which is higher in females, begins to manifest in four year old individuals only. The contents of crude protein in the hemolymph of pregnant females is 1.5 times higher than in latent ones. Under the low intensity of the trematode infection, the contents of crude protein in the hemolymph remains normal, while in the case of heavy infection, it decrease 100 times or lower. In the cases of 0.01-1 mg/L concentrations of chromium sulfate, the content of protein in the hemolymph of V. viviparus decreases, while in the case of 100 mg/L it increases abruptly, in comparison to the norm. The trematode infection intensifies these processes.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHROMIUM (III) SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chromium in its trivalent state is not very toxic, but it may be oxidized to hexavalent chromium. Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (L16)

/CASE REPORTS/ Contact dermatitis due to chromium was reviewed with particular reference to exposure during tanning of shoe leather. The assumption was made that shoe leather was tanned by trivalent basic chromium sulfate. Four patients with shoe leather dermatitis reacted to patch tests with 0.2% trivalent basic chromium sulfate. Two workers with history of chromium dermatitis also reacted to trivalent test material, whereas a diesel engine inspector exposed to hexavalent chromium reacted to hexavalent, but not to trivalent chromium. It was concluded that dermatitis could be caused by sensitization to basic chromium sulfate leached from shoe by patient's sweat. /Trivalent basic chromium sulfate/

/CASE REPORTS/ The case of a forty-six year old, male patient with asthma caused by exposure to dust containing chrome is presented. When the patient was nineteen years old, he started working as a stonemason in a factory. He cut and ground stone with a stone-cutter to make statues and tombstones. Three years after staring to work, contact dermatitis was observed on his arms and hands. Within six years of work, he suffered from chronic coughing. After eight years, he experienced bronchial asthma attacks with wheezing and dyspnea. He had been exposed to dust for eight years before developing asthma. The symptoms increased gradually. He fell into severe asthma attacks causing unconsciousness and dyspnea. Several common therapies were not effective. The characteristics of his clinical course and occupational history suggested that the asthma must be caused by exposure to dust containing metal generated in the factory. Skin Patch Tests (SPT) were performed for cobalt, copper, iron, chrome, tin, and manganese salt. The result of the SPT indicated a strong positive result for potassium dichromate and positive for chromium sulfate, but did not show any indications in the control or for other metallic salt. Fluorescent X-ray analysis detected that chrome was present in the powder dust under the stone-cutter machine. However, the fluorescent X-ray analysis did not detect chrome in the stone materials. It was suggested that chrome must be contained in the metal dust generated from the steel cutter used to cut off and grind the stone. The metal component in the used cutter edge and the unused cutter edge were analyzed with electro-probe microanalyzer (EPMA). The result revealed that chrome was contained in the used, dull cutter edge and not in the new sharp cutter edge. Thus, the patient had been exposed to the dust containing chrome generated from part of the stainless steel of cutter. He had sensitized to chrome and this had caused the occupational chrome-asthma.

/CASE REPORTS/ A woman ingested 400 mL of leather tanning solution containing 48 g of basic chromium sulphate (CrOHSO4). This substance forms hydrogen ions and trivalent chromium when it reacts with tissue proteins. The patient died of cardiogenic shock, complicated by pancreatitis and gut mucosal necrosis and hemorrhage. There are no reported cases of toxicity due to oral ingestion of trivalent chromium. Toxicity of hexavalent and trivalent chromium is discussed and suggestions made for management of future cases. /Basic Chromium Sulfate/

/CASE REPORTS/ The appearance and development of a vesiculobullous eruption at the capillitium, on the body and on the mucous membrane of mouth and nose following occupational contact with basochrom (basic chromium sulfate) on a 25-year-old man is described. The clinical symptoms, the histological and immunological findings as well as the course of the disease led to the result that it concerns an induced pemphigus. /Basic Chromium Sulfate/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHROMIUM (III) SULFATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chromium (III) sulfate's production and use as a mordant in the textile industry, in the tanning of leather, in chrome plating, and in the manufacture of green varnishes, paints, inks and glazes for porcelain(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

D007; A solid waste containing chromium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Chromium/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Chromic sulfate is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Chromium and compounds/

Chromium is absorbed from oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure and distributes to nearly all tissues, with the highest concentrations found in kidney and liver. Bone is also a major storage site and may contribute to long-term retention. Hexavalent chromium's similarity to sulfate and chromate allow it to be transported into cells via sulfate transport mechanisms. Inside the cell, hexavalent chromium is reduced first to pentavalent chromium, then to trivalent chromium by many substances including ascorbate, glutathione, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Chromium is almost entirely excreted with the urine. (A12, L16)

The acute and subacute toxicities of several Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds (chromium(3+) chloride, chromium(3+) nitrate, chromium(3+) sulfate, chromium trioxide, potassium dichromate) were determined in NZC and (CxO) mice injected ip. The distal median lethal doses (> 10 days after treatment) averaged (17.9 + or - 1.8) X 10(-6) g chromium/g body wt regardless of the oxidation state of the Cr compound injected (chromium(3+) sulfate may be an exception), but acute toxicity (3 days) was much greater with Cr(VI) compounds. Acid digests of entire male mice that were administered ip 1/6 of the distal LD50, either once or repeatedly at weekly intervals, were analyzed to determine the whole body persistence and clearance kinetics of Cr. Mice dosed once with Cr(III) retained 6.5 times more chromium at 21 days than mice treated with Cr(VI). When Cr(III) was given at weekly intervals mice accumulated 6 times more Cr by 8 wk than Cr(VI)-treated mice, though only the latter showed symptoms of chromic toxicity. Whole body Cr concentrations continued to rise with further Cr(III) treatments, but slowly declined with Cr(VI). Analyses of fecal and urinary excretion confirmed that most of the urinary Cr excretion from Cr(VI)-treated animals was much faster in both urine and feces than from mice given Cr(III). The differential storage and clearance kinetics of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds may be significant in experimental Cr carcinogenesis studies and in the toxicology of Cr in workers exposed industrially to potentially carcinogenic chromium-containing dusts or aerosols.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) equipped with energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and laser microprobe for mass analysis (LAMMA) were used to follow the fate of chromium compounds deposited in the sheep tracheal lobe. Four chromium compounds were used: two chromium(VI) compounds (lead chromate and chromium trioxide) and two chromium(III) compounds (chronic oxide and chromium sulfate). Chromium trioxide is very soluble and the other three are slightly soluble. The compositions, concentrations, and sizes of particles were determined in the bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) at d 2, 3, 5, and 30 after instillation and on the lung samples collected at d 31. The concentrations of particles in the BAL samples separated the chromium compounds in two groups where Cr2O3 and PbCrO4 (as Pb) were higher than Cr2(SO4)3, PbCrO4 (as Cr), and CrO3. The half-life for alveolar clearance of Cr2O3 and Cr2(SO4)3 has been calculated respectively at 11 and 80 d. Prismatic PbCrO4 particles break up in the lung and sustain a high concentration of isometric particles of lead chromate and another lead-containing compound in the BAL. The CrO3 instilled particles react with endogenous compounds or are transformed to insoluble hydroxyl complexes instead of diffusing very rapidly through the alveolar-capillary barrier. The alveolar clearance as measured in the BAL is not different from the control.

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the diffusion rate in vitro and the skin absorption rate of trivalent and hexavalent chromium (Cr) from aqueous solution. Excretion of chromium in urine was also measured. The experiment was carried out on 47 Wistar male rats, 4-5 months old. The solutions of chromium sulfate or potassium dichromate contained 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg Cr per milliliter. Exposure time was 4 hrs. It was found that diffusion rate of Cr3+ was seven-time less than of Cr2O7(2-). Absorption rates of both ions through the skin were similar. Excretion rates of chromium in urine were not different in case exposure to both xenobiotics. It can be concluded that diffusion does not play an important role in absorption of chromium through the skin. It seems that oxidation grade of chromium has no influence on the excretion rate of this metal from the organism. /Cr(III) and Cr(VI)/

Used in paints, inks, ceramics, and textile dyeing; [CAMEO] Used in catalysts, alloys, leather tanning, and chrome plating; [Merck Index]

Electroplating [Category: Plate]

Insolubilization of gelatin; in catalyst preparation; as mordant in textile industry; in tanning of leather; in chrome plating; in manufacture of Cr /chromium/, CrO3 /chromic trioxide/, and Cr alloys; to improve dispersibility of vinyl polymers in water; in manufacture of green varnishes, paints, inks, glazes for porcelain.

Addition of chromic sulfate to soil at 600 g/ha improved wt, size & sugar content of grapes by 21, 18 & 23%, & it incr yield by 205-245 kg/ha; when applied to mulberry leaves as a 1:10000 soln it incr cocoon & silk wt of silkworms grown on these leaves.

Chrome plating, chromium alloys, mordant, catalyst, green paints and varnishes, green ink, ceramic (glazes).

Sensitizer in photographic industry; preparation of chromates.

Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Sulfuric acid, chromium(3+) salt (3:2). National Production Volume: 88,184 lb/yr.

Action of sulfuric acid on chromium hydroxide with subsequent crystallization.

Mixtures of basic chromic sulfates (containing mainly Cr(OH)S04)with sodium sulfate are produced commercially by the organic reduction (with such substances as molasses) of a solution of sodium dichromate in the presence of sulfuric acid or by reduction of dichromate solutions with sulfur dioxide

Solutions of mixed hydrated chromic sulfates are obtained by dissolving hydrous chromic oxide in concentrated sulfuric acid and allowing it to stand until crystals of the hydrated chromic sulfate separate. The anhydrous form is produced by heating any of the hydrates to 400 °C in air or to 280 °C in a stream of carbon dioxide.

... Commercially produced by the reduction of sodium dichromate with organic compounds (e.g., molasses) in the presence of sulfuric acid or by the reduction of dichromate with sulfur dioxide.

For more Methods of Manufacturing (Complete) data for CHROMIUM (III) SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Large quantities of chromium(III) sulfate solution are produced in the oxidation of organic substances with chromic acid or sodium dichromate in sulfuric acid solution. Examples of this are the preparation of anthraquinone from anthracene, the preparation of benzoquinone from aniline, or the bleaching of montan wax. These solutions are used to produce other chromium products; an electrolytic regeneration to dichromate is also possible.

Basic chromium(III) sulfates are used on a large scale as tanning agents for leather. Industrially, two processes are available for the reduction of sodium dichromate: (1) reaction with organic compounds (molasses, sugar) in the presence of sulfuric acid and (2) reduction with sulfur dioxide. /Basic chromium(III) sulfates/

Leather wastes tanned with chromium are generated during the production process of leather, hence the wastes from hand crafted goods and footwear industries are a serious environmental problem. The thermal treatment of leather wastes can be one of the treatment options because the wastes are rich in chromium and can be used as a raw material for sodium chromate production and further to obtain several chromium compounds. The objective of this study was to utilize the chromium from leather wastes via basic chromium sulfate production to be subsequently applied in a hide tanning. The obtained results have shown that this is the first successful attempt to achieve desired base properties of the product. The result was achieved when the following conditions were applied: a molar ratio between sodium sulfite and sodium dichromate equal to 6; reaction time equal to 5 min before addition of sulfuric acid; pH of sodium dichromate solution equal to 2. Summarizing, there is an opportunity to utilize the dangerous wastes and reused them in the production scheme by minimizing or annulling the environmental impact and to attend a sustainable process development concept. /Basic Chromium Sulfate/