硫酸ベリリウム

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention . Wear protective gloves when administering first aid.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Beryllium compound, NOS/

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Beryllium compound, NOS/

Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers; if appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus.

Response to discharge: Issue warning poison, corrosive; Restrict access; Should be removed; chemical and physical treatment.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. /Beryllium compound, NOS/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BERYLLIUM SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Exposure to beryllium fluioride enhanced the toxic response to beryllium sulfate.

... Specific pathogen free male Fischer-344 rats received daily ip injections of ferric-ammonium-citrate at 40 mg/kg bw at 1 mL/kg or an equal volume of saline. Beginning on day 4, rats were simultaneously exposed to an aerosol of beryllium sulfate for 2 hr/day through nose-only inhalation. By day 15, mortality was 80% in the beryllium plus ferric-ammonium-citrate group. Exposure was then discontinued. By day 18, all rats in the beryllium sulfate plus saline group had died, while the cumulative mortality for the beryllium plus ferric-ammonium-citrate group was only 66%. By day 19, mortality in this group had reached a max of 76%.

... Specific pathogen free male Fischer-344 rats were ip injected with 1 mg of ionic beryllium, copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, or saline once/day for 7 days, then killed 16 hr after the final injection. Livers were assayed for ferritin and metallothionein. Other rats received 40 mg/kg ferric-ammonium-citrate ip for 3 days; ferritin was later assayed in some animals while others received 2.2 to 25 mg/kg beryllium sulfate doses iv, followed by ferric-ammonium-citrate or saline for 14 days. Median lethal dose (LD50) were determined. Some animals received 40 mg/kg ferric-ammonium-citrate ip for 3 days followed by 6 mg/kg radiolabeled beryllium sulfate; beryllium distribution and excretion were determined at 48 hr. All ferritin samples regardless of the ion injected contained large amt of iron and lesser amt of zinc and copper, but all injected metal ions were sequestered to some degree. Cadmium, copper, and zinc induced the synthesis of metallothionein. animals pretreated with ferric-ammonium-citrate invariably survived longer after iv beryllium sulfate than did controls. When ferric-ammonium-citrate treatment was continued after beryllium injection, the LD50 was incr from 3.85 mg/kg to 8.43 mg/kg. No differences were found in beryllium concn between ferric-ammonium-citrate protected and control animals in liver. Spleen and lungs of ferric-ammonium-citrate treated animals, however, contained about 20% less beryllium, while kidneys and large intestine in ferric-ammonium-citrate treated animals contained 50 and 250% more, respectively. Total urinary beryllium output was significantly less in ferric-ammonium-citrate treated animals while fecal output was significantly elevated. However, combined beryllium excretion did not differ significantly between groups.

Acute inhalation of a high level of beryllium can results in a pneumonia-like condition called acute beryllium disease. Chronic inhalation of beryllium can caused an inflammatory reaction in the respiratory system called chronic beryllium disease. Chronic beryllium disease may result in anorexia and weight loss, as well as right side heart enlargement and heart disease in advanced cases. Chronic exposure can also increase the risk of lung cancer. Skin contact with beryllium results in contact dermatitus. (L24, L25)

TLM for guppies 20.3 mg/L/96 hr in hard water, 0.19 mg/L/96 hr in soft water. Toxicity was age dependent.

TLM (median tolerance value) Salamander larvae (Ambystoma species) averaged 24.85 & 5.65 mg Be/L respectively in hard & soft water.

EC50; Species: Enchytraeus crypticus (Earthworm) adult; direct application using natural soil (1.2% organic matter, 60% moisture) 52 mg/kg for 28 days (95% confidence interval: 50-54 mg/kg); Effect: reproduction, progeny counts/numbers

EC50; Species: Eisenia fetida (Earthworm) adult, weight 0.3-0.6 g, Clitellate; direct application 63 mg/kg for 21 days (95% confidence interval: 51-75 mg/kg); Effect: reproduction, progeny counts/numbers

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BERYLLIUM SULFATE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance can be absorbed into the body in hazardous amounts by inhalation of its aerosol, by ingestion and through the skin.

Inhalation (L24)

Once in the body, beryllium acts as a hapten and interacts with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DP presenting cells in the lungs, becoming physically associated with a major histocompatability (MHC) class II molecule. This MHC class II-beryllium-peptide complex is recognized by the T lymphocyte receptor, triggering CD4+ T lymphocyte activation and proliferation. The resulting inflammatory response is a cell-mediated process orchestrated by cytokines and results in the formation of (usually pulmonary) granulomas. Beryllium's toxicity may be controlled by the iron-storage protein ferritin, which sequesters beryllium by binding it and preventing it from interacting with other enzymes. (L25, A37, A91)

/PLANTS/ Although the seeds /SRP: Lepidium sativum L. (garden cress)/ germinated with decreasing concentrations of beryllium chloride and beryllium sulfate (10-3 to 10-7 M dissolved in water) the percentage of germinating seeds was lower than in the control ... Contents of chlorophyll a and b in Be2+ treated seedlings were lower than in the control, especially chlorophyll a.

Cough. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Sore throat. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. MAY BE ABSORBED!

Redness. Pain.

Nausea. Vomiting. Abdominal pain.

Chronic beryllium disease causes fatigue, weakness, difficulty breathing, and a persistent dry cough. (L24, L25)

Beryllium sulfate was evaluated for genotoxicity in vitro in human Passage 23 WI-38 fibroblasts exposed for 90 minutes to concentrations of 1X10E-7, 1X10E-6, 1X10E-5, 1X10E-4, and 1X10E-3 M test compound in the presence of 1 microCi/ml of 3H-thymidine (6.7 Ci/ml), followed by exposure to only 3H-thymidine for 3 hours. The rate of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in hepatocytes was determined by measuring the extent of incorporation of labeled thymidine into DNA, using a scintillation counter; results were expressed per unit of DNA. The rate of UDS in treated cell cultures ranged from 0.77-1.12 times that of the negative control, indicating that the test compound was negative for UDS in human fibroblasts under the conditions of this assay. Positive control treatment with 4-nitroquinoline oxide (1X10E-5 M) produced the expected high increase in UDS (64.19 times that of solvent control).

/BIOMONITORING/ The association between airborne beryllium (Be) levels in the workplace and the Be lymphocyte transformation test (BeLTT) values of exposed workers was examined. The subjects consisted of 83 workers of two beryllium/copper (BeCu) alloy manufacturing factories. In the A-factory, 24 workers were employed in a BeCu alloy process (A1) and 25 workers were employed in a BeCu metal mold manufacturing process (A2). In the B-factory, six workers were employed in a BeCu cold rolling, drawing, and heat treatment process (B1) and 28 workers were employed in a BeCu slitting treatment process (B2). A total of 159 unexposed workers served as the control group. From 1992 to 1995, area samples collected in the workplaces were analyzed for Be via atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Blood samples were obtained from workers and lymphocyte cultures were incubated with beryllium-sulfate and radiolabeled thymidine. A scintillation counter was used to measure thymidine uptake. The airborne Be concentration was highest at the A1 process, with means ranging from 0.16 to 0.26 microgram per cubic meter (ug/cu m). At the remaining processes, the mean airborne Be concentrations tended to be no higher than 0.03 ug/cu m. The mean stimulation index (SI) was 133+/-61% for the A1 process, 133+/-51% for the B1 process, 120+/-57% for the A2 process and 100+/-21% for the B2 process. The SI values were significantly higher in the A1, A2, and B1 processes than in the B2 process. The SI values exceeded 200% in 11%, 8%, 6%, and 0% of the determinations at the A1, A2, B1, and B2 processes, respectively. Among the controls, the mean SI ranged from 95+/-17% to 137+/-23%. Two out of 159 controls had an SI value greater than 200%. The authors conclude that the BeLTT may be used in the detection of chronic beryllium disease.

/GENOTOXICITY/ ...increased sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in ...cultured human lymphocytes after treatment with beryllium sulfate /was described in one study/. ...On the other hand, no increase in SCE by beryllium sulfate treatment of human lymphocytes or cultured macrophage cell line was found /in another study/.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Inhalation of particulate beryllium (Be) and its compounds causes chronic Be disease (CBD) in a relatively small subset ( approximately 1-6%) of exposed individuals. Hallmarks of this pulmonary disease include increases in several cell types, including lung fibroblasts, that contribute to the fibrotic component of the disorder. In this regard, enhancements in cell proliferation appear to play a fundamental role in CBD development and progression. Paradoxically, however, some existing evidence suggests that Be actually has antiproliferative effects. In order to gain further information about the effects of Be on cell growth, /the authors/: (1) assessed cell proliferation and cell cycle effects of low concentrations of Be in normal human diploid fibroblasts, and (2) investigated the molecular pathway(s) by which the cell cycle disturbing effects of Be may be mediated. Treatment of human lung and skin fibroblasts with Be added in the soluble form of BeSO(4) (0.1-100 uM) caused inhibitions of their growth in culture in a concentration-dependent manner. Such growth inhibition was found to persist, even after cells were further cultured in Be(2+)-free medium. Flow cytometric analyses of cellular DNA labeled with the DNA-binding fluorochrome DAPI revealed that Be causes a G(0)-G(1)/pre-S phase arrest. Western blot analyses indicated that the Be-induced G(0)-G(1)/pre-S phase arrest involves elevations in TP53 (p53) and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1A (p21(Waf-1,Cip1)). That Be at low concentrations inhibits the growth of normal human fibroblasts suggests the possibility of the existence of abnormal cell cycle inhibitory responses to Be in individuals who are sensitive to the metal and ultimately develop CBD.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Beryllium compounds are included on this list. /Beryllium Compounds/

Used to make beryllium oxide powder for ceramics; [HSDB] Exposure to BeSO4 may occur during extraction of beryllium from ores; [ACGIH]

Metal Extraction and Refining [Category: Industry]

Ceramics making [Category: Hobbies]

Primarily used for the production of beryllium oxide powder for ceramics.

Most beryllium compounds, with the exception of beryllium oxide, have no commercial or technical use, and are only encountered in the production of beryllium metal as intermediary materials ... or as laboratory chemicals. /Beryllium compounds/

Beryllium sulfate (7787-56-6), BeSO4.4H2O ... is obtained by heating beryllium oxide with sulfuric acid. The tetrahydrate crystallizes from the aqueous solution in well developed crystals. It can be obtained in very pure form by this method. The tetrahydrate is stable in air, can be dehydrated at about 400 °C, and decomposes above 600 °C to sulfur trioxide. The aqueous solution can dissolve considerable quantities of BeO to form basic sulfate.

Beryllium sulfate can be obtained by heating beryllium sulfate dihydrate in air to 400 °C and from the reaction of beryl ore or beryllium oxide with sulfuric acid.

Tetrahydrate is produced commercially in a highly purified state by fractional crystallization from a beryllium sulfate soln obtained by the reaction of beryllium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. The dihydrate is obtained by heating the tetrahydrate to 92 °C; the anhydrous salt is obtained by heating the dihydrate in air to 400 °C.

All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing

Sulfuric acid, beryllium salt (1:1): ACTIVE