Zinc chromate hydroxide

Metals -> Chromium Compounds, Inorganic

Carcinogens

Danger

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

P203, P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P391, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Zinc chromate oxide (Zn2(CrO4)O), monohydrate: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Zinc (1980) EPA 400/5-80-079

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Zinc (1987) EPA 440/5-87-003

D007; A solid waste containing chromium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Chromium/

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1 mg/cu m. /Chromium metal and insoluble salts, as Cr/

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.5 mg/cu m. /Chromium(II) compounds, as Cr/

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.5 mg/cu m. /Chromium(III) compounds, as Cr/

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable Ceiling Concentration: 1 mg/10 cu m. /Chromic acid and chromates (as CrO3)/

... Substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, from ambient air exposure to the substance. Chromium is included on this list. /Chromium/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Chromium compounds is included on this list. /Chromium compounds/

D007; A waste containing chromium may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. /Chromium/

Recommended Exposure Limit: 8-hour Time-Weighted Average: 0.5 mg Cr/cu m. /Chromium metal, chromium(II) and chromium(III) compounds/

Recommended Exposure Limit: 8-hour Time-Weighted Average: 0.0002 mg Cr(VI)/cu m. NIOSH considers all Cr(VI) compounds (including chromic acid, tert-butyl chromate, zinc chromate, and chromyl chloride) to be potential occupational carcinogens. /All hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI) compounds/

NIOSH usually recommends that occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the lowest feasible concentration. /Chromic acid and chromates/

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Zinc and compounds/

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Chromium and compounds/

Serious eye damage/eye irritation - Category 1

Carcinogens

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Cr(VI) cmpd in waste sludge are completely removed by redn by carbon at 600 °C. /Chromium VI/

Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from areas of spills until cleanup has been completed. If chromic acid or chromates are spilled, the following steps should be taken: 1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing chromic acid or chromates should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. /Chromic acid and chromates/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/

BOTH DOWEX 1-X8 & AMBERLITE IRA-900C, STRONGLY BASIC ION-EXCHANGE RESINS, REDUCED THE CHROMATE CONTENT OF ZINC YELLOW PIGMENT PLANT MANUFACTURED WASTE WATER FROM 2700 TO LESS THAN 1 PPM OF TOTAL CHROMIUM (AS CR).

Wastewater treatment sludge from the production of chrome green pigments is a poor candidate for incineration. /Chrome green pigments/

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ZINC CHROMATE HYDROXIDE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The most radical measure to be taken ... is the rationalization of the production process: replacement of batch processes by continuous ones, automation, remote control, choice of processes offering conditions of good occupational hygiene, mechanization of manual tasks and transport of the products in tightly closed vessels, and gas-tight enclosure of plant. Sources of release of gases into the air must be enclosed and equipped with exhaust systems. Air containing toxic substances must be cleaned or treated by catalytic after burning before it is discharged into the atmosphere. ... Regular checks for leaks in tight plant, pipework and storage tanks ... are very important. ... piping and ventilation ductwork ... /should/ resist oxidizers. ... When production is associated with the spread of dust, it is particularly important to use water sprays for dust control. /Oxidizing substances/

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. /Chromic acid and cromates/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ZINC CHROMATE HYDROXIDE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

0.0001 [mg/m3], as Cr(VI), inhalable particulate matter

0.0005 [mg/m3], as Cr(VI), inhalable particulate matter

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.01 mg/cu m. /Zinc chromates, as Cr/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Zinc chromates, as Cr/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Zinc chromates, as Cr/

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.5 mg/cu m. /Chromium and Cr(III) inorganic compounds, as Cr/

Workers ... should wear personal protective equipment (acid-proof protective clothing, footwear, gloves and goggles). /Oxidizing substances/

Handle in effective fume removal device from behind explosion-resistant barrier. Use face shield. /Oxidizers/

Impervious gloves, aprons, and footwear shall be worn at operations where solutions of chromium (VI) may contact the skin. Protective gloves shall be worn at operations where dry compounds of chromium (VI) are handled and may contact the skin. /Cr(VI)/

Protective clothing: Coveralls or other full-body protective clothing shall be worn in areas where there is occupational exposure to chromium (VI). Protective clothing shall be changed at least daily at the end of the shift and more frequently if it should become grossly contaminated. /Cr(VI)/

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for ZINC CHROMATE HYDROXIDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

15.0 [mg/m3], as Cr(VI)

250 mg/cu m (as Cr(II)). /Chromium(II) compounds (as Cr)/

25 mg/cu m (as Cr(III)). /Chromium(III) compounds (as Cr)/

15 mg/cu m (as Cr(VI)). /Chromic acid and chromates/

NIOSH considers chromic acid and chromates to be potential occupational carcinogens. /Chromic acid and chromates/

Chronic exposure to zinc causes anemia, atazia, lethargy, and decreases the level of good cholesterol in the body. It is also believed to cause pancreatic and reproductive damage. Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen. Chronic inhalation especially has been linked to lung cancer. Hexavalent chromium has also been know to cause reproductive and developmental defects. (A12, L49)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Zinc chromate hydroxide (zinc yellow) is a yellow fine powder. It is used as pigment in paints, varnishes, oil colors, linoleum, and rubber. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: There are no data available. ANIMAL STUDIES: Six intratracheal injections of zinc yellow were given at 6 week intervals to 62 mice, which were observed until their death. No pulmonary carcinomas were found; pulmonary adenomas occurred in 31/62 exposed, in 7/18 untreated control and in 0/2 zinc carbonate treated control animals. Pulmonary adenomas occurred in 1/21 guinea pigs that were given 6 intratracheal instillations at 3 monthly intervals of zinc yellow, no pulmonary adenomas occurred in controls. Experiments in rats lasting 27 months gave the following numbers of tumors at the site of their intrapleural implantation for zinc yellow 22/33 (11 alive at 1 year), none of 34 control rats had tumors (30 alive at 1 year).

Anaemia results from the excessive absorption of zinc suppressing copper and iron absorption, most likely through competitive binding of intestinal mucosal cells. Unbalanced levels of copper and zinc binding to Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase has been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Stomach acid dissolves metallic zinc to give corrosive zinc chloride, which can cause damage to the stomach lining. Metal fume fever is thought to be an immune response to inhaled zinc. Hexavalent chromium's carcinogenic effects are caused by its metabolites, pentavalent and trivalent chromium. The DNA damage may be caused by hydroxyl radicals produced during reoxidation of pentavalent chromium by hydrogen peroxide molecules present in the cell. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36, L48, L49, A49)

Ingestion of large doses of zinc causes stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Acute inhalation of large amounts of zinc causes metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Dermal contact with zinc results in skin irritation. Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (L16, L49)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Six intratracheal injections of 0.03 mL of a 0.2% saline suspension of zinc yellow(VI) were given at 6 week intervals to 62 strain A mice, which were observed until their death. No pulmonary carcinomas were found; pulmonary adenomas occurred in 31/62 exposed, in 7/18 untreated control and in 0/2 zinc carbonate treated control animals.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Pulmonary adenomas ... occurred in /1/21/ ... guinea pigs that were given 6 intratracheal instillations at 3 monthly intervals of 0.3 mL of a 1% suspension in saline of ... zinc yellow ... no pulmonary adenomas occurred in ... 18 vehicle controls ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ In groups of 22-34 rats that received intramuscular implantations of various chromium compounds the following incidences of implantation-site tumors (type unspecified) were observed after 27 months: zinc yellow(VI), 16/34 (22 alive at 1 year) ... none of 32 control rats given implants of sheep fat alone developed local tumors (30 alive at 1 year). It was not specified whether this compound was zinc chromate, zinc potassium chromate, or zinc yellow. /Zinc chromate/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ ... Experiments /in rats/ lasting 27 months gave the following numbers of tumors at the site of their intrapleural implantation ... zinc yellow(VI), 22/33 (11 alive at 1 year) ... none of 34 control rats had tumors (30 alive at 1 year). /Formula not specified/ /Zinc yellow/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Of the chromium salts tested in the rat by im & ip admin, chromic chromate & zinc chromate hydroxide were highly evocative of sarcomas @ site of injection in rat, while ... lead chromate ... /was/ inactive or practically inactive.

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Zinc chromates, as Cr/

WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: Under the current guidelines (1986), Cr(VI) is classified as Group A - known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure. Carcinogenicity by the oral route of exposure cannot be determined and is classified as Group D. Under the proposed guidelines (1996), Cr(VI) would be characterized as a known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure on the following basis. Hexavalent chromium is known to be carcinogenic in humans by the inhalation route of exposure. Results of occupational epidemiological studies of chromium-exposed workers are consistent across investigators and study populations. Dose-response relationships have been established for chromium exposure and lung cancer. Chromium-exposed workers are exposed to both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds. Because only Cr(VI) has been found to be carcinogenic in animal studies, however, it was concluded that only Cr(VI) should be classified as a human carcinogen. Animal data are consistent with the human carcinogenicity data on hexavalent chromium. Hexavalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic in animal bioassays, producing the following tumor types: intramuscular injection site tumors in rats and mice, intrapleural implant site tumors for various Cr(VI) compounds in rats, intrabronchial implantation site tumors for various Cr(VI) compounds in rats and subcutaneous injection site sarcomas in rats. In vitro data are suggestive of a potential mode of action for hexavalent chromium carcinogenesis. Hexavalent chromium carcinogenesis may result from the formation of mutagenic oxidatitive DNA lesions following intracellular reduction to the trivalent form. Cr(VI) readily passes through cell membranes and is rapidly reduced intracellularly to generate reactive Cr(V) and Cr(IV) intermediates and reactive oxygen species. A number of potentially mutagenic DNA lesions are formed during the reduction of Cr(VI). Hexavalent chromium is mutagenic in bacterial assays, yeasts and V79 cells, and Cr(VI) compounds decrease the fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro and produce unscheduled DNA synthesis as a consequence of DNA damage. Chromate has been shown to transform both primary cells and cell lines. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Occupational exposure to chromium compounds has been studied in the chromate production, chromeplating and chrome pigment, ferrochromium production, gold mining, leather tanning and chrome alloy production industries. Workers in the chromate industry are exposed to both trivalent and hexavalent compounds of chromium. Epidemiological studies of chromate production plants in Japan, Great Britain, West Germany, and the United States have revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to chromium and lung cancer, but the specific form of chromium responsible for the induction of cancer was not identified ... Studies of chrome pigment workers have consistently demonstrated an association between occupational chromium exposure (primarily Cr(VI)) and lung cancer. Several studies of the chromeplating industry have demonstrated a positive relationship between cancer and exposure to chromium compounds. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Animal data are consistent with the findings of human epidemiological studies of hexavalent chromium ... /Chromium (VI)/

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chromium(VI) compounds. Chromium(VI) compounds cause cancer of the lung. Also positive associations have been observed between exposure to Chromium(IV) compounds and cancer of the nose and nasal sinuses. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chromium(VI) compounds. Chromium(VI) compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Chromium(VI) compounds/

Chromium Hexavalent Compounds: known to be human carcinogens. /Chromium hexavalent compound/

For more Evidence for Carcinogenicity (Complete) data for ZINC CHROMATE HYDROXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

D007; A solid waste containing chromium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Chromium/

... Substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, from ambient air exposure to the substance. Chromium is included on this list. /Chromium/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Chromium compounds is included on this list. /Chromium compounds/

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Zinc and compounds/

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Chromium and compounds/

Zinc can enter the body through the lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal absorption of zinc is controlled by zinc carrier protein CRIP. Zinc also binds to metallothioneins, which help prevent absorption of excess zinc. Zinc is widely distributed and found in all tissues and tissues fluids, concentrating in the liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, skin, lung, brain, heart, and pancreas. In the bloodstream zinc is found bound to carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes, as well as bound to albumin, _2-macroglobulin, and amino acids in the the plasma. Albumin and amino acid bound zinc can diffuse across tissue membranes. Zinc is excreted in the urine and faeces. Chromium is absorbed from oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure and distributes to nearly all tissues, with the highest concentrations found in kidney and liver. Bone is also a major storage site and may contribute to long-term retention. Hexavalent chromium's similarity to sulfate and chromate allow it to be transported into cells via sulfate transport mechanisms. Inside the cell, hexavalent chromium is reduced first to pentavalent chromium, then to trivalent chromium by many substances including ascorbate, glutathione, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Chromium is almost entirely excreted with the urine. (A12, L16, L49)

... Male Wistar-rats were exposed to 7.35 mg/cu m zinc-chromate (15930946) dust in an inhalation chamber for 6 hours per day between 8:30 AM and 2:30 PM, or from 11:00 PM to 5:00 AM for four consecutive days. Levels of chromium were analyzed in blood samples drawn immediately before and after exposure and during the following 37 days, and in urine and feces collected from individual rats during and for 24 to 48 hours following exposure. Whole blood chromium levels increased rapidly with exposure time, and fell sharply immediately after cessation of exposure, followed by a more gradual decline. Blood chromium concentrations increased gradually with repeated exposures and appeared to approach a plateau after 4 days of exposure. Blood chromium levels dropped by less than 50 percent during the first 3 days following cessation of exposure; 20 percent of the initial concentration remained after 18 days, and 9 percent remained after 37 days. Urinary excretion of chromium increased rapidly following initiation of exposure and dropped quickly following cessation of exposure, but remained elevated above pre-exposure levels after 3 days. Fecal chromium content increased rapidly after initiation of exposure but fell to near pre-exposure levels within 48 hours after cessation of exposure. There were no significant differences found in blood, urinary or fecal chromium levels between the animals exposed during the day and those exposed at night. The authors conclude that chromium is absorbed quickly during inhalation of soluble chromates and its major route of excretion is in the urine. The persistence of chromium in the blood suggests that chromium exists in the hexavalent state in the blood and is bound to erythrocytes.

Used as a pigment in corrosion-resistant primers, paints, varnishes, oil colors, linoleum, and rubber; [HSDB]

Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides) [Category: Paint]

Painting [Category: Hobbies]

It is an ingredient, along with phosphoric acid and polyvinyl butyral, of a wash primer designated WP #1, developed in the USA during World War II (Wash primers are used to pretreat metals before the application of a conventional primer).

... Zinc chromates are employed primarily in priming paints used for metals, for which they provide resistance against corrosion. /Zinc chromates/

Zinc chromate hydroxide is used as a pigment in paints, varnishes, oil colors, linoleum and rubber.