化工社化工社 化学情報印刷レポート · 研究参考用
ぎ酸
ぎ酸 [一般有機合成用] · メタン酸 · 酸 · 蟻酸 · ぎ酸 [LC-MS用] · ぎ酸,98% · ぎ酸標準品 · ギ酸 ≥88.0%,TRACESELECT,FOR TRACE ANALYSIS
識別子と物理属性
| CAS No. | 64-18-6 |
|---|---|
| 分子式 | CH2O2 |
| 平均分子量 | 46.025 g/mol |
| 単同位体質量 | 46.0054793 g/mol |
| SMILES | O=CO |
| InChIKey | BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 284 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL116736 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:30751 |
| EC No. | 200-579-1 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID2024115 |
| 現地名 | ぎ酸 |
化学・物理的性質
| XLogP | -0.2 |
|---|---|
| 極性表面積 | 37.3 |
| 水素結合供与体数 | 1 |
| 水素結合受容体数 | 2 |
| 回転可能結合数 | 0 |
| 重原子数 | 3 |
| 形式電荷 | 0 |
| 複雑度 | 10.3 |
| 物質分類 | Other Classes -> Organic AcidsCorrosives |
| 化粧品 | Cosmetic ingredients (Formic Acid) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)Preservative |
| 香料 | Fragrance Ingredient (Formic acid) -> IFRA transparency List |
| 農薬 | Pesticide -> EPA IRISInsecticidesActive substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved |
| LogP（分配係数） | log Kow = -0.54 |
| 臭い | Pungent, penetrating odor水中0.10%。辛味酢ホルミル |
| 味 | SOUR |
| 食品添加物 | FLAVOR ENHANCER, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT, FORMULATION AID -> FDA Substance added to food |
| 密度 | 1.22 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than waterwill sink1.220 at 20 °C/4 °CBulk density 10.16 lb/gal at 20 °CRelative density of the vapor/air mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.03Relative density (water = 1): 1.2 (20 °C)1.22 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| 香味料 | EU Flavoring substances |
| Viscosity | 1.607 mPas at 25 °C1.5 mm²/s |
| Color/Form | Colorless fuming liquidColorless liquid [Note: Often used in an aqueous solution] |
| 融点 | 8.2-8.4 °C (lit.) |
| 沸点 | 100-101 °C (lit.) |
| 蒸気密度 | 1.03 (vs air) |
| 蒸気圧 | 52 mm Hg ( 37 °C) |
| 屈折率 | n20/D 1.377 |
| FEMA | 2487 | FORMIC ACID |
| 引火点 | 133 °F |
| 貯蔵条件 | 2-8°C |
| 溶解度 | H2O: 可溶1g/10mL 無色透明混和性 |
| pKa（酸解離定数） | 3.75(at 20℃) |
| 外観・状態 | 液体 |
| 比重 | 1.216 (20℃/20℃) |
| 色 | APHA: ≤15 |
| pH | 3.47(1 mM solution)2.91(10 mM solution)2.38(100 mM solution) |
| においのタイプ | 酢酸 |
| 由来生物 | synthetic |
| 爆発限界 | 12-38%(V) |
| 比熱容量 | Cp(liquid): 2.15 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,4241 |
| JECFA Number | 79 |
| BRN | 1209246 |
| ヘンリー定数 | At 25 °C: 95.2, 75.1, 39.3, 10.7, and 3.17 at pH values of 1.35, 3.09, 4.05, 4.99, and 6.21, respectively (Hakuta et al., 1977) |
| 誘電率 | 58.0(16℃) |
| 安定性 | 安定。避けるべき物質には、強塩基、強力な酸化剤、粉末金属、フルフリル アルコールなどがあります。可燃性。吸湿性。密閉したボトル内で圧力が発生する可能性があるため、ボトルを慎重に開け、定期的に通気する必要があります。 |
| 主な用途 | 試料調製 |
| 化粧品成分の機能 | 防腐剤pH調整剤香料 |
| InChI | 1S/CH2O2/c2-1-3/h1H,(H,2,3) |
| InChIKey | BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | OC=O |
| LogP（分配係数） | -0.540 |
| CAS データベース | 64-18-6(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NISTの化学物質情報 | Formic acid(64-18-6) |
| EPAの化学物質情報 | Formic acid (64-18-6) |
化学的特性
Formic acid, or methanoic acid, is the first member of the homologous series identified as fatty acids with the general formula RCOOH. Formic acid was obtained first from the red ant; itscommon name is derived from the family name for ants, Formicidae. This substance also occurs naturally in bees and wasps, and is presumed to be responsible for the "sting" of these insects. Formic acid has a pungent, penetrating odor. It may be synthesized from anhydrous sodium formate and concentrated H2S04 at low temperature followed by distillation.
化学性质
工业用合成原料，繊維染色助剤，皮革なめし用药剤，動物飼料発酵助剤，水素キャリヤの候補
安全性と法規制
| GHS 分類 | DangerH226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]P210, P233, P234, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P363, P370+P378, P390, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 3384) of reports.H226 (21.1%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids] |
|---|---|
| 規制情報 | Chemical: Formic acidRegulation (EC) No 178/2002 (amended)Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (amended)Formic acid is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Formic acid are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 01-12-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15127Formic acid with more than 85% acid by mass: HSNO Approval: HSR000979 Approved with controls |
| その他の安全情報 | IMAP assessments - Formic acid: Environment tier I assessment |
| 輸送ラベル（DOT） | Corrosive Flammable Liquid |
| 火災危険 | Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic vapor generated in fires (USCG, 1999)· Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.Flammable. Above 45 °C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed. Heating will cause rise in pressure with risk of bursting. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with incompatible substances. See Chemical Dangers. |
| 火災の可能性 | Combustible liquid when wxposed to heat or flame ... . |
| 健康有害性 | Liquid causes skin and eye burns. Vapors are irritating and painful to breath. Vapor exposure may cause nausea and vomiting. (USCG, 1999)· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVEinhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. |
| 有害性の概要 | Liquid causes second degree burns after contact for a few minutes[CHRIS] Highly corrosive to skin[Quick CPC] Pulmonary edema can result from heavy inhalation exposure[ICSC] TLV Basis is upper respiratory tract irritant |
| 輸送番号・ガイド（DOT） | 1779 1533412 153 |
| FDA 要件 | Formic acid is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.The food additive, formic acid, may be safely used in accordance with the following conditions: (a) The additive is used as a preservative in hay crop silage in an amount not to exceed 2.25 percent of the silage on a dry weight basis or 0.45 percent when direct cut, as follows: (1) The top foot of silage stored should not contain formic acid and (2) Silage should not be fed to livestock within 4 weeks of treatment. (b) The additive is used or intended for use as a feed acidifying agent, to lower the pH, in complete swine feeds at levels not to exceed 1.2 percent of the complete feed. (1) The additive consists of not less than 85 percent formic acid (CAS 64-18-6). (2) The additive meets the following specifications: (i) Free methyl alcohol not to exceed 1,000 parts per million (ppm)(ii) Methyl formate not to exceed 1,000 ppmand (iii) Moisture not to exceed 15 percent.Indirect food substance additives affirmed as generally recognized as safe. (a) Formic acid (CH2O2, CAS Reg. No. 64-18-6) is also referred to as methanoic acid or hydrogen carboxylic acid. It occurs naturally in some insects and is contained in the free acid state in a number of plants. Formic acid is prepared by the reaction of sodium formate with sulfuric acid and is isolated by distillation. (b) Formic acid is used as a constituent of paper and paperboard used for food packaging. (c) The ingredient is used at levels not to exceed good manufacturing practice in accordance with part 186.1(b)(1). (d) Prior sanctions for formic acid different from the uses established in this section do not exist or have been waived.Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: formic acid is included in pediculicide drug products. |
| 反応性グループ | Acids, Carboxylic |
| UN 分類 | UN Hazard Class: 8UN Pack Group: II |
| Special Reports | DHHS/NTPNTP Technical Report on Toxicity Studies of Formic Acid Administered by Inhalation to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice NTP Tox 19 (1992)[Available from, as of April 4, 2003: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/ST_rpts/tox019.pdf]A review of the metabolism of methanol and formic acid.[Liesivuori J, Savolainen HPharm Toxicol 69 (3): 157-63 (1991)]Restani P, Galli CLCRC Crit Rev Toxicol 21 (5): 315-28 (1991). Oral toxicity of formaldehyde and its derivatives are reviewed, /including metabolic products such as formic acid/.Schramm A et alAnaesthesiol Reanim 16 (4): 259-65 (1991). A review of the methanol metabolites formaldehyde and formic acid concerning central nervous system and ocular symptoms.EPA/Office of Pollution prevention and toxicsHigh production Volume (HPV) Challenge program's Robust summaries and Test Plans.[Availible form, as of July 12, 2005: http://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/hpvrstp.htm] |
| 消火 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. |
| 応急処置措置 | Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer immediately for medical attention.Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer immediately for medical attention.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention. Refer immediately for medical attention.Give nothing to drink. Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention. |
| 漏出応急措置 | · CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. |
| 応急処置 | EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.General First Aid:(General first aid procedures) |
| 安全保管 | Fireproof. Store only in original container. Well closed. Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases, strong acids and food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. |
| Firefighting Hazards | ... Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers my explode in fire. ... |
| 暴露管理・個人防護 | · Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).5.0 [ppm] |
| 消火手順 | Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. |
| 保管条件 | Store in a dry, well-ventilated place. Separate from oxidizing materials and alkaline substances.Protect against physical damage. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Outdoors or detached storage is preferred.Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases, strong acids, and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room.Store indoors, in original container, out of direct sunlight, in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from sulphuric acid, oxidizing agents, and sources of ignition and away from the reach of children. Avoid heat, sparks, and open flames. Do not eat, drink or smoke in areas of use or storage. Use caution when opening the container, especially in warm weather, i.e.: open outdoors and stay upwind. Keep separate to prevent cross-contamination of other pesticides, fertilizer, food, or feed. /Mite-Away Quick Strips/ |
| 清掃方法 | Spill or leak procedures: Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal. Neutralize spill and washings with soda ash or lime.Environmental considerations--land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. Neutralize with agricultural lime ... crushed limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).Environmental considerations--water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.Environmental considerations--air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Vapor knockdown water is corrosive or toxic and should be diked for containment. |
| 非火災時の漏出対応 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: |
| 処分方法 | Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U123, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for formic acid: biological treatment.For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for FORMIC ACID (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 体内負荷 | After the inhalation of methanol (40-160 ppm) and formic acid (2-5.5 ppm), 10 employees in the formic acid filling plant and in the production of urea formaldehyde resin showed formic acid concentrations of 21.2-118 mg/g creatinine in the urine 16 hr after exposure. |
| 標的器官 | Eyes, skin, respiratory system |
| 生態毒性値 | LC50Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea)Concentration: 34 mg/L for 24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/Concentration: 34 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/EC50Conditions: static, 22 °C, pH 7.0-8.2Concentration: 151.2 mg/L for 48 hrEffect: immobilizationSpecies: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill)Concentration: 175 mg/L for 24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for FORMIC ACID (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 環境中動態 | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.54(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that formic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of formic acid is 3.75(4), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization of formic acid from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.67X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(6). Formic acid is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 42.6 mm Hg(7). Theoretical BOD values ranging from 4.3% to 77.6% after 5 days using sewage and activated sludge inocula(8-13) indicate that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.54(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that formic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.67X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 150 and 1100 days, respectively(SRC). The pKa of formic acid is 3.8(5), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from its log Kow -0.54(2) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Theoretical BOD values ranging from 4.3% to 77.6% after 5 days using sewage, activated sludge, fresh water, and synthetic sea water inocula(9-15) indicate that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), formic acid, which has a vapor pressure of 42.6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase formic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 36 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Formic acid does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). |
| 食品調査値 | Formic acid is a natural constituent of some fruits, nuts, and dairy products(1). Fruit wine, desert wine, and brandies contain formic acid(2). Formic acid concentrations in wine and brandies produced from apples, pears, plums, and apricots ranged from 2.7-87 mg/L(2). Formic acid has been identified as a meat volatile(3). |
| 有害作用 | Dermatotoxin - Skin burns. |
| 暴露経路 | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact |
| 毒性の概要 | The CIR Expert Panel concluded that formic acid and sodium formate are safe in the present practices of use and concentration in cosmetics, as described in this safety assessment, when formulated to be non-irritating.Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications |
| 生態毒性抜粋 | /OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Two formic acid autumnal treatments, gel packets (BeeVar formulation) and impregnated paperwick (Liebig-Dispenser), were tested in apiary... . The total amount of formic acid administered per hive during all the treatment period was approximately 200 g for either treatment. A significantly higher adult bee mortality was recorded in the Liebig-Dispenser-treated hives compared with the BeeVar-treated group. On the contrary, BeeVar treatment produced an interruption of brood reared, whereas the extension of the sealed brood area of the Liebig-Dispenser-treated hives was not significantly different from that of the control hives. Neither queen mortality nor robbing activity was observed due to the treatments. Formic acid residues in honey collected in the nest were 3,855 +/- 2,061 and 3,030 +/- 1,624 mg/kg for the BeeVar- and the Liebig-Dispenser-treated hives, respectively. After 21 days from the end of the treatment, the residues fell to 1,261 +/- 1,054 and 794 +/- 518 mg/kg for the honey sampled from the BeeVar and Liebig-Dispenser groups, respectively. |
| Plant Concentrations | The shrub Purging Croton (Croton tiglium L.) was reported to contain formic acid in the seed at 4000 ppm(1). |
| Animal Concentrations | Formic acid is found in the red ant, Formica rufa, and has been detected in the poison or defense systems of ants, bees, and other insects(1). |
| Signs and Symptoms | Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Unconsciousness. Symptoms may be delayed.Pain. Blisters. Serious skin burns.Redness. Blurred vision. Pain. Severe burns.Burns in mouth and throat. Sore throat. Abdominal cramps. Ulceration in the mouth.irritation eyesskin, throatskin burns, dermatitislacrimation (discharge of tears)rhinorrhea (discharge of thin nasal mucus)cough, dyspnea (breathing difficulty)nausea |
| RCRA 要件 | U123As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when formic acid, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5). |
| FIFRA 要件 | The pesticide formic acid is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance in or on honey and honeycomb when used to control tracheal mites and suppress varroa mites in bee colonies, and applied in accordance with label use directions. |
| 大気基準 | This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Formic acid is produced, as an intermediate or final product, by process units covered under this subpart. |
| CERCLA 報告数量 | Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). |
| 清浄水法要件 | Formic acid is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance. |
| 州飲料水ガイドライン | (FL) FLORIDA 14,000 ug/L |
| F | 10 |
| 職業暴露区分（OEB） | B |
| 職業暴露限界（OEL） | TWA: 5 ppm (9 mg/m3) |
| 水環境危害等級（WGK） | 2 |
| 生命健康即時危険濃度 | 30 ppm |
| TSCA 収載状態 | TSCA listed |
| RTECS 番号 | LP8925000 |
| 輸送番号（UN） | UN 3412 8/PG II (FORMIC ACID with not less than 10 % but not more than 85 % acid by mass) |
| 毒性 | LD50 in mice (mg/kg): 1100 orally145 i.v. (Malorny) |
| 税関コード | 29151100 |
| 危険文句（R） | 23/24/25-34-40-43-35-36/38-10 |
| 化審法 | (2)-670 優先評価化学物質 |
| 安衛法 | 57,57-2 |
| 消防法 | 危険物第4類第二石油類(水溶性) |
| 危険表示 | T,C,Xi |
| 安全措置（S） | 36/37-45-26-23-36/37/39 |
| 危険等級 | 8Acute Tox. 3 InhalationAcute Tox. 4 OralEye Dam. 1Flam. Liq. 3Skin Corr. 1A |
| 包装等級 | II |
| 毒劇物取締法 | 劇物 |
| 自然発火温度 | 1004 °F |
| 貯蔵分類 | 3 - Flammable liquids |
| 有害物質データ | 64-18-6(Hazardous Substances Data) |
用途
解説
CH2O2(46.03)．HCOOH．メタン酸ともいう．アリの蒸留ではじめて見いだされ，この名称がつけられた．少量ではあるが広く植物界(イラクサ，松葉，果実など)に分布する．天然にはアリのほかにイラクサなどの植物にも含まれていて、イラクサに触れると皮膚がひりひりするのはギ酸によるといわれている。分子内にカルボキシ基（カルボキシル基）とアルデヒド基の両方をもつので、酸性と還元性を持ち合わせている。酸性は酢酸よりはるかに強い。無色の刺激臭の液体．融点8.4 ℃，沸点100.8 ℃．d2041.220．n20D1.371．pKa 3.77．水との共沸混合物(沸点107.2 ℃)はギ酸77.4％ である．引火点68.9 ℃(開放式)．水，エタノール，エーテル，グリセリンなどに可溶．高濃度のギ酸は皮膚を腐食する．カルボン酸であると同時に，カルボキシル基に直接水素が結合しているため，アルデヒド的性質をもち還元性を示す．アンモニア性硝酸銀を銀に還元し，また過マンガン酸カリウムで容易に酸化される．合成原料，染色，ゴム工業などに用途がある．LD50 1100 mg/kg(ラット，経口)．森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）
用途
Edman法によるアミノ酸配列分析用試薬。
用途
悪臭物質の分析における試料又は標準物質の脱着、空試験用。
用途
分析試薬、溶剤、有機合成原料等。脱灰剤としての用途もある。
用途
無機及び有機化合物溶剤
用途
有機合成原料、溶剤等。
用途
染色助剤、皮なめし剤、医薬中間体原料、溶剤。中間物、洗剤等、繊維用添加剤、紙用添加剤、その他添加剤、電池、蓄電池、触媒。医薬·食品添加物などの中間体原料
用途
HPLC用溶離液の調製、試料の前処理剤。
説明
Formic acid is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor. Formic acid was first isolated from certain ants and was named after the Latin formica, meaning ant. It is made by the action of sulfuric acid on sodium formate, which is produced from carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide. It is also produced as a by-product in the manufacture of other chemicals such as acetic acid. It can be anticipated that use of formic acid will continuously increase as it replaces inorganic acids and has a potential role in new energy technology. Formic acid toxicity is of a special interest as the acid is the toxic metabolite of methanol.
天然物の起源
Widespread in a large variety of plants; reported identifed in Cistus labdanum and the oil of Artemisia trans- iliensis; also found among the constituents of petit grain lemon and bitter orange essential oil; reported found in strawberry aroma Reported found in apple, sweet cherry, papaya, pear, raspberry, strawberry, peas, cheeses, breads, yogurt, milk, cream, buttermilk, raw fsh, cognac, rum, whiskey, cider, white wine, tea, coffee and roasted chicory root
来歴
Formic acid is taken from the Latin word forant, formica. Naturalists had observed the acrid vapor from ant hills for hundreds of years. One of the earliest descriptions of formic acid was reported in an extract of a letter written from John Wray (1627–1705) to the publisher of Philosophical Transactions published in 1670. Wray’s letter reported on “uncommon Observations and Experiments made with an Acid Juyce to be Found in Ants” and noted the acid was previously obtained by Samuel Fisher from the dry distillation of wood ants. Formic acid is found in stinging insects, plants, unripe fruit, foods, and muscle tissue. Jns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848) characterized formic acid in the early 19th century, and it wasfirst synthesized from hydrocyanic acid by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850) at about the same time. A number of synthetic preparations of formic acid were found in the first half of the 19th century. Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907) discovered a popular synthesis using oxalic acid and glycerin in 1856; he and several other chemists from his period found syntheses of formic acid by heating carbon monoxide in alkaline solutions.
一般的な説明
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Crystal structure study by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique at -50°C has shown that it has an orthorhombic structure with space group Pna. The photodegradation of formic acid has been investigated using ab intio calculations and time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Its utility as a fuel in direct fuel cells has been studied. The momentum distribution for its monomer have been evaluated by electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS).
製法・合成法
調製方法
Formic acid is manufactured as a by-product of the liquidphase oxidation of hydrocarbons to acetic acid. It is also produced by (a) treating sodium formate and sodium acid formate with sulfuric acid at low temperatures followed by distillation or (b) direct synthesis from water and CO2 under pressure and in the presence of catalysts.
合成方法
炭素源として一酸化炭素を用いる方法とメタノールを用いる方法の2種類。一酸化炭素法にはアルカリ水和-中和法とアルコリシス法がある。メタノール法では，Cu触媒の存在下，メタノールを脱水素することによりギ酸メチルを製造する。
純化方法
Anhydrous formic acid can be obtained by direct fractional distillation under reduced pressure, the receiver being cooled in ice-water. The use of P2O5 or CaCl2 as dehydrating agents is unsatisfactory. Reagent grade 88% formic acid can be satisfactorily dried by refluxing with phthalic anhydride for 6hours and then distilling it. Alternatively, if it is left in contact with freshly prepared anhydrous CuSO4 for several days about one half of the water is removed from 88% formic acid; distillation then removes the remainder. Boric anhydride (prepared by melting boric acid in an oven at a high temperature, cooling in a desiccator, and powdering) is a suitable dehydrating agent for 98% formic acid; after prolonged stirring with the anhydride the formic acid is distilled under vacuum. Formic acid can be further purified by fractional crystallisation using partial freezing. [Beilstein 2 IV 3.]