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n-オクタン
n-オクタン · n-オクタン [高速液体クロマトグラフィー用] · ノルマルオクタン · オクタン · 1-メチルヘプタン · n-オクタン [GC用標準物質] · n-オクタン [吸光分析用] · N‐オクタン
識別子と物理属性
| CAS No. | 111-65-9 |
|---|---|
| 分子式 | C8H18 |
| 平均分子量 | 114.23 g/mol |
| 単同位体質量 | 114.14085057 g/mol |
| SMILES | CCCCCCCC |
| InChIKey | TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 356 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL134886 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:17590 |
| EC No. | 203-892-1 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID0026882 |
| 現地名 | n-オクタン |
化学・物理的性質
| XLogP | 3.9 |
|---|---|
| 極性表面積 | 0 |
| 水素結合供与体数 | 0 |
| 水素結合受容体数 | 0 |
| 回転可能結合数 | 5 |
| 重原子数 | 8 |
| 形式電荷 | 0 |
| 複雑度 | 25 |
| LogP（分配係数） | log Kow = 5.184.00/5.18 |
| 臭い | Gasoline-likeガソリンのように。 |
| 密度 | 0.703 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than waterwill float0.6986 g/cu cm at 25 °CRelative density (water = 1): 0.700.7036 @25 °C0.703 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) |
| Viscosity | 0.5151 cP at 25 °C |
| Color/Form | Colorless liquidClear liquid |
| 溶解度 | 7e-05 % at 77 °F (NIOSH, 2024)In water, 0.66 mg/L at 25 °CSoluble in ethyl ethermiscible with ethanol, acetone, benzeneMiscible with benzene, petroleum ether, gasolinesoluble in etherslightly soluble in alcohol0.00066 mg/mLSolubility in water: noneエタノール: 可溶(点灯)0.0007g/L (20℃) |
| Corrosivity | Will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. |
| 引火点 | 56 °F (USCG, 1999)56 °F (13 °C) (Closed cup)72 °F (22 °C) (Open cup)13 °C c.c.60 °F |
| 沸点 | 258.1 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)125.62 °C125.00 to 126.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg126 °C258 °F125.8 °C @760 [mm Hg]125-127 °C(lit.) |
| Decomposition | When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. |
| 融点 | -70.2 °F (USCG, 1999)-56.73 °C-56.8 °C-70 °F−57 °C(lit.) |
| 蒸気密度 | 3.86 (Air= 1)Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.943.9 (vs air) |
| 蒸気圧 | 11 mm Hg ( 20 °C) |
| 屈折率 | n20/D 1.398(lit.) |
| 貯蔵条件 | Store below +30°C. |
| 外観・状態 | 液体 |
| pKa（酸解離定数） | >14 (Schwarzenbach et al., 1993) |
| 色 | 無色透明 |
| 爆発限界 | 0.8-6.5%(V) |
| 臭気閾値 | 1.7ppm |
| 比熱容量 | Cp(liquid): 2.23 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,6749 |
| BRN | 1696875 |
| ヘンリー定数 | 4.45 at 25 °C (Jnsson et al., 1982) |
| 誘電率 | 1.1(-4℃) |
| 安定性 | 安定。とても燃えやすい。空気と爆発性混合物を容易に形成します。酸化剤と相容れない。 |
| 化粧品成分の機能 | 溶媒 |
| InChI | 1S/C8H18/c1-3-5-7-8-6-4-2/h3-8H2,1-2H3 |
| InChIKey | TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | CCCCCCCC |
| LogP（分配係数） | 5.15 |
| 表面張力 | 21.1mN/m at 298.15K |
| CAS データベース | 111-65-9(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NISTの化学物質情報 | Octane(111-65-9) |
| EPAの化学物質情報 | Octane (111-65-9) |
化学的特性
colourless liquid
化学性质
分子式C8H18沸点約125°C密度0703gcm320°Cにおいて無色透明な液体
安全性と法規制
| GHS 分類 | DangerH225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposureNarcotic effects]H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement) |
|---|---|
| 規制情報 | Chemical: OctaneOctane is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Octane are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 10-11-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/10378Octane: HSNO Approval: HSR001415 Approved with controlsThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.) |
| 輸送ラベル（DOT） | Flammable Liquid |
| 火災危険 | Behavior in Fire: Vapor is heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. (USCG, 1999)Highly flammable. Vapour/air mixtures are explosive. |
| 火災の可能性 | A very dangerous fire hazard and severe explosion hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers.Flammable |
| 健康有害性 | Inhalation of concentrated vapor may cause irritation of respiratory tract, depression, and pulmonary edema. Liquid can cause irritation of eyes and (on prolonged contact) irritation and cracking of skin. Ingestion causes irritation of mouth and stomach. Aspiration causes severe lung irritation, rapidly developing pulmonary edema, and central nervous system excitement, followed by depression. (USCG, 1999) |
| 有害性の概要 | A skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritantIngestion can cause aspiration into the lungsInhalation may cause lowering of consciousness[ICSC] Inhalation of vapor may cause giddiness, vertigo, headache, anesthetic stupor, and convulsionsFive hour dermal exposure causes blisters but no anesthesia[HSDB] A skin irritantInhalation may cause drowsiness or dizzinessAn aspiration hazard by ingestion (may cause lung injury)[Sigma-Aldrich MSDS] |
| 輸送番号・ガイド（DOT） | 1262 128 |
| 反応性グループ | Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Saturated |
| EC 分類 | Symbol: F, Xn, NR: 11-38-50/53-65-67S: (2)-9-16-29-33-60-61-62Note: C |
| UN 分類 | UN Hazard Class: 3UN Pack Group: II |
| Reactivity Alerts | Highly Flammable |
| OSHA Standards | Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 500 ppm (2350 mg/cu m). |
| 消火 | Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Water may be ineffective.Fire Extinguishing Agents: Dry chemical, foam, carbon dioxide (USCG, 1999)Use powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. |
| 応急処置措置 | Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Do NOT induce vomiting. Give nothing to drink. Refer for medical attention . |
| 応急処置 | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Octane:Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.Skin: SOAP WASH PROMPTLY - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)(General first aid procedures)Breathing: Respiratory supportSwallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. |
| 安全保管 | Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants. Cool. Ventilation along the floor. |
| Firefighting Hazards | Containers may explode in fire. Flashback along vapor trail may occur. |
| 暴露管理・個人防護 | 500.0 [ppm] |
| 消火手順 | For small (incipient) fires, use media such as "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. For large fires, apply water from as far as possible. Use very large quantities (flooding) of water applied as a mist or spraysolid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.Water may be ineffective.Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary. |
| 保管条件 | Store in cool place. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. |
| 清掃方法 | Evacuate danger area! Ventilation. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus.1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be collected & atomized in a suitable combustion chamber. Octane should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion. |
| 非火災時の漏出対応 | Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024) |
| 処分方法 | Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal. |
| 漏出処分 | Evacuate danger area! Ventilation. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. |
| 体内負荷 | n-Octane concentrations in outdoor and personal air in two areas of California(1).[Table#334]n-Octane was detected in 7 of 12 samples of mothers breast milk from the cities of Bayonne NJ, Jersey City NJ, Bridgeville PA and Baton Rouge LA(1). The air expired from humans contained n-octane in 27.7% of the 387 samples collected from 54 subjects(2). The avg n-octane concn of 0.296 ng/l was expressed as the geometric mean with upper and lower limits of 1.10 and 0.079 respectively(2). The breath samples of 110 residents from Los Angeles, CA in Feb 1984, contained n-octane at an avg concn of 1.0 ug/cu m(3). The avg octane concn in the breath of 24 Los Angeles residents in May 1984 was 1.2 ug/cu m(3). For residents of Contra Costa, CA in June 1984 the avg n-octane concn of 67 breath samples was 0.6 ug/cu m(3). |
| Treatment | Treatment is mainly symptomatic and supportive. Gastric lavage, emesis, and the administration of activated charcoal should be avoided, as vomiting increases the risk of aspiration. (A600) |
| 相互作用 | Rabbits with acute intoxication by inhaling carbon monoxide alone or in association with octane at concentration of 5000 ppm were compared by the physiogram method. Hydrocarbons aggravated the cardiovascular phenomena caused by carbon monoxide and although they are central excitants they further degraded EEG activity.Alkaline phosphatase activity in liver, spleen, and bone marrow were increased in female rats exposed to n-octane ... for 2 and 7 days. The increase in splenic alkaline phosphatase activity persisted for up to 42 days after a single dose ... Pretreatment with protein formation inhibitors, cycloheximide or ethionine, removed this observed increase of alkaline phosphatase activity in liver and spleen. |
| 標的器官 | Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system |
| 健康影響 | Petroleum distillates are aspiration hazards and may cause pulmonary damage, central nervous system depression, and cardiac effects such as cardiac arrhythmias. They may also affect the blood, immune system, liver, and kidney. (A600, L1297) |
| 生態毒性値 | LC50Species: Artemia salina (Brine Shrimp) naupliiConditions: saltwater, static, 20 °CConcentration: 3.5 mmol/cu m for 24 hr /> or =97% purity/EC50Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age 4-6 days, length 1.5 mmConditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C, pH 6-7, dissolved oxygen 5-9 mg/LConcentration: 3.3 mmol/cu m for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 2.7-4 mmol/cu m)Effect: intoxication, immobilization /> or =97% purity/Species: Daphnia magnaConcentration: 0.38 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/Species: Mytilus edulis (Common Bay Mussel)Conditions: saltwater, static, 15 °CConcentration: 120 ug/L for <1.67 hr (95% confidence interval: 100-130 ug/L)Effect: intoxication, immobilization /> or =98% purity/ |
| 環境中動態 | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3.1X10+4(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 5.18(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-octane is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-octane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.21 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 14.1 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 0.66 mg/L(5). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). n-Octane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). n-Octane, present at one mg/mL silt loam soil suspension, exhibited average Theoretical biological oxygen demands of 13, 58, 70 and 69% after 2, 5, 10 and 20 days, respectively(6), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3.1X10+4(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 5.18(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-octane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 41.1 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 0.66 mg/L(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hrs and 4 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column(SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 11 months if adsorption is considered(7). According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 1200(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC). When evaporation rates are low, biodegradation of n-octane under aerobic conditions may be important in water(SRC). For example, a 49% loss of n-octane occurred within 5 days and completely disappeared within 15 days when 1 mL of crude oil was added to a 100 mL simulated seawater solution inoculated with sediment samples from Fukae of Kobe harbor, Japan and incubated at 20 °C(9). Although complete recovery was reported for the control samples, no account was made of volatilization losses(SRC). In a similar study using a jet fuel mixture and freshwater at 25 °C, a 99% loss of n-octane in sample controls was attributed to evaporation(10).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-octane, which has a vapor pressure of 14.1 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-octane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 44 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 8.68X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Experimental data also showed that 33.2% of the n-octane fraction in a dark chamber reacted with nitrate radicals to form the corresponding alkyl nitrate(4,5), suggesting nighttime reactions with nitrate radicals may contribute to the atmospheric transformation of n-octane, especially in urban environments(SRC). n-Octane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). |
| 食品調査値 | n-Octane was identified as a volatile component of fried bacon(1), roasted filberts(2), nectarines(3), and beaufort cheese(4). The concn of n-octane in duck meat, duck fat, Cantonese style roasted duck, and Cantonese style roasted duck gravy were 3.87, 18.23, 94.58, and 73.46 ppb on wet basis(5). n-Octane was emitted at a rate of 38 mg/kg of hamburger meat cooked over a natural gas fired grill(6). |
| 有害作用 | Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome |
| 暴露経路 | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contactOral (L400)inhalation (L400)dermal (L400) |
| Milk Concentrations | n-Octane was detected in 7 of 12 samples of mothers breast milk from the cities of Bayonne, NJJersey City, NJBridgeville, PAand Baton Rouge, LA(1). |
| 毒性の概要 | Petroleum distillates are central nervous system depressants and cause pulmonary damage. (A600) |
| 職業暴露区分（OEB） | A |
| 職業暴露限界（OEL） | TWA: 75 ppm (350 mg/m3), Ceiling: 385 ppm (1800 mg/m3) [15-minute] |
| 水環境危害等級（WGK） | 1 |
| 生命健康即時危険濃度 | 1,000 ppm [10% LEL] |
| TSCA 収載状態 | TSCA listed |
| RTECS 番号 | RG8400000 |
| 輸送番号（UN） | UN 1262 |
| 毒性 | LDLo intravenous in mouse: 428mg/kg |
| 税関コード | 29011000 |
| 危険文句（R） | 11-38-50/53-65-67 |
| 化審法 | (2)-8 |
| 安衛法 | 57,57-2 |
| 消防法 | 危険物第4類第一石油類(非水溶性) |
| 危険表示 | F,Xn,N |
| 安全措置（S） | 9-16-29-33-60-61-62 |
| 危険等級 | 3Aquatic Acute 1Aquatic Chronic 1Asp. Tox. 1Flam. Liq. 2Skin Irrit. 2STOT SE 3 |
| 包装等級 | II |
| 自然発火温度 | 428 °F |
| 貯蔵分類 | 3 - Flammable liquids |
| 有害物質データ | 111-65-9(Hazardous Substances Data) |
用途
解説
炭素数8個からなる飽和炭化水素（アルカン）の総称。18種の構造異性体と4種の光学異性体があり、合計22種の異性体がすべて分離されている。IUPAC命名法では、オクタンのうち、直鎖状のCH3(CH2)6CH3のみをオクタンといい、他の異性体は2-メチルヘプタン(CH3)2CH(CH2)4CH3などのように構造を表す名前をつける。オクタンは石油中に存在する可燃性液体。混合物からの分離には側鎖がないオクタンが尿素と付加化合物をつくることを利用する。イソオクタンは命名法の一般則からいうと、2-メチルヘプタンであるが、燃料の分野では2,2,4-トリメチルペンタンをイソオクタンとよんでいる。2,2,4-トリメチルペンタンは石油中に存在し、ガソリン臭のする可燃性液体であり、ガソリンのオクタン価測定の際の標準物質とされる。オクタンの異性体は水にはほとんど溶けないが、ベンゼン、クロロホルム、エーテルなどには溶ける。有機溶剤として用いられる。
解説
C8H18(114.23)．CH3(CH2)6CH3．脂肪族飽和炭化水素(パラフィン族)の一つ．炭素数8のアルカンには18種類の構造異性体が存在し，光学異性体を含めると23種類になる．これらの異性体の総称として用いられる場合もあるが，このうち直鎖状のものをとくにオクタンといい，正オクタン，n-オクタンともよばれる．原油および石油系炭化水素の分解油中に存在する．製法は，実験室的には，ベンゼンまたはエーテル中で臭化ブチルにナトリウムを作用させるか，1-オクテンを水素化する．工業的には，ナフサより分留し，尿素を用いて精製する．構造は直鎖状アルカン．引火性の無色の液体．融点－56.80 ℃，沸点125.67 ℃．d2540.69849．n25D1.39505．爆発範囲0.95～6.0体積％．エーテル，ベンゼンに可溶，エタノールに微溶，水に不溶．用途はおもに溶剤であるが有機合成原料にもなる．[CAS 111-65-9]森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）
用途
標準燃料、オクタン価測定
用途
有機合成原料。溶剤。
用途
ニトロセルロース,アセチルセルロース,天然および、合成樹脂,アルコール可溶染料の溶媒,防湿セロハンの接着,速乾ワニス,エナメル,つめみがきに使用.鉄, 硫酸根,二硫化炭素の定量用試薬, KAR1 FISCHER試薬.
使用
n-Octane occurs in petroleum crackingproducts, gasoline, petroleum ether, andpetroleum naphtha. It is used as a solventand in organic synthesis.
一般的な説明
Colorless liquid with an odor of gasoline. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Hence floats on water. Produces irritating vapor.
使用用途
オクタンは、主に標準燃料、有機合成、共沸蒸留の溶剤として利用されます。具体的には、ニトロセルロースやアセチルセルロース、合成樹脂、アルコール可溶染料の溶媒、防湿セロハンの接着、速乾ワニス、エナメル」などです。また鉄や、の定量用試薬にも利用されます。 ｎ-オクタンから枝分かれしたは、ガソリンのアンチノック性を示すオクタン価を測定するための標準物質として利用されています。また、燃料では、高オクタン価ガソリンを製造するための混合剤として配合されています。
製法・合成法
調製方法
Octane is produced from the fractional distillation and refining of petroleum.
純化方法
Extract the octane repeatedly with conc H2SO4 or chlorosulfonic acid, then wash it with water, dry and distil it. Alternatively, purify it by azeotropic distillation with EtOH, followed by washing with water to remove the EtOH, drying and distilling it. For further details, see n-heptane. It is also purified by zone melting. [Beilstein 1 H 159, 1 I 60, 1 II 122, 1 III 457, 1 IV 412.]